Nemavhairasi - non-cellular upenyu siyana. Life siyana: non-cellular uye cellular

Utachiona All akaumbwa masero - duku STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka chairema chacho. Asi panewo vasiri cellular zvipenyu: nemavhairasi uye bacteriophages. Ndezvipi zvinhu nemamiriro akavabvumira kugara panzvimbo yayo vakakodzera pakati poushe zvakasikwa? Ngationei zvimwe.

Nemavhairasi - non-cellular zvipenyu

Rinoshandurwa kubva pane rechiGiriki zita zvinenge izvi rinoshandurwa se "muchetura." Izvi haisi tsaona. Akashama ziso vakanga vamboona, asi vanenge vose vakazoenda pachavo kwavo simba. Pashure pezvose, dzihwa-kufanana zviratidzo muchando achigogodza pamba yedu pasina kukumbira.

Zvinonzi ikozvino kuzivikanwa kuti utachiwana - vasiri cellular upenyu fomu. Biology of zvipenyu izvi yakaramba isingazivikanwi kwemazana emakore. Yakanga chete mukupera Russian physiologist remakore rechi19 Dmitriy Iosifovich Ivanovsky akaratidza kuti causative vaishandira zvirwere zvakawanda chete wanda. Masayendisiti akadzidza fodya chirimwa, iyo yakarohwa ne yefodya waMosesi. Akati kuti kana muto kurwara zvinomera kupinda mu noutano hwakanaka, uchavakunda nayo.

Sechivako utachiwana

Sei nemavhairasi - non-cellular zvipenyu? Mhinduro iri nyore: muviri wavo hauna anoumbwa nemasero. Zviri morekuru zviri nucleic asidhi takapoteredzwa puroteni goko - capsid. Kusiyanisa DNA- uye RNA tubhokisi wanda.

Zvichienderana STRUCTURAL zviri asiri cellular upenyu siyana - nemavhairasi - vari rakakamurwa nyore uye zvakaoma kunzwisisa. Aimbova vane chaiwo maumbirwo nucleic acids nemapurotini. A wechipiri panguva gungano anowedzera dzakabatanidzwa chikamu plasma membrane. Inoshanda sezvi- unodzivirira casing.

Sei vanorarama?

Saka, nemavhairasi - non-cellular upenyu siyana, havana zvatinosiita Kamudzira uye organelles - dzose sero zvivako kuti mabasa chaizvo mabasa. By chii zviratidzo vanoti zvipenyu? Ivo vanokwanisa maberekero kwacho. Uyezve, kuva kunze wehondo muviri, havasi kuratidza chero zviratidzo upenyu. Kamwe utachiwana muchitokisi, rwunotanga synthesize mapurotini dzavo. Kana izvi atanga kudzvinyirira anoshanda muviri mapuroteni pachake mamorekuru.

Nemavhairasi mapuroteni vave makemikari - a pakugadzira kushingaira fuma. Ivo kuwedzera playback pamusoro nucleic acids. Saka, uwandu dzimwe nezvimedu kunowedzera, uye yayo kwetunhu pezvakaitwa hadziuyi. Somugumisiro, muviri inova kurwara, sezvo muitiro kutanga kubereka kweutachiwana inoda simba uye makemikari nyaya sero hondo.

bacteriophages

Nemavhairasi - non-cellular upenyu siyana kuti vanokwanisa parasitize mune zvinenge zvose. Uye chimwe celled prokaryotic utachiona vari kuvapowo.

"Pavanokarira" rezvinhu zvipenyu izvi zvinonzi bacteriophages. Nokuti kupinda mukati musero, ivo vaingova baya jekiseni yayo nucleic iine acid Morekuru kuburikidza Kamudzira kupinda muchitokisi cytoplasm. Mukati hafu yeawa imwe chete utachiona vakaumba zana utachiwana inoramba.

Sezvo bacteriophage iri hunhu zvavo? Chokwadi uyu PARTICIPLE nemavhairasi anonyanya receptors kuti kucherechedza uye prokaryotic zvinenge.

nemavhairasi vanopinda nzira kuti muviri

Non-cellular upenyu siyana - nemavhairasi, kuva chinyakare chimiro, vanokwanisa kupinda munzvimbo hondo muviri nenzira dzakasiyana. Ivo vanovimba hunhu waro mamiriro. Nokuti murume vakawanda ava vari kuenda neherikoputa nzira kupinda kuburikidza mucous membranes, zvokudya uye mvura.

Vector zvirwere ngozi zvakadai encephalitis, yero fivha, vanogamuchirwa. Muchiitiko chino, nezvikwekwe uye mosikito, ukuwo. Pabonde zvinobvira noutachiona nehepatitis B uye C, HIV uye herpes.

The kwakapararira hunhu uye mavhairasi yekutapurira zvinomera uye hunokuvadza. Kupinda ezvinhu zvipenyu izvi rinowanika kuburikidza nzvimbo kukuvara iri muchitokisi pamadziro.

Chinokosha nemavhairasi ndiyo selectivity yavo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti inoramba yakarova murume, regai kukanganisa chirimwa uye utachiona, uye vakutarisire.

Nemavhairasi: akabatsirwa kana kukuvadza

Zvinondibatsirei anogona kuunza zvinenge izvi kana kuti kukonzera njodzi inouraya zvirwere: chimbwamupengo, yokuSpain, chibhokisi, uye vamwe. Chokwadi kuti utachiwana - non-cellular zvipenyu - fomu kutapata. Pfungwa iyi inoreva kugona ane muviri kudzivisa zvirwere. Kutapata riri vachiberekwa, uko kunomiririrwa ropa antibodies uye vawana.

Last rakakamurwa dzinongoitika uye chakagadzirwa. In tama ndangariro zvirwere zviri nemavhairasi nezvimedu anoramba mumasero anokosha ropa - antibody. Akadzokorora kuonana mutorwa zvinenge vakaziva utachiona uiparadze parutivi intracellular kugaya - phagocytosis. Chakagadzirwa kutapata inogona kuwanwa somugumisiro kubaya. Chaizvoizvo Its iri pakuti munhu muviri kukanganisa simba utachiona uye antibodies anotanga kubata nawo, pova masoja ndangariro.

Nokuda akasiyana siyana kutapata muviri anoramba simba rayo kubva mweya wokutanga mwana hwose. miniti ose muropa chinopinda muzvizhinji kuti nemavhairasi inoramba. Kana uwandu antibodies kwakakwanira kuparadzwa kwavo zvakakwana, munhu akanaka. Hosha rinowanikwa mune imwe nyaya umo nemavhairasi nezvimedu vakawanda uye zviwanikwa zvirwere hakuna kukwana dzinoashandura seasingakuvadzi.

Non-cellular upenyu siyana - nemavhairasi uye phages - vari mumiririri nomumwe ushe zvakasikwa, yainzi Vira. Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, chikuru basa epidemiologists ndiko kusika yokudzivirira itsva pamusoro zhinji ngozi nemavhairasi zvirwere. Chokwadi ndechokuti zviri mubishi anozvipira ungano imwe mutation uye kuumbwa utachiona hutsva. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya HIV kuti hwacho masoja chaizvo gadziriro, zvichiita muviri zvachose kuzvidzivirira. Izvi idambudziko hombe kuti sayenzi yemazuva ano. Tinovimba zvichaita kugadziriswa mune ramangwana.