Orda panze - nguva mutero kuna Golden Horde

Orda goho - iyi ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo inonyatsozivikanwa mabasa zvaiitika Russia kubva XIII kuti XV remakore. Panguva iyoyo, varimi vakanga vachigomera pasi uremu Mongol-wechiTatar joko, kuti iyo awedzera uyewo mutero vaibhadhara machinda vemo. Rakanga chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma nguva muupenyu vanhu Russian. Russ akanga achinyudza neropa vatorwa vachirwisa uye yokumukira pamusoro vanhuwo zvavo.

muripo Tsika mutero

Pakutanga wokuRussia ivhu XIII remakore rakanga neropa, vakapisa misha yose uye maguta. Kubva vachirwisa mauto Yechinwiwa Horde Vaisagona kutiza, akatambudzika nevanhu vakasiyana munzanga uye mazera. Rusichi chete anobata yokuti imwe imba yavakwazve uye akavakirirwa misha. Asi zvikuru nokukurumidza eMongolia vakaziva kuti kurwisa kugarwa hakusi zvinobatsira, nekuti vanhu vakaneta, varombo, havana nguva kutora yokukohwa. Ndipo apo Horde uye mhinduro wakatangwa. Tribute - zvachose, pazvinhu zveminda kusvikira chezvipo, haina kudenha munhu.

Muna 1257 vakaperekedza Verenga vakawanda, saka Mongol-Tatars aiziva chaizvo hugota sezvo vanofanira kuripa mutero. A mutero Golden Horde achienda kunyika, mhuri, gejo, uye vanhu vaifanira kuenda mari kunyuchi, hove, kuvhima shiri uye mhuka. Hurongwa yakatevera Horde dzakabatana muchiuto, mune kweutongi neimwe iri magavhuna-Baskakov, izvo vakaunganidza mutero.

Ndiani chinofukidzwa basa?

Orda akaita pamusoro dzose ukuru Russian, basa akabhadhara zvose. The anosiyiwa vaiva vamiririri Byzantine yeOrthodox. Chikonzero ichi yakareruka - the Horde yaiva noushamwari naye Byzantium, mundoparadza nokuda nechido purofiti hapana kuenda. Uyezve, Chechi yeOrthodox akadzidzisa vanhu kuzvininipisa, uye zvakanga zvinobatsira Mongol-Tatars. Vatendi vanhuwo zvavo chinyararire akashivirira kuvapo vatorwa mundima yavo, pasina zvichemo vakapa chikamu wokukohwa. Pashure pezvose, unofanira kuteerera vakundi, nokuti zvose kwaMwari ...

Kukura mutero

Ordynsky goho inounganidzwa mune mari. Sezvo panguva iyoyo Russia zvayo mari hurongwa hwakatozotangwa Mongolian. Vazhinji dzekare vanoti basa muMiddle Ages kuti vanhuwo zvavo Russian vakanga yakakurisa, asi kana kupomera Horde? Mutero pakutanga inonzi chegumi. Sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, zviri pachena kuti vanhu vaifanira kubhadhara 1/10 chikamu yavanotambira.

Pakati vasara zvinyorwa zvinozivikanwa kuti muna 1275 muziviswe ari eMongolia vakatora "kurima" iri polugrivne sirivha muna 1384 - pamwe musha polrublya, muna 1408 - ne "kurima" nehafu Ruble. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mumusha uye "gejo" uye Hryvnia, uye Ruble - chetezvo. It anotevera kuti panguva XIII - XV emakore kukura mutero haana kuchinja. Uyewo, Mongol-Tatars akaunganidza basa pane pagore kamwe pamakore 7 ose. Chokwadi, yaiva zvinodhura, nokuti nguva ino -wedzera yekutenga mari, asi zvakadaro eMongolia kukumbira zvakawanda - anenge 1.5% kubva kwemari.

kugumiswa kubhadhara

Pasinei nokuti nguva mutero, iyo ikaunganidzwa muRussia nokuda Khan Yechinwiwa Horde, kuti kubva muzana haana kukosha, varimi kazhinji akaramba zvachose pasina zvibereko, uye zvinoreva kuti subsistence. Chikonzero dzokudarika vakanga anowedzera mhosva nemachinda vemo. Vanhu vakanga vasingakwanisi kubhadhara yakanatsa mari, ikava varanda. Nokufamba kwenguva, vanhuwo zvavo vakatanga vamukire, kumukira kwakaitika Rostov, Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Suzdal. Chokwadi, ivo woutsinye, ipapo yakawanda ropa rinoteurwa, asi achiri Horde vakasiya baskachestva maitiro uye mutero muunganidzwa kunge zvava pamapfudzi machinda. Kubhadhara zvakavakodzera kuna Golden Horde dzakapfuura kusvikira XV remakore. Ipapo machinda uye kunyange akaunganidzawo munhu mutero kuna vanhu, asi hamuna kuitakura kune khans, uye John V. III uye akarega zvachose kubhadhara Horde goho.