Nuclear injini nokuti nezvitundumuseremusere

Russia kwave uye achiri ndiye mutungamiri mumunda renyukireya nzvimbo simba. Zvakaitika design, kuvaka, basa uye nokushanda chitundumusere-musere vakapakata zvenyukireya zvinyorwa simba masangano akadai RSC "Energy" uye "Roskosmos". Nuclear injini kunoita kuti kushandisa ndege kwemakore mazhinji, achivaita zvakawanda hunobatsira suitability kakawanda.

munhau

Kushandiswa renyukireya riri muchadenga hachisisiri nemanyepo ari 70-ies wekupedzisira remakore. Yokutanga injini zvenyukireya 1970-1988 vakanga raparurwa muchadenga uye zvinobudirira kushandiswa muchadenga motokari (SV) zvaanorumbidza kuti "US-A". Vari kureva thermoelectric ezvinhu ane simba renyukireya chirimwa (NPP) "Buck" Magetsi 3 KW.

Muna 1987-1988 maviri mano "Plasma-A" ne thermionic NPP "topazi" 5 KW kwave kutiza-yokuedza nzvimbo, apo simba remagetsi propulsion (ichigere) kubva renyukireya simba panobva yakatanga rakatangwa.

A kunzwisisa kuti pano renyukireya simba nekuongororwa thermionic renyukireya kugadzwa "Yenisei" simba 5 KW. Pachishandiswa ruzivo izvi dzakabudirira zvirongwa thermionic renyukireya simba inokwana 25-100 KW.

MB "Hercules"

RSC "Energy" iri 70 dzakatanga yesayenzi uye zvinoshanda researches, chinangwa waiva kusika munhu simba renyukireya nzvimbo injini kuti interorbital Tug (MB) "Hercules". Basa kwakaita kuti nheyo kwemakore akawanda renyukireya yemagetsi propulsion (YAERDU) pamwe thermionic renyukireya nesimba vanokwanisa zvishomanana - mazana kilowatts uye yemagetsi propulsion chikwata vanokwanisa wezviuru nemazana kilowatts.

Design parameters MB "Hercules":

• anobatsira zvemagetsi simba simba renyukireya - 550 KW;
• chaiwo zvechivhurumukira yemagetsi propulsion - 30 km / s;
• Electric propulsion vaise - 26 H;
• Resource NPP uye yemagetsi propulsion - maawa 16,000;
• kushanda muviri yemagetsi propulsion - xenon;
• uremu (mufushwa) Tug - 14,5-15,7 t, kusanganisira Nei - matani 6.9.

Contemporary

Muzana XXI remakore inguva pave injini idzva yenyukireya kuti muchadenga. Muna October 2009, pamusangano Komisheni kuti Russian chirongwa "Creation yokufambisa uye simba module aine megawatt-kirasi kuisa simba yenyukireya" itsva kwave pamutemo mvumo neDare Presidential Council kuti mazuvaano uye muruzivo rwokugadzira Development kuti reRussia Economy. vari kutungamirira Developers:

• Reactor chirimwa - JSC "NIKIET".
• Nuclear simba chirimwa ane gasi turbine simba kutendeuka redunhu, inobva yemagetsi propulsion Motors uye Ionic electrorocket YAERDU vakawanda - SSC "Research Center. M. V. Keldysha ", riri basa sangano kwehurongwa kukura yokufambisa uye simba module (on) hwose.
• RSC "Energy" somunhu mukuru on wakachenjera anofanira kuva otomatiki muchina pamwe module ichi.

Zvinoitwa chokugadza itsva

New injini kwenyukireya kuti muchadenga Russia anoronga kutanga zvokutenga kushanda mu mashomanana akatevera. Projected zvechadenga gasi turbine YAERDU zvinotevera. The reactor akashandisa gasi-dzaserera kutsanya mwene reactor, tembiricha iri kushanda Urume (musanganiswa Iye / Xe) pamberi turbine - 1500 K, ari kushanda zvakanaka rokutendeutsa chafariz simba kupinda zvemagetsi simba - 35%, redhiyeta-mhando unotonhorera - donhwe. Unit Weight (reactor, nemwaranzi kudzivirirwa, uye kutendeuka gadziriro, asi pasina Refrigeration emitter) - 6800 makirogiramu.

Space zvenyukireya injini (simba renyukireya, simba zvenyukireya, pamwe EPS) zano kushandisa:

• Senzira ramangwana nzvimbo nemotokari.
• Sezvo manyuko magetsi kuti simba-nyanyisa hurongwa uye chitundumusere-musere.
• Kugadzirisa matambudziko maviri okutanga ari chokufambisa uye simba module kuitira hurukuro rinorema electrorocket musere musere uye motokari pamusoro kushanda muchadenga uye zvimwe kwenguva simba nerubatsiro michina.

Nheyo kushanda ane injini yenyukireya

Vachishandisa kwetunhu nuclei kana kushandisa simba fission zvenyukireya mafuta kuti vaumbe ndege vaise. Kusiyanisa kugadzwa kupomba-putika uye mvura mvura marudzi. Nokufema chirimwa inongorira muchadenga vakasiyana mabhomba mabhomba kuti detonating munhu metres mashoma kure, Nokufema akasunda chikepe mberi. In tsika, zvakadai mano havana kushandiswa.

Liquid propulsion michini, Ukuwo, yagara dzakabudirira uye kuedzwa. Kare 60s, vanachiremba Soviet kunge akagadzirirwa handiyo womuenzaniso RD-0410. Izvi Hurongwa yakagadzirwa muUnited States. Pfungwa dzavo inobva kudziyisa ane emura yenyukireya Mini-reactor, zvinonzi dzikwanise chiutsi nokuumba jeti sorukova, izvo anosandudzira chitundumusere-musere. Kunyange zvazvo mudziyo chinonzi mvura sezvo kushanda fluid yemanyorero rehydrogen inoshandiswa. Chimwe chinangwa muchadenga zvenyukireya gadziriro - dzinofambiswa yemagetsi onboard Network (midziyo) ngarava uye satellites.

Heavy telecommunication mano pose muchadenga kutaurirana

Panguva iyoyo, basa riri kuitwa pasi zvenyukireya injini kuti muchadenga dzichashandiswa mu rinorema midziyo nzvimbo kukurukurirana. RSC "puhti" rakaitwa zvidzidzo uye mazano ari yose nzvimbo kukurukurirana kwava zvemari nemakwikwi pamwe zvakachipa cellular parunhare kuti aifanira kuzadzisa kuchinjwa "yenhare" kubva Earth muchadenga.

The prerequisites kuzvisikwa vavo:

• zvekupfakira kutopedza pamusoro geostationary muchadenga (GEO) satellites anodawo uye pusa;
• kuneta nokuda Frequency upfumi;
• yakanaka ruzivo zvisikwa uye ezvokutengeserana kudzvinyirirwa mashoko geostationary satellites "Yamal".

Kana ukaronga "Yamal" chikuva, itsva hwokugadzira mhinduro zvave 95%, izvo zvakaita kuti mano dzakadaro kuti ararame panyika pamusika nzvimbo mabasa.

Zvinofungirwa yaitsiva modules vane muzvigadzirwa kukurukura zvokushandisa ose makore manomwe anenge. It aizosika kwegadziriro multi-3-4 inorema satellites kupinda geostationary muchadenga pamwe nokuwedzera magetsi simba ukapisa navo. Pakutanga, chitundumusere-musere dzakagadzirwa pachishandiswa rezuva simba 30-80 KW. Danho rinotevera achashandisa zvenyukireya injini 400 KW pamwe gore kusvika mumwe chokufambisa muoti (nokuti chokuendesa chikuru module GSO) uye 150-180 KW mu pakutsanangura nokushanda kwadzinoita (makore anenge 10-15) ave simba rine.

Nuclear injini mu antimeteoritnoy adzivirire Earth System

Akapedza RKK "Energy" mukupera 90 kuti tsvakurudzo magadzirirwo akaratidza kuti pakasikwa antimeteoritnoy Pasi kudzivirira hurongwa kubva nuclei ose comets uye asteroids renyukireya nesimba chirimwa uye YAERDU anogona kushandiswa:

1. Kutanga marongedzero vachiongorora zviri trajectories ose asteroids uye comets kuti vayambuke muchadenga Wepasi. Nokuti ichi zvinganaka kuronga chitundumusere-musere inokosha vakapakata Manyiminya uye radar zvokushandisa Detective zvinhu nengozi, pakuverenga ari parameters pamusoro trajectories dzavo uye vanonyanya kudzidza unhu hwavo. The Hurongwa renyukireya nzvimbo injini ine hunyambiri-rudzi thermionic NPi inokwana 150 KW anogona zvinobatanidzwa. Her upenyu zvinofanira kuva makore anenge 10.
2. Miedzo was (yenyukireya kuputika mudziyo) kusvika landfill yakachengeteka asteroid. YAERDU simba chokuendesa Muedzo midziyo kuti asteroid-polygon kunoenderana mukanyiwa ari kurwira payload (150-500 KW).
3. Delivery neezvitendero kuona zvinoreva (interceptor zvachose vakawanda matani 15-50) kuti kuuya kuna ngozi chinhu nyika. Anodei renyukireya ndege injini inokwana 1-10 MW pakukurukura kuti ngozi asteroid yenyukireya nokuchengeta, pose iyo kuputika nokuda ndege asteroid zvinhu anogona kuramba kubva nzira ngozi.

Delivery kutsvakurudza midziyo zvakadzama nzvimbo

Delivery musayenzi midziyo kuti muchadenga zvinhu (mapuraneti kure, nguva nenguva comets, asteroids) anogona kuitwa nokushandiswa LRE nzvimbo anotsanangura nzendo. Shandisa zvenyukireya injini kuti muchadenga motokari zvichakubatsirai, kana kuisa kuti basa goho kuti muchadenga munhu zvomuchadenga mutumbi Satellite, zvakananga kwaaita yokudenga muviri, kusarudzwa zvinhu ivhu uye dzimwe tsvakurudzo rinoda vakawanda kuwedzera tsvakurudzo yakaoma, pakati kwebasa rinofanira kumhara uye kutora-kure nzendo.

parameters injini

Nuclear injini kuti chitundumusere-musere tsvakurudzo zvakaoma kuchawedzera "hwindo kutanga" (nokuda inodzorwa kuerera nokushanda nokukurumidza muviri), iyo nyore kuronga uye akazoita Mari yaidiwa kuvaka. Studies kuitwa RSC "puhti", akaratidza kuti YAERDU 150 KW pamwe kusvika matatu ndiyo aizobudirira nzira paakanunura modules muchadenga bhandi asteroid.

Panguva imwe chete kukurukura imwe tsvakurudzo chairema panguva muchadenga pakati dzomuchadenga zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri kure kunoda kuwedzera zvinhu, yenyukireya kugadzwa kusvika makore 5-7. Zvinonzi zvakaratidza kuti YAERDU dzakaoma inokwana anenge 1 MW sechikamu tsvakurudzo achabvumira chitundumusere-musere wakakurumidza hurukuro kwemakore 5-7 kuti muchadenga rakagadzirwa nevanhu Satellite zvikuru mapuraneti kure, yemapuraneti ramakororo pamusoro pemvura zvakasikwa satellites Mapuraneti izvi, uye hurukuro pasi Pano comets, asteroids, Mercury uye ari satellites waZeusi uye Saturn.

Reusable chikwidzo (MB)

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha nzira kuvandudza kunyatsoshanda pakufamba mabasa muchadenga ndiyo reusable zvenyaya nezvifambiso zvinosvika. Nuclear injini kuti chitundumusere-musere simba kanenge 500 KW unokubvumira kusika reusable sorwonzi uye pakudaro yekudyidzana kuvandudza kunyatsoshanda kuti multi-weDanho nzvimbo kwezvinhu. Kuku- chakadaro wemuTesitamende chirongwa vanopa guru wepagore mitoro motokari. Muenzaniso kwaizova purogiramu womudenga ubanguranyika pamwe zvakasikwa uye dzigadziridzwe munhu aigarira nechimwe inongogara kuwedzera uye experimental rwokugadzirwa uye maindasitiri zvivako.

kukarukureta kuti turnover

Maererano akagadzira zvidzidzo RSC "puhti", kuvakwa nechigadziko pamusoro mwedzi vangarwirwa modules yairema anenge 10 matani, zviri muchadenga Romwedzi -. 30 M Total nhumbi kubva Earth pakuvaka munhu aigarira womudenga nechigadziko uye vakashanyira womudenga orbital yemapurisa vanofungidzirwa pa 700-800 matani uye gore negore mitoro motokari nokuda kwomudzimu uye kukura chawo - 400-500 m.

Zvisinei, nheyo injini yenyukireya haibvumiri mashoko chitakuriso yokubudisa nokukurumidza. Nokuda refu nguva zvokufambisa uye saka, rebei kuwana payload nemwaranzi mabhandi kwete zvinhu zvose zvinogona vangarwirwa kushandisa tugboats pamwe injini yenyukireya. Naizvozvo, nhumbi kuti zvinogona kugoverwa pachishandiswa YAERDU vanofungidzirwa matani 100-300 chete / gore.

upfumi kunyatsoshanda

Sezvo chokuratidza kwezvoupfumi kunyatsoshanda Inter-muchadenga kwezvinhu zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa kukosha chikwata mutengo pakufamba chete chikwata guru pamusoro payload (GHG) choutsi kubva panyika kupinda chipfuro muchadenga. RSC "puhti" zveupfumi uye akarongeka wokuenzanisira inorangarira chikuru zvinoumba mari iri nezvifambiso zvinosvika yambokurukurwa:

• kusika uye kubviswa muchadenga Tug dzakabatana;
• nokuti kutenga kushanda chivako yenyukireya;
• kushanda mari, uyewo R & D uye zvichiita guru zvekushandisa mari.

Mutengo parameters kuvimba Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri parameters ose MB. Tichishandisa muenzaniso ichi icho okufananidza ezvoupfumi kunyatsoshanda kuti reusable Tug inobva YAERDU simba anenge 1 MW uye kuraswa Tug pahwaro yepamusoro emura chitundumuseremusere injini mupurogiramu kuitira pakukurukura paNyika Moon muchadenga kukwira pamusoro 100 km payload zvachose guru 100 matani / gore. Kana kushandisa chete booster akatakura kugona yakaenzana basa "Purotoni-M" uye dvuhpuskovoy dunhu kuvaka nezvifambiso zvinosvika chaiyo kutumirwa humwechete chikwata guru pamusoro payload kushandisa Tug pahwaro injini yenyukireya uchava katatu kuvatumwa apo uchishandisa kuraswa kwakavakirwa tugboats mura chitundumuseremusere injini yacho mhando MM-3.

mhedziso

Zvinobudirira propulsion kwenyukireya kuti nzvimbo inoita kuti agadzirise zvinetso zvezvakatipoteredza enyika, kutiza munhu Mars, ndinosika kwegadziriro Wireless kupararira simba ari muchadenga, ari Implementation kuchengeteka-kunowedzera kuvigwa muchadenga ngozi zvikuru mwaranzi penyika renyukireya, nokuumba aigarira womudenga nechigadziko uye vezvokutengeserana kuvandudzika Moon, nechokwadi kudzivirira nyika kubva asteroid uye kometi njodzi.