Oprichnik - ndiani ichi? Rizivikanwe munhoroondo Varindi

Russian statehood anoenda kuburikidza yakaoma matanho akawanda, dzimwe nguva munhu akanga kupfuura mumwe. Kupfuura creepy uye rima nguva munhoroondo Russia, vakawanda kare kudana makore oprichnina. Oprichnik - Manyepo, kana ari iye zvechokwadi? Varanda ava Changamire vakaenda rinotyisa makuhwa, vachiti havasi vanhu zvachose, zvegungwa chaiye, "munyama madhimoni." Saka chii Ungati pamusoro evatsigiri avo vaiva chaizvoizvo uye nei ivo kutaura zvechokwadi kutyisa nyaya?

nzwisa tsitsi matanho

Oprichnina nechitarisiko pashure akatevedzana kunaka zviitiko kuti Moscow. Muscovy panguva iyoyo akatungamirira ropa wokuLivonia War. WokuLivonia kunetsana - ichi ndechimwe kupfuura mauto emisasa XVI remakore ari reBaltic nharaunda, vakanga guru, zvakakurumbira avo kumatunhu ehurumende - Muscovy, Mukuru Duchy pakati Lithuania, Umambo Sweden, Umambo muDenmark. Muna January 1558, Moscow yakarwisa Livonia. Pakutanga, boka vakauya mauto Russian Ivanu Groznomu vanoverengeka zvaikosha kukunda vakanga yakakunda Narva, Dorpat nezvimwe nemisha mizhinji iri reBaltic.

In ezvinhu yehondo

Kwemakore manomwe, Russian mamiriro akaramba hondo reropa uye inovava pamwe wokuLivonia mamiriro. Kwete chete Emperor Peter Ndaida "akavhura hwindo kuna Europe". Ivan Grozny , zvakare, akasarudza tira kuti "Ini" ari matambudziko inoita nokusingaperi yeRussian upfumi. Kutanga pokurwa chaiva akabudirira kuti Russia. Mushure Kupwanya kukundwa kubudikidza Lithuanians vakatizira vaUra-Chief wamapoka Russian. Maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu Ivan Grozny yakazivisa mumamiriro mutemo wechiuto, ndinosika chivakwa rehurumende oprichnichestva.

oma vakasarudzwa

Nepo nyika simba rakanga kwete chete mambo, pamusoro zvipfuwo uye vatorwa mutemo kukanganiswa feudal madzishe, vakanga rakakamurwa cheap car insurance sere - on hama hwaro uye mugove. Hakuna akashanda zvakanaka nyika yake uye, chokwadi, mitero ndivo akaisa muhomwe yake. On muranda dzimwe nguva ndakanga vaviri feudal ishe. Chete machinda Yaroslavl, pakanga panguva iyoyo anenge makumi masere. machinda ose aya haana kuisa sendi iri papfuma pane zvakagumbura chaizvo kuRussia chamber. Sezvo munyika, uye matambudziko saka zvakakwana, kunyanya panguva yehondo, mambo aifanira kugadzirisa dambudziko feudal. Muna 1565, Ivan Grozny January 3 akazivisa kuti abdicates nokuda vatsamwire avakuru. Mushure yakadaro kunotyisa chiziviso, zviuru zvevanhu vakaungana, vakaenda kuna mambo kumukumbirisa kuti adzoke choumambo uye kutungamirira nyika kamwe zvakare. Nechekare papera mwedzi Russian chamber iri akazivisa kuti aizodzoka ushe, asi pamwe kodzero arange boyars pasina kutongwa, kwairamba navo, zvakavatorera pfuma yavo. Vose ehurumende yakanga kupa zemshchina. Izvi zvose akawedzera kuti achipinda nyika oprichnina. Mairi, iye akataura boyars, vanamabharani vanhu uye servicemen. Naizvozvo oprichnik - munhu ane mamwe masimba uye kuita mirairo mambo zvakananga. Ane oprichnina mambo akarayira mamwe maguta Veliky Ustyug, Vologda, Suzdal, Vyazma, Kozelsk, Medyn nevamwe.

Musimboti wacho oprichnina

Oprichnik - munhu akatora pamusoro mashandiro ari mheni tsvimbo, kunyimwa muchinda simba, kuti feudal ishe mune imwe nharaunda. Ivan Grozny akaita chaizvo noungwaru, saka akauraya shiri mbiri nedombo rimwe. Iye kunyimwa nehanya vanokudzwa uye akapa nyika yasara akakundwa muna kuBaltic States. Oprichnik zvinoreva - "munhu ari nzvimbo namambo panhengo vatsigiri vake."

Black Guard

Oprichnik - varindi vamambo, akanga basa kwete chete varume vakakura, asi somunhu oga boyars 'vana, uye akasarudzwa vanokudzwa. Mamiriro chikuru iro Kusarudza akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze, akanga pasina chokuita, ropa ukama vanokudzwa nounhu kwamachinda. Zvose zvinodikanwa Ivan Grozny kubva kuvanhu avo - zviri kuteerera kusina mubvunzo. Chinonyanya kukosha akanga oprichnik nezvezvipfuwo negwaro. Zvichireva akanga kusanyatsotsanangurwa chakabatikana uye fananei mashandiro chaiwo mauto munguva yedu.

rwisana musazonetsanazve

Sezvo Machinda pasi pangu kurwisa varanda (boka ravarwi rokurinda zvinodiwa muridzi), wonamatidza munyika yacho wamambo aiva nyaya diki basa. Pano uye pane "Black Rider" - oprichnik. Definition weshoko yatakakupai zvishoma kwirirei. Pakutanga mabasa ayo chaizvoizvo vachisimbisa rakabatana simba ramambo uye achiuraya vaya vasingabvumirani. Vari kazhinji se youmbwende uye uzvidzwe vanhu. Asi kwete vose vakanga kudaro, paiva vemauto vakanaka uye navatungamiri pakati Varindi. Paiva nyaya: ari kubatwa zviri wokuLivonia mauto guta pasi murayiro Prince Tyufyakina akawira kunze munhare uye kutanga kwe "nharo" kusada kuenda kwacho uye kugara zvikonzero zvakagumbura mambo, uye akatuma Varindi, izvo akaratidza yamambo chirevo kubviswa murayiro wehondo Tyufyakina uye vabatsiri, uye akaedza kutungamirira kurwisa mauto.

musoro wembwa uye womutsvairo

Modern kare anotsanangura pachavo murindi namambo zvinotevera nzira. Munhu akapfeka zvose nhema, aine akasungirirawo kuti Chigaro pesey musoro uye womutsvairo shure. Head inofananidzirwa yokuti vaduku Varindi zvichaita sniff kubva hurumende uye nomutsvairo womutsvairo. Ichi hachisi chokwadi zvachose. Hongu, oprichnik akanga akapfeka jasi dema, sezvo vaiva rudzi kurongeka uye kupfeka zvinoenderana. About zvakaora - zvakakwana maturo, nezuva inopisa pamwe akatsaura musoro haisi kunyanya pachena kukwira. Kokutanga mashoko aya vakabva vatorwa, Ungangove, akavhomora ane muenzaniso zvemamongi Republic, kwaiva chiratidzo Order of musoro wembwa yakashongedzwa masuo wemamongi. Nei musoro wembwa? Republic vanozviti imbwa yaJehovha. Ivo, kufanana Varindi, kuongorora mhosva (pamusoro Faith), uye zvichida izvi chaiva chikonzero panowanikwa akadaro ringanidzo. A mutsvairo haana chaizvo womutsvairo. Sechiratidzo kwavo kungova vanhu vakaderera kuna vakatsaurwa kuti mambo Varindi vaipfeka nebhanire dzemakwai bhurasho - mutsvairo anotsvaira ndamukirwa.

Hard zvinhu

Panguva oprichnina akauraya vakawanda vanhu vanoti zvikuru sei - zvirokwazvo zvisingaiti kusvikira ikozvino. Oprichnik - chinhu muurayi, chinetso dzikavauraya vanhu vanenge 6000. Hazvina mufananidzo uyu anodana Skrynnikov wenhoroondo.

The varindi

Makore iwayo vanotyisa kunge dzinoratidzwa vakawanda munguva udzvanyiriri uye vanodzvinyirirwa. Uye, chokwadi, pane Varindi akakurumbira vakawanda vanoyeuka mabasa avo zvikuru.

Fedor Basmanov - mwanakomana Alexei Danilovich Varindi. About Fedor akaenda guhwa kuti aida Ivana Groznogo, zvikurukuru, kureva nyaya vatorwa. Zvinoratidza wechiTatar kurwisa Ryazan. Muna 1569 Oprichny akarayira mauto kumaodzanyemba kwenyika. Akanga paakavapa.

Malyuta Skuratov - oprichnik, chikuru akaipa, akawana zita remadunhurirwa rokuti kwayo nokuti miduku. Aiva mukuru oprichnina. Akatanga basa rake yakadereresa nzvimbo, asi nekuda kwayo utsinye, kwakasvika dzakakwirira zvikuru. Famously ndaifarira kuitisa kubvunza kutsva. Aiva zvakawanda muurayi pane oprichnik. Vakaurayiwa chiito 1573.

Athanasius Vyazemsky - mumwe yakakurumbira oprichnik. Ndakanga chinzvimbo chinokosha wamambo, vachiti kunyange aiva kufarirwa Ivana Groznogo uye akanakidzwa mapfumo chivimbo. Zvakanga simba kuti mishonga akagadzira pachavo chiremba Unotyisa Lenseem mambo tora chete kubva mumaoko Afanasiya Vyazemskogo. Munguva chakakomba udzvanyiriri Vyazemskij pamwe Malyuta Skuratov kuenda kune Varindi. Apedza yepanyika Kuvapo kwake Vyazemskij panguva kurwadziswa, akapomerwa pakurangana pamwe vavengi Russian uye chido kubudisa muPskov Lithuania.

Mihail Temryukovich Cherkassky - Prince. In Muscovy akauya 1556. Kuteerera kuda kwababa vake, iye akabhabhatidzwa uye akava mumwe wamachinda. Michael oprichnik vakava kuonga kwayo mbiri danidziro pamusoro Tatars naHanzvadzi Maria, izvo kwakafanana pamwe chevaux Ivan anotyisa. Kwapera nguva muchinda Cherkassky akawana zvakakwana simba panguva paruvazhe Moscow chamber.

Pamutemo pakati Varindi Michael Cherkasky aitaurwa muna September 1567. Iye, kufanana zvose zvinokosha kwokufananidzira vamambo pachake, achishingaira muchirongwa padanda pakati Messrs iyeye aiva kunaka. In May Cherkassy akaurayiwa nokuti vanonzi upombwe, uye mumwe dzakakurumbira shanduro ndeyokuti kunyange akarovererwa.