Ndivanaani populists uye basa ravo?

The dzematongerwe enyika Populists, yakabuda Russian Empire muna 1860-1910-ies, akasimuka kuti kuchinja nzanga kuti "zvakanaka" yakarurama kubvira feudalism kusvikira gutsaruzhinji, capitalism achisvetukasvetuka. Pfungwa akanga aronga uye kugadzirwa sydäntä, Bakunin, Belinsky, Chernyshevsky. We akaita pamusoro Marxists. Ivo vakati zvichiitika munyika Russian ino inogona chete kuva capitalist.

Zvikurukuru basa populists - rudzi zambuko iri echimurenga kufamba kubva kwamachinda (kana Decembrists) Danho kuna Marxist (kureva, proletarian). Zvisinei, vazhinji havana kubatwa anoparadzirwa chimurenga. Uye udzvanyiriri hurumende quelled urongwa ichi. Zvisinei, izvozvo akasiya kutungamirira yakajeka kuti anoyeuka nhoroondo Russia. ndivanaani populists uye zvavari yakakurumbira? We nezvazvo zvizere munyaya.

Kuwana chokwadi vanhu

Ndivanaani vari populists muzana remakore rechi19? intelligentsia ichi, vanhuwo zvavo, vakanga vachitsvaka nzvimbo yavo munzanga. Ivo vari kushungurudzwa pfungwa kuti kare akarambwa nevanhu, uchenjeri hwake uye chokwadi. Akati kuti vanhuwo zvavo tsika kure kumusoro yavo. Chete vava kudzidza, kurarama muurombo, kutambura nokusaruramisira. Uye tinofanira kuwana pedyo navo, kuti usvinudze meso avo uye kudzidzisa kurudyi nzira. In ichi - chamakarairwa vakadzidza kuti vanhu. Zvakakodzera equalize zvose evanhu strata uye mumwe nomumwe atore zvakanakisisa.

Uyewo maonero ekupedzisira vanotsigira kushanda vanhu inobva pakudavira kuti Russia - munyika kuzivikanwa. The peculiarity youpfumi kwayo - yenyika kugadzirwa. Nokuti ane dzakasiyana siyana kubva kune dzimwe nyika, nzira pakukura. Populists akatsvaka kuva yayo womuenzaniso zvoupfumi, izvo raizoenderana zvose maindasitiri uye vanhuwo vanhuwo zvavo. Sydäntä Somuenzaniso, akanyora pamusoro setsikawo "Russian gutsaruzhinji". Izvi kwaiva chiratidzo kuti chiito.

Kwakatangira dzidziso

Masayendisiti usimbise multi-faceted nhoroondo yaiva Russian. Uye kuvazhinji zvimwe kufamba kufarira enyika ndiyo mubvunzo kuti ndiani ari populists uye chii ivhu kuti chamuita kuti chiitiko ichi. Sei zvinzwisisike Pakutanga, abatsire nayo rusvingo kusanzwisisana?

Russia mumakore iwayo - agrarian, shure. Capitalism iri underdeveloped. murimi mudiki upenyu vakavhura nyika Tauriranai. Vashandi ayo nhengo yavo vakawanda nomunda. Society hunovimbisa navo kwomuzvarirwo basa uye upenyu hwemhuri, nechokwadi kuenzana kodzero vose, kudzivirira vomumusha pakumanikidza huru Varidzi, vakuru vakuru.

It yakazopiwa, kana musha vakatanga zvemagariro stratification, nharaunda rava akamedura pamusoro pokumuka mumapurazi. Panguva ino, aiva muenzaniso chairema Russian munzanga yacho uye nemafungiro Russian vanhu vaiva nenzvimbo inokosha. Nokuti ichi, uye vakabata vaya akatsigira kwebasa Populists.

Sydäntä - akatangira populism - vakatarisa zvinosiririsa mu Europe yakaguma yaifamba 1848-1849. Iye vasingachavimbi gutsaruzhinji Europe. Achienzanisa nyika yake uye vokumadokero, akasvika pakugumisa kuti gutsaruzhinji muRussia anofanira kutanga kumubata. Uye hazvina kuoma zvakadaro. Handiti, munharaunda mumusha - vakagadzirira sero mugovanisi vanhu. Ndiro huru huru mhinduro wokuti: vanova populists?

Kuenzanirana kana kururamisira?

Vaya vakauya kudzivirirwa kodzero pamuromo, kwakauraya nheyo ramangwana vanhu kururamisira. Uye zvakare zvinonzwisisika. Setsika, yose Russian tsika hwakavakirwa pairi. "Regai I zvinoda kuenzana uye nokururamisira!" - akati Alyosha Karamazov muna Dostoevsky kuti yokufungidzira. dingindira Izvi nguva imwe musimboti, machemero mumabhuku achizviendesa nguva makore 1860-1910. Pano, nechiono chakajeka kuti populists munhau, akasiyana zvikuru kubva mamwe mapoka echimurenga vasingasaruri. Saka, Marxists akaisa Kumikidzo kuenzana kwevanhu. Uye haana kusangana zvinotarisirwa nevanhu Russian. Pashure pezvose, ivo Marxists vakanga kure zviri Russian tsika. Hatina kunzwa zvikuru.

Dzidziso varimi

Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani kuti populists, zvinokosha kuyeuka sydäntä vake "Russian gutsaruzhinji." Akataura pfungwa vanhuwo zvavo. Pashure chaizvo evanhu hwaro! Nekuti chinangwa - kubvisa gavhuna Varidzi kusunungura vomumusha avo kwokurangana (pasina muripo) kupinda hurumende.

Chernyshevsky akafunga kuti munharaunda wokutanga akaita basa imwe muchimiro kugadzirwa, pamwe chete capitalist, uye ipapo zvishoma nezvishoma kuritsiva.

Kubva kuipandukira kuti vapanduki

Unofanirawo kuziva mhando sangano kuva pachena kuti populists. Paiva chikuru kuitikawo nhatu: echimurenga kana kukuru, rupo, kana mashoko anoparadzirwa, uye anarchist.

The Liberals vachitungamirirwa ideologue rayo P. Lavrov akanga afunga dzimwe, asi kwete trajectory kuti capitalist chiitiko muRussia. Hongu, ivo vakadana kuvandudzika hwevanhu vanhuwo zvavo. Asi chii munzira? Reformatory. zvavanoda - kuparadza vakasara feudal ezvinhu, kubvisa makuru yakawira pfuma yose landlords uye kuita zvose zvinobvira "uipi capitalism" haina kupinda mukati Russia. Marxist dzidziso vaiziva zvakanaka. Verenga uye kunyange akashandurirwa Russian zvose zvitatu zvemaBhaibheri "Capital". Asi ini handina nezvazvo isingagamuchiriki.

kutya chero, mhirizhonga vakarambwa. The aitungamirira simba munhau - the intelligentsia. Pashure pezvose, iye anoziva kuti kufunga achitsoropodza. Uye varimi havana kugadzirira chimurenga. Saka, tinofanira kutanga kugadzirira vatsigiri - the intelligentsia. Uye regai vanhu kuenda, udza. Asi kwete kumutsa vazhinji vamukire pakarepo. Zviri refu tsananguro basa kutungamirira vomumusha kuti pakutanga chimurenga.

Uye chii zvamunoita tsika? Vane "Pfungwa mabasa maduku." Kazhinji, nzira of populists - a Cultural kuvhenekerwa pakati yevagari.

Nokufamba vaiva magazini, zvose zvamarudzi ose paruzhinji neshamwari uye masangano, misangano uye Zemstvo mapuranga, kureva kusarudzwa mitumbi omunzvimbo kuzvitonga.

Kunyanya (kare 1880-1890) populists akauya akarangarira vanonzi dzidziso mabasa maduku. Pepanhau "Week" vanyatsobvuma muverengi kuti nhau rukudzo vakadzidza - kubatsira vomumusha. Havazivi kukurira zvinetso izvo akazviratidza pamusoro zvemamiriro pamusika upfumi. Unogona kubatsira varimi pokuita mabasa Zemstvos.

Press nyaya vadzidzisi, agronomists, vanachiremba, "Pfuurai mumusha uye basa pachake kuvandudza upenyu hwevanhu." Magazini "Russian upfumi" nesimba kukurukurwa musha nyaya. "Zviisei pasi," ari publicist akadana Engelhardt, munyori Leo NdiTolstoy nevamwe vakararama zvikuru. Vakanga vachitaurirana pamusoro tsika ukuru vanhu vanhu vakadzidza.

Tinoenda vamwe nzira

Kukuru kana echimurenga populists, vakabatana mukudhinda sangano. Ivo pachavo akadana vateveri Chernyshevsky. chokuratidza wavo aiva mumwe - kutsanya uye utsinye pakuputsa wamambo uye pakarepo yezwi gutsaruzhinji.

Bright mufananidzo pakati pavo - mukoma Lenin kwakaita Alexander Ulyanov. Aiva mumwe varongi uye vatungamiriri nemagandanga webato "People Kuda". It Ulyanov Sr. aiva purogiramu pakurwisana tsarist hurumende.

Mugore rimwe chete iri echimurenga populists akamisa ake pakavanda network. mapoka ichi 80. Inenge mazana mashanu kurovedzera - pakati uye pasi. Kazhinji, anounganidza boka zviuru zvakawanda vateveri. Volya rakaitirwa kuedza mashanu Alexander II, akaburuka munhau se "akasunungura" uye "muvandudzi mukuru." Pashure pezvose, Akabvisa serfdom, aiva zvemari uye zvimwe zvinhu. Zvisinei, Magandanga vari zvaitsvakwa nesimba. Mumakore okupedzisira kuedza March 1, 1881 mambo akanga vakakuvadzwa zvokufa.

Interesting chokwadi: Alexander Ulyanov akatengesa ake menduru yegoridhe, raakanga apiwa kuti zvidzidzo zvake, uye kutengwa nemari zvinoputika kuti bhomba.

gandanga-makore 21 akasungwa apo kugadzirira vauraye Alexander III uye vakaurayiwa. Mushure yakadaro Mugumisiro wakaipa ari Lenin muduku akati: "Kwete, tichaenda mumwe nzira!"

Ipapo nyika kwaiteverwa vakawanda kusungwa kuti "vakaipa", ruzha dzinoratidza nemiedzo, vaiurayiwa. Mumakore matatu chete (kubvira 1881 kusvika 1884-ndipo) vanhu zviuru gumi vakanga vaidzvinyirirwa. Saka havasisipo "Narodnaya Volya".

vapanduki ropa

Vapanduki - davi populism rechitatu. Havana chete haana kufunga achichisonera panguo maburi chero mamiriro, asi haana kuziva chinhu kwavari. P. Kropotkin uye Mikhail Bakunin - ideologists Russian pamusoro anarchism - nechokwadi chokuti zvose simba Vanodzivisa, varanda unhu. A Russian - yakapanduka mwoyo, ropa. Vanhuwo zvavo vane vakagadzirira chimurenga. Saka, nyaya yokuti diki - kuronga rudzi kupandukira. Iye achatsvaira ehurumende ichi uye haazobvumiri kusikwa itsva. Ose ehurumende midziyo ne tsanangudzo kare zvakaipa.

Kropotkin akataura aitungamirira basa vakawanda. Vanogona reformat nyika. Mumwe ane chete kugadza kuzvionera pamusoro Tauriranai uye Federation.

More haangavanzwi zvaitombova

Nzira dzipi anoshandiswa populists asi? Munyika akatunhidzwa mukanyiwa pamutemo uye Semi-pamutemo yeChina. Chete vamwe vaiva nyore vanoparadzira mashoko, vamwe - unoranganawo.

makirabhu Student zvikazara Kharkiv, Moscow nemamwe maguta. Vakawanda vechiduku vanosarudza sapakuparadzwa poumambo pedyo chimurenga. The mudziyo mutsva - mubatanidzwa wevanhu kumatunhu. Chokwadi, yeUnited, izvo neKomisheni peungano akasanangurwa.

Great simba iri guru ainakidzwa "Land uye Rusununguko" - repachivande. Uyewo muSt Petersburg, uye boka "People kwaiitwa" muMoscow. Nhengo dzayo vakadzidziswa hapana chinhu asi "murimi mudiki chimurenga".

penitent vanokudzwa

Paiva kunyange vamwe madenderedzwa se "penitent vanokudzwa." Kwoupenyu hwake, akakumikidza kuti kugadzirisana kuti remakore pamberi pavarume nemhosva ini zvangu madzitateguru.

Muchidimbu, nzira imwe kana mumwe, asi munhu wose aida kumutsa vanhu kwavo "mugovanisi zvaisazogona." Zvose izvi kwave kwakakurumbira chaizvo, itsva, zvikuru. Writers uye venhau nokungwarira zvakanyorwa panyaya idzi. Artists akasika Mifananidzo. Saka, kuti ndifare Ilya Repin kuti kupenda "Kusungwa anoparadzira" chaionekwa.

Asi zvishoma nezvishoma populism akatanga kurasikirwa mukurumbira wavo uye simba munzanga. The zvakawanda wakatobatsira amutsa musoro wake vanoshanda kirasi.

Raiva pakuva

Peter Struve, imwe Economist enyika, zvakajeka vachitsanangura kuti populists. Izvi idealization uye subsistence upfumi uye chinyakare nekuenzana. Simply anopa zvisingachashandi zvoupfumi mamiriro, inovakwa munzvimbo yose magariro uye zvematongerwo enyika. Chokwadi ndiye - the dzematongerwe enyika intelligentsia, uye kwete vanhu.

Uyezve, vaitaura dzakadaro kuoneka mune zvokurima anotsanangura munyika. Uye zvakaita panguva yavo yezwi maindasitiri. Fans pfungwa idzi aida kuva muenzaniso capitalist pakukura uye vanhu zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja mitemo modernized upfumi. Asi hazvina kushanda, nokuti shamisa.

yakanaka aitodada

The pahwaro Populists pakuti dzidziso dzavo uye mabasa zvikuru zvakabatsira kusimbisa rudzi - kuburikidza kuchaitwa kusarurana. Vakanga aumba preconditions kuti pave nzvimbo pamutemo - mumwe nomumwe uye ose strata kwenzanga.

uyewo zvakajeka akaratidza fallacy nezvechido kuchengetedza purazi diki remakore. Zvinotyisa nzira, zvakare, haana kubereka zvibereko.

New chizvarwa paanokura, vakagadzirira kuzvipira ari kutamburira muutongi yekare.