Ndiani akazogadzira maikorosikopu kokutanga

mudziyo akadaro, sezvinoita maikorosikopu, pamberi uye munyika yemazuva kwakakurumbira chaizvo. Mumwe nomumwe wedu kubva pamazuva chikoro anoyeuka kuti ichi chinhu Manyiminya mudziyo kuti Achiparadzira nyaya iri mazana kana kunyange kane zviuru. In zvipenyu kirasi Takatarira kuburikidza eyepiece pamusoro masero hanyanisi firimu uye vakashamisika dodgy uye kunzwisisa zano rakadai. Nhasi, tinoedza kunzwisisa uyo akazogadzira maikorosikopu, sezvo mhinduro chaiyo yomubvunzo uyu asi.

akaita sei maikorosikopu wokutanga

Optical ehupfumi kuti curved hukawanika dzakafukurwa makore 300 BC. Euclid mu akadhindwa ake akataura pamusoro tsvakurudzo, vachitsanangura refraction uye kuratidzwa chiedza, zvichizoita kuwedzera rakauya havachaoni zvinhu. Ptolemy mu "optics" kutsanangura hunhu zvinobata moto rinoonekera. Asi apo ehupfumi izvi zvose hazvina kushandiswa. Uye emakore mashoma zvaishandiswa uchidzidzira. Hans Janssen uye mwanakomana wake waZakaria yakavakwa muna 1550, muenzaniso wokutanga chaiwo mudziyo; imwe chubhu wakaiswa lenses maviri, saka kuwana kuwedzera nguva makumi mashanu. Uyu ndiwo mumwe mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti ndiani tega munhu chinyakare maikorosikopu. A Galileo muna 1610 yakawana kuti, kungoita kuti teresikopu, ivo yagadzirwa anogonawo kuwedzera zvinhu zviduku. Yakanga mudzidzi uyu uye sechinhu ndiye akazogadzira maikorosikopu wokutanga, zvinosanganisira akanaka uye kunaka lenses. Mushure musi, kutsvakurudza munharaunda iyi vakatanga nokukurumidza kukura.

Muzana remakore rechi17 - nguva zvakawanwa huru

In ichi remakore maiva chaiye rwokugadzira chimurenga, iyo yakava nheyo sayenzi vakawanda ano: zvipenyu, mushonga, wefizikisi, masvomhu. huru matongo uye makuru zvigadzirwa zvakaitwa. Just nenguva nemaikorosikopu yekudyidzana hwakavandudzika uye vava chinhu chinokosha ose mutsvakurudzi. Asi sezvo hapana haana kutaura uyo akazogadzira maikorosikopu vanofunga iye musiki. Maererano nerimwe maonero, Musiki nhau chikwata chiri A. Kircher, muna 1646 akarondedzera mudziyo se "inda girazi." Chii chinombodiwa panofanira? Yaiva kukudza girazi, wakaiswa pakati hwaro hwemhangura, iyo akabata chikuva. Nechepasi raiiswa munhu sandara girazi kuratidza chiedza uye kuvhenekera nyaya. Kuburikidza sikuruwa anogona kuzununguswa akamisa rinokudza girazi kuvake. mudziyo uyu akava zvikabva hwemazuva chiedza microscopy.

C. Huygens eyepiece maitiro uye pakuzadzisa mudziyo

Pokugadzwa ino raiva danho guru kukura nemaikorosikopu. Zvaibvira kupa mufananidzo Hauoneki kuti akabvumira kuwedzera Kujeka nyaya. K. Drebel musayendisiti pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi17 vakaita remubatanidzwa maikorosikopu, iine lenses maviri: wokutanga kutaurwa nyaya, wechipiri - kusvikira Ziso mutsvakurudzi. Panyaya iyi, kutanga kushandisa girazi biconvex, achipa ane inverted awanda mufananidzo. Robert guk muna 1661 runokwaniswa mudziyo, achiwedzera mumwe izvo. Izvi mhando akava zvikuru nevanhu uye vakawanda yemashoko nemaikorosikopu kusvikira pakati rechi18. Chimwe muvambi - Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek - uyewo vaiona vaya akazogadzira maikorosikopu. The chikonzero - mupiro wake zvikuru kuti kukura nhau chikwata. In ake haringakupembedzi nguva, iye kukwenenzverwa ari lenses. Pasinei vakanga zviduku, akapa kuwedzera unoshamisa - iri 350-400 nguva.

Mugumisiro zvidukuduku maikorosikopu

Kushandisa lenses dzavo Leeuwenhoek akasika mudziyo wake uye akatanga kudzidza zvakasiyana siyana zvinhu. Saka, pashure duku idenderedzwa izvo mumwe chete akaona donhwe remvura tsvina zhinji zvipenyu zviduku saizi. Zvakanga kwakagumisa kuti pane zviri nemaziso upenyu zvimwe mhando. Leeuwenhoek vakatora ayo kudzidza, izvo chakaratidza kutanga imwe sainzi itsva - zvidukuduku. Muna 1861, musayendisiti akauya kuwanikwa kwake Royal Society uye akapiwa zita vakatanga maikorosikopu uye mukurusa aiongorora. Zvakaratidza kuti - uyo akazogadzira maikorosikopu. By ikozvino anotsanangurwa mano kuti kuchinja kukuru. Kune mhando kuti haashandisi chiedza kubereka chifananidzo, uye Erekitironi kuyerera uye neapo munhu Laser. Kuti aite izvi, kushandisa uye kombiyuta Masvomhu. The maikorosikopu yazova rimwe zviridzwa anokosha ari kutsvakurudza sayenzi zvepanyama, rinoshandiswa mune kemisitiri uye zvipenyu, uye wefizikisi.

Erekitironi maikorosikopu

Kana iwe vanoshamisika pamusoro ndiani akazogadzira Erekitironi maikorosikopu, mhinduro yakarurama yaizova: Physics paUniversity of Sheffield. At moyo wekare mudziyo - iri nzira yedzimudzangara microscopy, zvokubatsira kuti ndiwane chisarudzo zvifananidzo, zvakawanda chete wavelength yacho Erekitironi. Pamasikiro nokupfuuridzirwa mudziyo, vaongorori akasiya rinobva lenses, sezvo kazhinji kutura uye chisarudzo. Kuburikidza mharidzo vakapfuura diffraction nemafungu, uye kombiyuta kuongorora chifananidzo. Uyu wemagetsi ptychography. Kushandisa chiduku chakagadzirwa okunatsiridza uye vashomanana dzimwe nzira kuumba chokupedzisira mufananidzo, masayendisiti vaigona kuwedzera chisarudzo kashanu pane imwe huripo mudziyo.

Pfungwa chiito ane Erekitironi maikorosikopu

Zvino hazvina kudaro kukosha uyo akazogadzira maikorosikopu wokutanga. Zvino vachimhanya anoratidza zvakasiyana zvachose, zvikuru mano kupfuura simba, kusanganisira zvigadzirwa. Maererano nheyo basa akafanana kuchiedza. mavari panzvimbo chete chiedza nekubudisa kuburikidza mharidzo wakaedza maerekitironi, uye magnets a anoshandiswa pachinzvimbo girazi lenses. Asi zvinonzi kwakakanganisa nokuda aberrations pakuona rinobva lenses. Masayendisiti akawana nzira vadzorere mufananidzo. Izvi akabvumira magnets A kubviswa redunhu uye maererano, kusarurama.

Ndiani akazogadzira chiedza maikorosikopu? A Nhoroondo shoma

Chii chinonzi Manyiminya maikorosikopu? Izvi murabhoritari hurongwa chakagadzirirwa kubudisa mifananidzo zvinhu zviduku iri rakawedzerwa maonero nechinangwa kudzidza, yokudzokorora uye kushanda. Takatanga nyaya zvedu nhoroondo kukura maikorosikopu, asi ikozvino kutarisa nyaya kubva mhiri. Pari, zano kwakadaro kunokosha kwete chete kune vanachiremba uye zvipenyu. Pasina hazvibviri kufungidzira ano dzakakwirira ruzivo pamwe magetsi zvinodiwa kuti kudzora ungano uye risanyatsobuda.

Tiudzei pamusoro mumwe kubudirira. Muna 2006, masayendisiti German Mariano Bossi uye Stefan Hero vakava nanoscope - rinorema basa Manyiminya maikorosikopu, izvo zvinoita kuti kuongorora zvinhu supermalenkogo kukura 10 Numbers, uye kugamuchira soro unhu 3D-mufananidzo.

Muchidimbu pamusoro yaibvira ano mano

Tiri zvishoma vainzwisisa mubvunzo ndiani akazogadzira maikorosikopu wokutanga. Zvino, chete nemudzimai mashoko pamusoro yaibvira ano mano. Muna 2010, imwe Israeli Yeshiva University, rakasvika nhau kuti masayendisiti vaigona kuchengeta sei mumwe mamorekuru kufamba mukati muchitokisi. Panguva iyoyowo vaongorori German vakabata samolecular kwokushanduka mukufamba nemakemikari. Uye gore richangotanga Kharkov PTI ndina Kunyatsoona munhu atomu. Uyewo zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pari chiedza nemaikorosikopu vari uchibata up zvavo zvemagetsi nezvaanogona.