Nesilicon (mushonga chaikosha) ehupfumi noruzhinji payakavakirwa. Nesilicon yokutanga nyaya

Vazhinji ano rwokugadzira mano uye apparatuses zvakasikwa nokuda yakasiyana ehupfumi kuti zvinhu zvinowanikwa zvakasikwa. Nevanhu kwacho uye kunyatsodzidza okunze dzakaipoteredza tinogara upgrades yayo kuvamba - izvi zvinonzi muzvigadzirwa mberi. Kwakavakirwa nyore, nyore wose zvinhu kumativi isu muupenyu. Somuenzaniso, jecha, chii chinogona kuva zvinoshamisa uye kujairika? Masayendisiti vaigona achipfigire kubva nesilicon - makemikari Kufananidzira, pasina iro paisazova midziyo kombiyuta. munda yayo kushanda siyana uye riri kuramba richikura. Izvi zvinoitwa nokuda yakasiyana ehupfumi ari nesilicon atomu, ayo mamiriro uye mukana nyore yeimwe nevamwe zvinhu.

mamiriro

In periodic hurongwa, yakatanga D. I. Mendeleevym, nesilicon (makemikari chaikosha) yakaratidzwa chiratidzo Si. Rinoreva vasiri nesimbi, iri munzvimbo huru boka rechina wechitatu nguva, ane mabhomba nhamba 14. napedyo Its kuti kabhoni hakusi netsaona; munzvimbo dzakawanda zvivako zvavo akafanana. Haawaniki zvakasikwa yakachena chimiro, sezvo kushingaira maatomu akafanana uye ane zvakakwana hwakasimba oxygen. Base zvinhu - silica, inova oxide, uye silicates (jecha). Kana nesilicon ichi (kwayo dzinongoitika remubatanidzwa) chimwe chezvinhu zvakafanana zvine maatomu akafanana munyika. Misa chikamu zviri zviri wechipiri chete reokisijeni (anopfuura 28%). The pamusoro goko rukoko rine nesilicon yakasviba muchimiro (Goldstone ichi), marudzi akasiyana-siyana That uye jecha. The inonyanya boka rechipiri runoumbwa silicates ayo. Pamusangano kudzika anenge 35? Km pachiso akaturikidzana vanosarudzirwa girenayiti uye basalt deposits, izvo zvinosanganisira nesilicon yeimwe. The chikamu muzana zviri pasi chinoumba haina afunga asi, asi pedyo penyika akaturikidzana ari jasi (kusvika 900 km) vanoumba silicates. The Zvinoumba yomugungwa nesilicon wevasungwa uri 3 MG / L, womudenga ivhu 40% ine yeimwe. Cosmos, izvo vanhu kudanana akaongororwa ane ichi makemikari chinhu yakawanda. Somuenzaniso, spectral Kuongororwa kuti meteorites, iyo anosvika pasi nechokure kunowanikwa nevaongorori, kwakaratidza kuti ine 20% nesilicon. Pane mukana inotungamirwa upenyu pahwaro chinhu ichi muboka redu renyeredzi.

tsvakurudzo urongwa

History of kuwanikwa makemikari chinhu nesilicon ane nzendo dzakawanda. Zvinhu zvakawanda, systematized Mendeleev, anoshandiswa vanhu kwemazana emakore. Uyezve, zvinhu zviri dzinongoitika chimiro, i .E. mu yeimwe vasina mishonga kubatwa, uye zvivako zvavo zvose havana kuzivisa vanhu. Mukuita kwokudzidza zvose zviri ane fuma akazviratidzawo hunoshandiswa itsva. The ehupfumi kuti nesilicon kudanana vasina kudzidza kusvikira pakuguma - chinhu ichi zvakakwana rakafara uye siyana siyana mafomu kunosiya nzvimbo zvakawanwa itsva vaizotevera masayendisiti. Yazvino kuchaita yekudyidzana mhanyisa izvi. Muzana XIX remakore, zhinji mishonga akakurumbira vave kuedza yakachena nesilicon. Kokutanga zvaibvira kuti Tenaru L. uye J. Gay-Lussac muna 1811, asi yawanikwa chinhu ndohwavo J. Berzelius, uyo akakwanisa kuziva kwete chete nefuma, asi kuti utsanangure. Kemisiti kubva Sweden paakasvika nesilicon muna 1823, nokuti ichi akashandisa esimbi potassium uye potassium munyu. The Zvakaitwa kwakaitika panguva tiwedzere muchimiro kupisa. The zvichiguma nyore fuma ndachena mashava ruvara chinhu amorphous nesilicon. Crystal wakachena chaikosha rwaiwanikwa muna 1855 Sainte-Kler Devilem. Kunzwisisa wakabatana zvakananga hurumende ichiisa refu simba mabhomba zvisungo. Muzviitiko zvacho zvose, makemikari kumashoko inoendeswa inofanira kucheneswa pakusachena, ari amorphous uye crystalline mhando vane ehupfumi zvakasiyana.

Nesilicon: mushonga eremendi emashoko

The zita rokutanga zvichizoita upfu - Kizel - akanga dzataurwa nokuda Berzelius. MuUnited Kingdom uye United States nesilicon uye nhasi akanzi nesilicon (Silicium) kana silicone (nesilicon). Izwi anowana kubva rechiLatin rokuti "mapanga" (kana "ibwe"), uye kazhinji kacho zviri akasungirirwa pfungwa "pasi" nokuda navanopinda kupararira zvakasikwa. Russian ezita makemikari zvakasiyana, zvose zvinoenderana kunobva. Akanzi silica (Zakharov aishandisa izwi muna 1810), Sisiri (1824, Dvigubsky, Solovyov), silica (1825, kutya), uye chete muna 1834, kuRussia kemisiti German Ivanovich Gess inosuma zita kuti kusvikira zvino kushandiswa zvinyorwa vakawanda - nesilicon. The Periodic Mendeleyev System yaakasarudza chiratidzo Si. Kuverenga makemikari maatomu akafanana nesilicon? Nyanzvi dzinotaura Chirungu kunyika dzakawanda kureva zita rake se "B" kana kushandisa shoko "silicone". Saka zita nyika yakakurumbira mumupata, inova kutsvakurudza uye kugadzira kombiyuta Hardware pachikuva. Russian-kutaura vemo zvinoreva nesilicon chinhu (kubva mushoko rechiGiriki "chikomo Mountain").

Kuva zvakasikwa: muminda

Yose gomo gadziriro rinoumbwa nesilicon yeimwe, iyo haiwaniki yakachena chimiro, nekuti zvose anozivikanwa zvicherwa vari dioxides kana silicates (aluminosilicates). The zvinoshamisa runako pematombo anoshandiswa nevanhu sechinhu Sora zvinhu - nayo opals, amethysts, Goldstone mhando, jaspa, chalcedony, agati, dombo rekristaro, mune ibwe rerubhi uye vamwe vakawanda. Vari akaumba nokuda panowanikwa siyana nesilicon yeimwe izvo akaronga arambe achirema, mamiriro, ruvara uye achitungamirirwa kushandiswa. Ongorora inorganic nyika inogona chokuita chete makemikari maatomu akafanana, umo zvakatipoteredza rinoumbwa simba zvisungo pamwe simbi kana simbi (zingi, magnesium, calcium, manganese, titanium uye zvichingodaro. D.). By tichienzanisa zvimwe zvinhu, nesilicon nokururamisira nyore kuti dzokubudisa pa maindasitiri pamwero: inowanikwa mhando dzakawanda ores uye zvicherwa. Naizvozvo, achishingaira mined deposits kunoenderana zvikuru inokwanisika zvinopa simba kupfuura miganhu masumbu nyaya. Quartzites uye Goldstone jecha anowanika munyika dzose. Most vagadziri zvikuru nesilicon bhizimisi ndiwo: China, France, Norway, United States (West Virginia, Ohio, Alabama, New York), Australia, South Africa, Canada, Brazil. Vagadziri All kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana, izvo kuvimba mhando chigadzirwa (unyanzvi, semiconductor, mukuru-nesilicon). Chemical chaikosha zvakapfumisa Uyezve kana neimwe nzira, ndokunatsawo kubva marudzi ose nouipi ane nomumwe ehupfumi izvo kunoenderana mberi kwayo kushandiswa. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune fuma. Nesilicon mamiriro inorondedzera kutsanangurwa chikumbiro chacho.

History of kushandiswa

Kakawanda, nokuda kufanana yemazita evanhu tinovhiringidza nesilicon uye rinopinza, asi izvi pfungwa havasi zvakafanana. Tiri pachena. Sezvambotaurwa, pane mamiriro, nesilicon hauwanikwi kwaro yakaisvonaka muchimiro hazvigoni pamusoro kwokubatana ake (zvakafanana silica),. Huru zvicherwa uye matombo vakaumba yakasviba tiri kufunga fuma - ndiyo jecha (mvura uye silica), Goldstone uye quartzite, feldspar uye mapanga. The yokupedzisira akanga anzwa vanofanira kuva zvose, nokuti anopiwa zvikuru munhoroondo yevanhu. With ichi kusungira ibwe nematurusi nevanhu panguva Stone Age. micheto Its unopinza kunokonzerwa kubva chipping pamusoro bedrock, hwezvekukurukurirana zvikuru basa Madzimai epamusha vekare, uye nomukana Sharpening - vavhimi uye vabati vehove. Flint vasina simba simbi zvigadzirwa, asi vakakundikana zviridzwa zviri nyore kutsiviwa. kushandiswa kwaro senzira romusarasara yakatora emakore akawanda - kusvikira nokugadzirwa kungaitwa pane zvinyorwa.

Panyaya chaizvo nhasi, kuti zvivako zviri nesilicon kuti tikwanise kushandisa zvinhu chanaka kana kusikwa zvedongo tableware, pamwe, kuwedzera yakanaka aesthetic chitarisiko, ine nhamba kwazvo dzichipfekeka unhu. A yoga pokutungamirira chikumbiro chacho nokuda nokugadzirwa regirazi anenge 3000 apfuura. chiitiko ichi zvakapa mukana kusika nezvionioni, nezvirongo, Stained girazi wezvidimbu yeimwe ine nesilicon. Formula kutanga zvinhu vaisanganisa zvakakodzera zvinoriumba, kubvumira chigadzirwa kupa kutsvakwa ruvara uye zvainoita nesimba girazi. Amazing runako uye dzakasiyana-siyana mabasa ounyanzvi zvakaitwa murume zvicherwa uye mabwe ane nesilicon. Rinoporesa ehupfumi kuti maatomu akafanana ichi vave chinorondedzerwa nemasayendisiti yekare uye vakashandisa munhoroondo yevanhu. Ivo ndokuisa ruoko matsime pakumwa mvura chekuchengeta zvekudya zvigadzirwa kushandiswa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye mukurapa. The upfu yaunganidzwa nokugeda yaiiswa maronda. Cherechedzai rwakabhadharwa kuna mvura iyo achisimbirira muhari chakagadzirwa yeimwe ine nesilicon. Chemical zvine maatomu akafanana nevanhukadzi nayo, vachibvumira nhamba kuparadza pathogenic utachiona uye zvigare. Uye kuti haasi ose sectors apo tiri kufunga fuma kwazvo, zvikuru kudiwa. nesilicon mamiriro kunokonzera multifunctionality kwayo.

ehupfumi

Kuti uwane mashoko pamusoro zvinhu zvokunyama zvakakodzera kufunga, kufungisisa zvose zvinobvira ehupfumi. Plan chaikosha nesilicon kwemakemikari unhu zvinosanganisira zvivako, zvemagetsi parameters, fundo yeimwe uye maitiro ezvinhu, uye saka ndima yavo. G. nesilicon ari crystalline muchimiro ane rima pfumbu ruvara ane esimbi Sheen. Face zvakatinakira cubic yekamuri kuti afanane kabhoni (nedhaimani), asi nokuda zvikuru pakureba Links hakusi simba. Plastic rinotaura kupisa kusvika 800 ^{° C,} mune zvimwe zviitiko, inoramba kusimba. The ehupfumi kuti nesilicon mumuviri kuti nemamwe zvechokwadi fuma: zviri segirazi kune michini nemwaranzi. Utsotso pfungwa - 1410 ⁰ C uye kubika - 2600 ⁰ C, iyo arambe achirema pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu - 2330 makirogiramu / m ^3. Thermal conductivity hakusi kugara nokuti ivhu siyana chichigamuchirwa nenzira anofungidzirwa ukoshi 25 ⁰ C. The ehupfumi ari nesilicon atomu kubvumira kushandiswa kwayo somunhu semiconductor. mafomu akadaro vakawanda kudiwa munyika yanhasi. Kwakakura conductivity paupenyu Zvinoumba nesilicon uye zvinhu, zviri pamwe navo. Saka, nokuti kunowedzerwa yemagetsi conductivity anoshandiswa namavara akanaka, Arsenic, phosphorus, nokuti Perforated - aruminiyamu, gallium, Boron, indium. Paaisika Namano nesilicon rinoshandiswa senhungamiro pemvura kurapwa pamwe pomutumwa, hunobata kushanda midziyo.

The ehupfumi kuti nesilicon sezvo chakanakisisa kondakita rinoshandiswa zvikuru kwazvo munyika yazvino tambo. Kukosha kushandiswa kwayo kugadzirwa muchina wakaoma (semuenzaniso, ano kadambari mano, makombiyuta).

Nesilicon: mamirire namakemikari eremendi

Kazhinji, kuti nesilicon ndiye tetravalent, munewo kutaurirana nayo inogona kuisa maviri. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu zviri havaratidzi kushingaira, ane simba remubatanidzwa pa nzvimbo tembiricha inogona chete sei pamwe fluorine ari gaseous uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. mamiriro. Izvi nokuda ichivharira kushanda yakasviba pamusoro firimu iri kuchengetwa kubata pamwe ambient okisijeni kana mvura. Kuti akurudzire zvinoitwa zvakakodzera kushandisa anowedzera: kuwedzera tembiricha iri rakanakira kuti fuma akadai nesilicon. Chemical chaikosha ikasakendenga pamwe okisijeni pa 400-500 ⁰ C, zvichiita yakasviba firimu kunowedzera, chirongwa oxidation. Kana tembiricha vanomutsirwa 50 ⁰ C zvakaitwa pamwe bromine, kuiisa chlorine, ayodhini, kwamakadarika kugadzikana tetrahalides kuumbwa. With acids nesilicon asingadi sei, kunze musanganiswa hydrofluoric uye nitric acid, apo chero alkali vari huru mamiriro iri solvent. Silanes yakabereka chete manyowa kubva silicides ari maitiro pamwe rehydrogen hazvirevi mahuri. The soro simba uye makemikari akasiyana passivity pamwe Boron uye kabhoni. High kuramba alkalis uye acids, pamwe remubatanidzwa wenyika senitrogen, kunoitika panguva kutonhora pamusoro 1000 ⁰ C. The silicides vari kuwanikwa maitiro pamwe nesimbi, uye iyi kunoenderana valency ari nopindirana maatomu akafanana, izvo zvinoratidza nesilicon. Formula fuma akaumbwa chikamu ane kuchinja simbi iri husingakwanisi acids. The nemamiriro nesilicon atomu zvakananga inobata zvivako ayo uye kukwanisa kutaura nevamwe zvinhu. Pfungwa inotungamirwa kusungwa zvakasikwa uye kana pachena kuti pfuma (murabhoritari, maindasitiri zvakatipoteredza) hwakasiyana yekudyidzana. Nesilicon mamiriro achipfeka ayo namakemikari basa.

mamiriro

Dunhu nemamiriro nesilicon atomu ine maitiro ayo. Mhosva Musimboti 14, izvo unoenderana kutevedzana nhamba iri periodic ino. Kuwanda mhosva nezvimedu: protons - 14; Erekitironi - 14; neutrons - 14. The wedunhu maumbirwo nesilicon maatomu ndiyo zvinotevera: Si +14) 2) 8) 4. Pazuva rokupedzisira (kwokunze) Erekitironi pamwero vari 4 kuti anosarudza ukuru oxidation chete chiratidzo "+" kana "-". Nesilicon oxide ane nzira Sio ₂ (Valence 4+), mumwe yainge rehydrogen remubatanidzwa - SiH ₄ (Valence pamusoro -4). uwandu huru unogona nesilicon maatomu mune dzimwe yeimwe vane Kufambisa nhamba 6, akadai remubatanidzwa pamwe fluorine. Matadza guru - 28 mabhomba nharaunda - 132 Pis, kuti Erekitironi goko configuration: 1S 2S ^{2 2} 3S ^{2 6} 2P 3P ^2.

kunyoresa

Surfactants kana zvakazara doped nesilicon rinoshandiswa sezvo semiconductor pamusoro kusikwa vazhinji, kusanganisira zvakarurama, mano (semuenzaniso, masero zuva, transistors, rectifier uye t. D.). Ultrapure nesilicon inoshandiswa kusika masero solar (simba). Type chete mechanical rinoshandiswa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi nezvionioni uye Laser gasi. Nesilicon yeimwe vakawana regirazi, zvedongo Tile, kuumba, porcelain neyevhu. The siyana mhando zvinhu anobudiswa Zvakaoma kutsanangura, vanozivikanwa yavo rinowanikwa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, mune mifananidzo uye zvesayenzi, kumabasa. The zvichiguma samende yakatsvuka zvinhu kuumba mixes uye zvidhina okugadziridza zvokuvakisa. Distribution kwemafuta, lubricants kwakavakirwa silicone yeimwe kunogona kuderedza kukweshera iri zvinofamba mativi zvigadziriswe zhinji. Silicides nokuda nemamwe ehupfumi munyika hasha nhau pakaunda (acids, kutonhora) vari zvinowanzoshandiswa indasitiri. magetsi, renyukireya makemikari zviratidzo zvavo kufunga nyanzvi pamusoro nezvinobvamo yakaoma, anoridza diki basa uye nemamiriro nesilicon atomu.

Tava dzakanyorwa Wekumusoro yepamusorosoro uye yemhando kuti musi kushanda. Rakajairika, riri kubudiswa akawanda Technical nesilicon rinoshandiswa nenzira dzakawanda:

1. Sezvo mbishi mashoko pagadzirwe yakachena fuma.
2. Nokuti alloying metallurgia indasitiri: kuvapo nesilicon kunowedzera refractoriness, kunonatsiridza ngura kuzvidzivirira uye zvokuimba simba (ane nekumwisa chaikosha ichi, kuti chiwanikwa anogona kuva zvakare pfava).
3. Somunhu deoxidizer chokubvisa zvakawandisa okisijeni kubva simbi.
4. Raw zvokuvakisa pagadzirwe silanes (Si kungatowedzera pamwe Organic zvinhu).
5. Nokuti rehydrogen kugadzirwa nesilicon-yesimbi chiwanikwa.
6. Kugadzirwa kwezuva aenzana.

ukoshi chikuru pafuma uye nokuda dzose kushanda kunoita muviri. Nesilicon mamiriro, ehupfumi aro vari iyi inokosha. Muchiitiko chino, pachisara kana kusamuda kunotungamirira nezvirwere zvakakomba.

Muviri womunhu

Mushonga kwenguva refu kushandisa nesilicon sechinhu bactericidal uye akambozvishandisa kuuraya utachiona. Asi zvose zvakanakira panze kushandisa chinhu ichi vanofanira kuramba muvandudzwe mumuviri womunhu. The zvinoitika azvipire chacho kugutsikana kuchaita upenyu zvavo. In zvinoitirwawo kushayikwa anodarika 70 zvisaririra zvinhu uye mavhitaminzi zvavari rinoita kuti muviri, izvo zviri kuderedza kuramba dzakasiyana-siyana zvirwere. The soro chikamu nesilicon iri kuchengetwa pfupa, ganda, nemarunda. Iye kuridza basa rimwe STRUCTURAL Kufananidzira iyo inotsigira simba uye anopa elasticity. skeletal zvakaoma zvinyama All yakaumbwa tichiregeredza ayo yeimwe. Somugumisiro zvichangobva kudzidzwa akawana nesilicon tigutsikane iri itsvo, rwatata uye connective munyama. Basa mitumbi aya kushanda muviri chaizvo guru, saka achidzikisa mairi zviri nezvakwakaipira kukanganisa zvakawanda anokosha zviratidzi chokurarama nacho. The zuva nezvokudya uye muviri mvura vanofanira kugamuchira 1 giremu kubva nesilicon - ichi chichabatsira tidzivise zvirwere zvakadai kuzvimba ganda, kunyoroveswa mapfupa, inotungamirwa yamabwe chiropa, neitsvo, madzerere, bvudzi uye mbambo ezvinhu, atherosclerosis. Kana zvakakwana azvipire zviri ichi chinhu inowedzera kutapata, normalizes muviri, anovandudza Absorção de Água zvakawanda kudiwa utano hwevanhu. Kudeuka Huwandu silica - iri bota zvirimwa, radishes, Buckwheat. Achauyisa zvinokosha makomborero nesilicon mvura. Kuziva nhamba uye kakawanda kushandiswa kwayo zvakanakisisa kubvunza nyanzvi.