Scientific Style: zvinhu. Mitauro zviri zvidavado nesayenzi

Scientific kwemanyorero zviri inova nyaya kudzidza nokuti nyanzvi dzemitauro, iri kutaridza wakananga kutaura unyanzvi, kushandiswa zvikuru zvesayenzi, zvekushandisa, zvesayenzi uye nevakawanda munda nokuda okuti uye aurayiwe zvakasiyana-siyana kugutsikana uye kuenda pfungwa, hypotheses, kubudirira.

General hunhu magwaro yesayenzi

Scientific chinyorwa - ndiwo mugumisiro, kana mugumisiro mushumo wokutsvakurudza mabasa, iyo raakasikira boka gomunhu akakodzera angasvika ayo maonero uye kuongorora. Kuti kuita sezvo idzidzise napo, munyori ane kushandisa kushandiswa mutauro wevakadzidza, inokosha zvinoreva uye nzira mharidzo. Kakawanda nesayenzi chinyorwa - zvinonzi rakabudiswa kana dzaizopiwa anodhinda basa. To mashoko kuronga nesayenzi uye zvikurukuru vakagadzirira zvinhu nokuda mharidzo nemumuromo Somuenzaniso, mushumo pamusoro musangano kana zvedzidzo hurukuro.

The maitiro zviri mufashoni yesayenzi - kwazvakarerekera matauriro, chinangwa yokutaura uye anodzidzisa, muronga wenyaya, Kuwanikwa wakananga mazwi uye mitauro zviwanikwa, wakatorwa pakati masayendisiti kwenguva inonzwisisika uye zvakakwana mharidzo.

Mhando zvidavado nesayenzi

Kuwanda rakanyorwa chimiro nokuvapo mabasa zvidavado kwesayenzi anosarudza kuti ukoshi, nepakati, Kujeka dzavo kugutsikana uye magadzirirwo.

Kuparadzana magwaro kwesayenzi pamusoro siyana uye mhando zvinotsanangurwa, kutanga, kubudikidza musiyano zvinhu zvinorondedzerwa vakawanda anoranga, kugutsikana tsvakurudzo masayendisiti, vanokwanisa vateereri tarisiro. Pane chinhu chinokosha Specification mabhuku yesayenzi, izvo rwokuyera magwaro nesayenzi uye zvekushandisa, zvesayenzi, dzavanhu, zvesayenzi uye zviwanikwa. Vangazivikanwa uye chaiwo sublanguage kuti kuvapo mukati mumwe nomumwe sayenzi - nemasvomhu, bhotani, political sainzi, etc.

M. P. Senkevich muronga siyana zvidavado nesayenzi mune mwero "kwesayenzi" wokupedzisira chigadzirwa uye akazivisa marudzi anotevera:

1. Style Kunyatsoteerera kwesayenzi (aka - Academic) kwese basa chakakura yakatsaurirwa rakamanikana yakaurungana vanachiremba uye ine tsvakurudzo pfungwa munyori - monographs, nyaya, mishumo yesayenzi.

2. Statement kuti kungotaurawo kana nhaka nesayenzi ane yechipiri mashoko zvinhu (abstracts, annotations) - izvo mune zvesayenzi kana anodzidzisa dzesayenzi refereed maitiro.

3. A takaparadzana zvesayenzi uye makambani anoshambadzira kushambadza nharaunda iri kuratidza migumisiro uye kubatsira chaizvo zvigadzirwa - Kufambira mberi itsva zvemichina, zvemagetsi, kemisitiri, pharmacology, uye vamwe minda kuiswa nesayenzi.

4. Research uye mabhuku (Directories, akaunganidzwa, maduramazwi, Directories) rinotarisirwa kupa chinhu chaizvo zvipfupi, yakarurama, pasina mashoko, chete kuratidza muverengi chokwadi.

5. A nzvimbo inokosha chikumbiro mabhuku inodzidzisa uye zvesayenzi, vari makaisa misimboti nesayenzi uye akawedzera didactic pakuderedza kuti yokufananidzira okunze uye zvokuvakisa nokudzokorora (mabhuku dzidzo zvakasiyana siyana masangano edzidzo).

Popular mabhuku 6. sayenzi muri nhoroondo dzeupenyu vanhu vakakurumbira, nhoroondo kwakabva siyana mananara, imwe rondedzero zviitiko uye zvakawanikwa, uye zviripo nokuda zvakawanda kumapati vanofarira, nemhaka mifananidzo, mienzaniso, tsanangudzo.

Properties nesayenzi chinyorwa

Text akasikwa ari maitiro nesayenzi, chinhu kwezvipimo Akanyatsovharwa hurongwa.

The chikuru zviri mufashoni kwesayenzi - zvaidiwa mutauro chaiko, kushandisa mureza majana uye mashoko, kushandisa mikana zviratidzo "hwakajeka" uye zvokuimba mutauro, kushandisa magwaro uye omuzasi. Somuenzaniso, kazhinji kugamuchirwa munharaunda masayendisiti ndivo clichés: tichakurukura dambudziko ... zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ... vakawana panguva zvidzidzo izvi zvakatungamirira zvinotevera kumhedziso ... munobuda kuti kuongorora ..., etc.

Wokushandura nesayenzi mashoko zvinhu inowanzoshandiswa mutauro 'chakagadzirwa' - Graphic: 1) Graphics, Madhayagiramu, zvinogumbura, nhamba, vanodhirowa; 2) The Masvomhu uye zviratidzo; 3) The yakananga mashoko uye lexical zviri masayendisiti stilya- Somuenzaniso, mazita zvinooneka zvakawanda, akarongeka zviratidzo, etc.

Referential midziyo (omuzasi, magwaro, mashoko omuzasi) anoumba chiratidzo yakarurama inyaya uye kutaura ndiro Implementation ane unhu nesayenzi kunyora, kururama mashoko uye verifiable zvinyorwa.

Saka, manyorerwo chesayenzi, iro kunyanya dzinoratidzwa kuMudzidzisi dzemunharaunda mutauro chaiko, ndiye yakarurama, yakajeka uye conciseness tichitarisa tsvakurudzo pfungwa. Nokuti nesayenzi mashoko maitire kupa vamwe mukana wokutaura chimiro, chokurondedzera pfungwa amuudza dzose, mhedziso yakagadzirirwa kwakakwana uye chinoratidza mupfungwa okuti.

Kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro maumbirwo chinyorwa nesayenzi

chinyorwa ose ine kwesayenzi werudzii pachedu pakuvaka pfungwa, vamwe vakakwana, zvakakodzera yokuronga patsva mitemo. Kazhinji, nevatsvakurudzi inoomerera zvinotevera zano:

• sumo kuti dambudziko, zvikapa kururamisirwa kwayo kushanda, mavambo;
• ari yavaive zvidzidzo yokudzidza (dzimwe nguva, chinhu);
• chinangwa-marongero, chisarudzo kosi yekuwana zvimwe zvinangwa;
• Kudzokorora mabhuku yesayenzi, chero nzira sei nyaya yokudzidza, rondedzero yacho yokungotaura uye methodological yemibvunzo basa; mazwi kwokururamisa;
• yokungotaura uye hunoshanda kukosha mabasa yesayenzi;
• zviri zvokutsvakurudza basa;
• rondedzero kuedza, kana iri inoitwa;
• migumisiro tsvakurudzo, muronga pakugumisa ahwo.

Language zvinhu: mazwi

Kutsauswa matauriro uye generalized zvinoumba lexical zviri zvidavado nesayenzi:

1. Kushandisa mashoko dzakananga tsika dzavo, kuwanda mashoko tiivistelmä ukoshi (vhoriyamu, permeability, nemishonga, kusawirirana kurega kunotanga risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi, Bibliographie, etc.).

2. Mashoko zvinhu zvezuva nezuva kutora ari akapoteredza nesayenzi basa terminological kana generalized ukoshi. Izvi zvinoshandawo, Somuenzaniso, hwokugadzira mazwi: batira coils, etc. chubhu.

3. inokosha zvinoreva zvesayenzi murugwaro kutakura mashoko, asi zvinoenderana yavo haisi zvakafanana mune mhando dzakasiyana mishonga. The okuti vari chakaunzwa wokufambisa vamwe pfungwa, akarurama uye musoro tsanangudzo iyo - rinofanirawo zvimiso nenyanzvi akanyorwa (ethnogenesis, Gene sine wave wave).

4. Nokuti mabasa ane maitiro nesayenzi kunoratidzwa abbreviations uye slozhnosokraschennye mashoko: kubudisa imba, GOST, Gosplan, mamiriyoni, ongororo anotanga.

Mitauro zviri mufashoni yesayenzi, kunyanya munharaunda kwemashoko, chadzo wezwi vari: generalized tiivistelmä hunhu mashoko, chinangwa pfungwa uye mhedziso yacho munyori, kururama chero mashoko acho.

Language zvinhu: Morphology

Morphological zviri zvidavado nesayenzi:

1. zvivakamutauro pamwero uchishandisa mamwe mashoko uye zvirevo, uye kuvakwa panyaya kuti pave abstraction rugwaro nesayenzi: anoti ... zvinoita sokuti ..., etc.

2. Verbs ari akapoteredza ndima yesayenzi wana kureva isingachinji, generalized. Uyezve advantageously kushandiswa siyana ino uye yapfuura nguva. alternation wavo haadi batanidza chimwe "zvokufananidzira" kana kuti simba chokurondedzera nekusiyana - vanotaura muenzaniso akatsanangura Fani: munyori anoti, PFUNGWA ...; Zvinoita kuti chinangwa matambudziko, etc.

3. koshesa verbs kukwana chimiro (vanenge 80%) iri kuda zvesayenzi chinyorwa generalized ukoshi. In akatsiga aimhanya vaishandisa perfective verbs: kutarisa ...; zvinoratidza mienzaniso etc. Kushandiswa sezvo nokusingagumi-oga uye haasi siyana ane Kumubata zvaunosungirwa kana nekurovererwa; zvainyanya anotaurwa ...; vanofanira kukwanisa ...; hatifaniri kukanganwa nezvazvo ...

4. pusa kushandiswa kukosha reflexivo verbs: kuti anzi ...; ... akatsanangura zvizere; vaiona matambudziko nevamwe. kwakadaro rechiito siyana zvinoita kuti pfungwa rondedzero acho, nemamiriro ose mashandiro. Chete ukoshi panguva pfupi pusa PARTICIPLES: D EFINITIONS dzakapiwa ...; zvazvingava zvinogona kunzwisiswa etc.

5. Kutaura nesayenzi akashandisa pfupi adjectives akadai: mafungiro ari parumananzombe.

6. Muenzaniso chinoratidza pakutaura kwesayenzi ndiyo chisazita isu, rinoshandiswa pachinzvimbo ini. nzira iyi hunokonzera miitiro yakadai se munyori kuzvininipisa, zvinhu sezvazviri, generality: Nokufamba tsvakurudzo, takasvika kwemamiriro ... (panzvimbo, ndasvika kwemamiriro ...).

Language zvinhu: nemarongerwo

Mitauro zviri mufashoni kwesayenzi panyaya nemarongerwo kubatana padzakacherechedza kutaura ane zvakananga mafungiro ari musayendisiti: design, kushandiswa pachinhu ichi, vari kwavakarerekera uye yemo. Most randinenge ndiyo womuchato syntactic compression, compression rinoitwa kana uwandu rwezuva apo kuwedzera ayo mashoko kugutsikana uye pfungwa nokuzara. Izvi zvinoitwa kushandisa chaiyo kuvaka mitsara uye mitsetse.

Syntactic zviri zvidavado nesayenzi:

1. Kushandiswa attributive zvirevo "pazita + pazita ari genitive mhosva": iri muviri, kuti liquidity currency dzaishandiswa nokuda dismantling, etc.

2. Definitions akaratidza chipauro, anoshandiswa zvinoreva izwi: unconditional dzepanguva, yakasimba mucherechedzo, zvichingodaro munhoroondo yokudzokorora.

3. yesayenzi werudzii (tsanangudzo, kukakavadzana, mhedziso) iri dzinoratidzwa aizviti nezvakawanda Predicate ane pazita, kazhinji pamwe kutura rechiito shwashwa: Perception - chinhu chinokosha zvishande muitiro ...; Zvarakasiya kubva mureza implementations mutauro - chimwe chezvinhu unoshamisa zviri kutaura wemwana. Imwe zvakafanana "payakavakirwa Predicate" riri remubatanidzwa ane pfupi chezita Predicate ezviri: anogona kushandiswa.

4. Adverbs sezvo ezvinhu kushumira kune mhando unhu kana zvivako zviri kuongororwa Fani: chinokosha, anonakidza, hunogutsa, nenzira itsva nzira; izvi zvose uye zvimwe zviitiko zvakanaka muMagwaro enhoroondo ....

5. The syntactic maumbirwo ezvirevo uchitaura Conceptual kugutsikana, saka mutemo zvedzidzo Manyorero complets kubayira rondedzero mhando pamwe mubatanidzwa kubatana kwakaita mativi ayo, kwazvakarerekera mune mashoko zvidavado lexical kugutsikana uye normative hurongwa mashoko: Ndinofanira kutaura kuti zoopsychologists refu, zvakaoma uye remuSamoa akaedza kudzidzisa zvikuru akura humanoid (chimupanze) mutauro kurira. Pakati kunzwisisa mutongo mamiriro ari hunodzorwa chokuzviisa pasi pake chete: pakati pfungwa uye mutauro ndiyo chikuru zvenguva kukurukura gadziriro, unonzi dzichipfekeka hwaro kutaura.

6. Basa interrogative zvirevo - kuti anokwezvera donongodzo zvinhu, kutaura zvekungofungira uye hypotheses: Zvimwe Tsoko anokwanisa mutauro wemasaini?

7. Kuti kure, nemaune rekuremekedza chokubuda ruzivo rinoshandiswa chaizvo-siyana rekuremekedza zvirevo: kuti chinzvimbo yakaenzana Genres zvinosanganisira ushamwari (Intimate yaiti, Maturo, nezvimwewo.) ... saka kusimbisa chido kuva chinangwa dzendege, kuita nokuda munharaunda generalized nesayenzi .

8. Kuti uswedere causal ukama pakati mananara, mumutauro zvesayenzi vachishandisa dzakaoma mitongo pamwe coordinative uye subordinating mubatanidzwa chokuita. Kazhinji pane kunzwisisa conjunctions. Nokuti kuti, pasinei nokuti, nokuti kuti, nekuti, nepo, nepo, apo, etc. Kwakapararira kunzwisisa mitongo pamwe Adventitious izjasnitelnyh, attributive, hunokonzera, zvinhu, nguva kuferefeta.

zvinoreva kuti kukurukurirana zvesayenzi chinyorwa

Scientific kwemanyorero zviri izvo zviri chaiyo kushandiswa kwomutauro zvinhu, rinoshandisa kwete chete pane pamutemo kuumbwa mutauro, asiwo nemitemo pfungwa.

Saka, zvine musoro kutaura pfungwa dzavo, muongorori anofanira kushandisa morphological zviri manyorerwo yesayenzi uye syntactical zvinogona kubatanidza munhu nhengo nemashoko ake. chinangwa ichi kushumirwa dzakasiyana-siyana syntactic zvakagadzirwa, kunzwisisa mitongo pamwe-siyana "mashoko-clip", rinojekesa zvaisanganisira, kutukana PARTICIPLE mitsara akarongwa uye nevamwe.

Heano zvihombe:

• Kuenzanisa chero mananara (se ... se ...);
• kushandiswa unobatanidza mitsetse ine mamwe mashoko pamusoro akaudza iri huru chikamu;
• nomuromo PARTICIPLE mitsara dzinewo mashoko okuwedzera dzesayenzi;
• Mashoko yokusuma uye zvirevo, zvakagadzirwa venhema inoshandiswa kutaurirana pakati kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro dzakabatana mukati rimwe mutongo, uye ndima spacing;
• "Shoko-clip" (somuenzaniso, nenzira yakadaro, saka panguva ino, munguva mhedziso, mune mamwe mazwi, sezvo takaona) anoshandiswa kumisa inonzwisisika richibatanidza akasiyana zvikamu acho;
• yunifomu yacho mutongo zvakakodzera kuchinjwa zvine musoro zvakafanana pfungwa;
• kakawanda kushandisa stereotyped mamiriro, kusachinja-chinja uye conciseness syntactic marongerwo.

Saka, dzesayenzi manyorerwo, kunyanya kukurukurirana dzatakurukura - chaizvo hwega hurongwa, zvakaoma kuchinja. Pasinei mikana zvikuru kuti sayenzi basa hurongwa, kudzorwa nemitemo magwaro kwesayenzi kubatsira "kuchengeta chimiro."

The mutauro uye manyorerwo chakakurumbira nesayenzi chinyorwa

Mharidzo kwemashoko zvesayenzi uye akakurumbira mabhuku pedyo kwazvakarerekera, obscheliteraturnogo sezvo muverengi anopa zvikuru vakasarudzwa chokwadi, zvinonakidza zvinhu, zvimedu munhoroondo pazvinhu. Chimiro mharidzo mashoko akadaro anofanira kuva nyore vasiri nyanzvi, saka, pakusarudza zvinhu, ezvinhu uchapupu uye mienzaniso, netsika mharidzo mashoko, uyewo mutauro uye manyorero mabasa chokuita mabhuku nesayenzi uye akakurumbira, akasiyana zvishoma kubva chaiko yesayenzi rugwaro.

Kuona zvinhu akakurumbira nesayenzi manyorerwo tichienzanisa zvesayenzi, unogona kushandisa tafura:

nesayenzi Style	Scientific-mukurumbira Style
Muvambi muverengi - vanoitirwawo karuzivo nezvenyaya nyaya zvinotaura.	Munyori anoita se nyanzvi muverengi - se "munhuwo zvake".
Nokuwanda vakawanda yesayenzi remashoko uye mazwi kazhinji Formulations akaoma uye uchapupu.	The okuti akatsanangura nyore mutauro muverengi kuti, migumisiro mikuru pasina mashoko.
Kwazvakarerekera Style.	Present kutaura mashoko.

Scientific-mukurumbira werudzii kunosanganisira zvakawanda mari yomumwe mutauro yenyika, asi zvinhu oga anopa dzichipfekeka zvechadenga kushandisa mari idzi, kuti specificity zviri kurongwa acho basa nesayenzi

Saka, zvinhu zvidavado nesayenzi ndiyo chaiyo lexical uye zvivakamutauro nzira, syntactic payakavakirwa naro chinyorwa anova "pakaoma" uye yakarurama, zvinonzwisisika kuti rakamanikana pedenderedzwa unyanzvi. Scientific-mukurumbira manyorerwo zvakagadzirirwa kuti nyaya chero yesayenzi chinoshamisa nyore kuti vakwanise denderedzwa vaverengi kana vateereri ( "nyore kune zvakaoma"), saka ari vachikomba ukuru yokuwana mabasa ounyanzvi uye journalistic manyorerwo.