Retro mabhasikoro: kubva pakugadzirwa kusvika nhasi

Bhizimisi yemakwenzi yakakura zvikuru zvokuti zvinokwanisika kukanganiswa pakati pemhando dzakasiyana-siyana muzvivako zvekutsvaga (gomo, guta, "vaenzi", "double hung", BMH). Uye kune kugovana kwemavara uye ma subspecies mune imwe neimwe yemapoka. Kana tichienzanisa chigadziro, uye kubva mazviri kubva mumazana emakore akapfuura, nekukwirira, zvakasara chete chirongwa chekuita (kuvapo kwemasvhiri maviri, fomu uye chigaro). Ndeipi maiva mabhasikoro ekutanga, akachinja nguva yakareba sei?

History of invention

Kutaura nezvemuenzaniso wekushandura, kurega kureva bhasikoro pamakumbo maviri, maererano nemishumo isingazivikanwi, inenge iri mu documentary chinyorwa kubva muna 1791. Mabhasikoro aya ekutanga (iyo mufananidzo inowanikwa pasi apa) haina kufamba pedals, iyo yakagadziriswa nemurume kana ichikandira tsoka dzake pasi. Zvechokwadi idzi dzaiva scooters, asi kwete tsika yedu, asi nechirasi.

Mutungamiri wepamutemo wekugadzirwa uku akapiwa kuna Carl Forres Dres muna 1818. Kwegore kana kupfuura izvi zvisati zvaitika, akagadzira yekutanga "mhando yekufamba" yamapuranga uye akabudirira kuigadzirisa iyo kufamba. Nenzira dzedu, inogona kuiswa se "runovel." Icho chigadziro mukuremekedzwa kwaiye akagadzira chainzi "drezin." Yaiva nemavhiri maviri akafanana, ayo ayo aigona kugadzirisa gumbo. Chigaro chakaiswa padanda chaiva panzvimbo yakakwirira, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kusundira tsoka kumativi ose maviri nekufamba kufamba uye, kana zvichibvira, kugara, uchikwira pasi mushure mushure mekupararira.

Bhasikoro yekutanga

Kuvandudzwa kunokosha kunogona kuonekwa sechitarisiko chekufamba. Muna 1840, ivo vakatanga kutasva neshivheri kubva kuScotland. Pedals yakashanda pamudziyo wemitemo. Kuedza kwakaparidzirwa nekubatanidza matanda, kufanana nemakwikwi ekare, kuenda kumushure.

Pedals pachitsiko chepamberi, kushanda pamutemo wekushandura, yakanga yakabhabhatidza muna 1853 neMufaransa ainzi Pierre Michaud. Panguva imwecheteyo, chigaro chechikafu chinotonhodza masikati uye mabheji akaonekwa mumugadziro. Mushure mokunge tabuda mazwi mumhepo (1867) uye mufananidzo wekutenderera kweketani (1868). Panguva ino muParis, mabhasikoro ekutanga ekudzoka akapinda mumapoka ehurumende ari kure nemakiromita maviri.

Zvadaro fesheni yemabhasikoro-spiders yaenda. Izvo zvakagadziriswa zvakasvibiswa nehukuru pamberi pegumbo. Pedals zvakanyatsobatanidza ne-axis. Iko huru yakakura yemarimu yakaita bhasikoro nenzira ine ngozi yekutakura. Kureba kwayo kunogona kusvika kune imwe mamita nehafu nekuwedzera. Asi iyo inomhanya inogona kukura kusvika 30 km / h. Ichokwadi, kusava nemugwagwa mumugwagwa kunomirira zvinetso zvakakomba zvevatungamiri.

Kuvandudzwa kunokosha

Pachikamu chinotevera chekufambira mberi, bhasikoro-bhasiki rine gumbo guru riri mberi rakanga rakagadzirirwa kutenderera kweketani. Mhemberero dzaiiswa pamuranda, uye gumbo rinotevera rakava rinotungamirira. Yokutanga "baysiklet" yakachengeteka (semuumbi weHLawson akaitumidza) yakanga ine mabhiri maviri akafanana (1885).

Mune ramangwana, dhayi rerubhu (1889) rakaonekwa pamucheto nevhavha uye mweya mukati mawo. Chimiro chemufananidzo (diamond-chakaumbwa) chakashanduka, chave chiri chiyeuchidzo chemazuva ano. Mumakore gumi akatevera mabheti ebheti akawedzerwa kuumbwa. Chimiro chacho chakanga chakagadzirwa nemapapipi akapfava. Ikoko kwaiva nekushamba kwechigodo uye gear ichichinja.

Nekugadzirwa kwemichina, zvishandiso zvitsva zvakatanga kuiswa mubazi bhasikoro. Muna 1974, titanium uye carbon-fiber mafaira akaonekwa mumakero. Uye mumakore ekuma1990, nhamba yehurongwa hwekukurumidzira kushanduka yakakurumbira zvikuru.

Technical progress in Russia

Pakuguma kwebhazikoro dzezana remakore rechina reXIX dzakanga dzisiri mumamiriro ega ega evapfumi vemunharaunda, asi kunyange dzakanyorwa pamabhadharo emasisita. Vanachiremba vakaraira chido chekutsvaga chekutsvaga kubvisa kuperesa kunokonzerwa nekushandurwa kwemwaka wegore, kusimbisa musana uye senzira yekusimudzira muviri wose.

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, bhasikoro yaive yakashandiswa zvikuru nevakuru vaduku pakufamba. Makumbo maviri-mabhirikoro "akanga ari mumashure, mafundisi, nhume. Mabhasikoro matatu- teleyumu (tricycles) akashandiswa pakufambisa kwezvinhu, uye mavara maviri-twin-hitching tandems nevane vatyairi vanotyaira vaishandiswa kutakura vanorwara uye vakakuvadzwa.

Retro mabhasikoro eU.SR

Soviet mishonga pashure pekushandura kweimwe nguva yakanga yakanyanyisa. Asi mabhasikoro akaramba achibudiswa. Zvitsotsi zvakatengeswa kubva kuEngland. Kugadzirwa kwakarongeka paKharkov Bicycle Plant (KhVZ). Kwapera nguva pfupi vavaki vakakwanisa kuronga kusunungurwa kwezvikamu zvavo. Mabhasikoro ekudzoka eSoviet Union aive akareruka uye anobatsira, akabudiswa pasina kuwedzera uye kunyaradzwa kwakanyanya.

Mushure mokuparadzwa kweHondo Yenyika, yaingova kubva pakati pe1920s iyo yekugadzirwa kwavo kwakatanga zvakare. Panguva imwe chete yeHVZ, mushure mokudzorerwa kwekugadzira michina, inozivikanwa ye "Ukraine" yakagadzirwa. Mhuri yekutanga yevana mabhiriji yakasunungurwa muna 1936 pamusoro peLeningrad Metalworker. Mukuwedzera kune mabhizimisi maviri aya, basa rakaitwa kuMoscow neMinsk mabhasikoro, paZiSe neGAZ. MuLithuania SSR, paSiauliai VMZ, musikana wechidiki "Eaglet" akasunungurwa.