Sezvo mhepo bhegi anonzi Earth? Mamiriro chaiwo zvivako uye anoumba chadenga

Hazvina chakavanzika kuti mhepo - chinhu zvikuru chikamu biosphere. Pashure pezvose, ayo akasiyana Pfungwa inopa mukana woupenyu panyika. Asi zita dzedenga ezvinhu Pasi? Chii uye chii akasiyana nevamwe? Chii makemikari anoumba uye panyama ehupfumi? nyaya ava kufarira zhinji.

Sezvo mhepo bhegi anonzi Earth?

Zvinozivikanwa kuti upenyu panyika zvinogoneka kukonzerwa kuti rakasiyana Kuronga mhepo. Uye gasi goko anonzi mhepo. Chikamu ichi biosphere zvachose runopoteredza nyika uye inoitwa dzakapoteredza zvomuchadenga muviri negiravhiti.

Sezvingatarisirwa, goko ichi ane zvimwe zvemakemikari uye mumuviri zvivako. Kana miganhu, zviri pachena hazviiti kubata navo. Pedyo panyika neVadzidzi kuitika lithosphere uye hydrosphere. Asi kuziva apo painoguma uye inotanga gaseous hamvuropu noruvazhe, zviri zvakaoma. Pari, pamuganhu vakabatisisa panguva imwe kukwira pamusoro 100 km, apo anonzi Karman mutsetse - munharaunda aeronautics hakuchina zvinobvira.

Chadenga - mhepo goko Nyika, ane mutengo haagoni dzakanaka. Pashure pezvose, hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti zvinenge mitumbi zvose zvomuchadenga kupesvedzera ionizing uye ultraviolet nemwaranzi, izvo zvinokuvadza zvipenyu. Zviri gaseous hamvuropu iri mwaranzi vari neutralized.

Dzidziso mumhepo kuwanika

Kutaura zvazviri, vanhu vakawanda kushamisika nezvekuti Earth yakaumbwa mhepo bhegi. Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu ungangova usina yakarurama, sezvo pane dzakasiyana dzidziso nezvemavambo zvomumhepo zvevakomana.

Maererano inonyanya pfungwa, chikuru mhepo yakaumbwa makore mabhiriyoni mana apfuura kubva chiedza magasi - kureva, hydrogen nehelium, izvo dzakatorwa kubva interplanetary nzvimbo. Nokuda mukuru kuputika basa zvakare kuumba yechipiri gasi hamvuropu, iyo yave nomuti carbon dioxide, mvura nemhute uye amoniya.

Tertiary chadenga rakaumbwa nokuda pezvakaitwa zhinji - namakemikari maitiro (semuenzaniso, mheni), ultraviolet dzokupisa, leakage kuti nehelium uye rehydrogen kunyika interplanetary muchadenga.

Makemikari anoumba chadenga

Zvino, ava zita mhepo ezvinhu Nyika, zvakakodzera kufunga ayo makemikari anoumba, iyo anonzi akasiyana. Pakarepo zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti magasi akasiyana-siyana zvine chete dzakaderera akaturikidzana zvomumhepo. Kunyanya, iri mhepo yatinofema chinokurira senitrogen (78.08%). The okisijeni pamwero ndiyo 20,95%. Ava vaviri gasi huru.

Uyezve, airbag pasi mumuhara inosanganisira vamwe zvinoriumba - iri carbon dioxide, rehydrogen, argon, nehelium, xenon, methane, sarufa senitrogen oxides, ozone, amoniya.

Structure mhepo pasi mumuhara

Mhepo inogona rakakamurwa akaturikidzana akawanda, imwe neimwe ine zvakasiyana mumuviri uye nemakemikari maitiro.

• Troposphere - zvakaturikidzaniswa pedyo pepasi. Zvinonzi dzichiitika 80% of zvachose mhepo. Uye zvinokwanisika basa evanhu pano. Sezvineiwo, zviri rukoko izvi dzichiitika zvinenge zvose mumhepo mvura (90%). Pano, kuti aumbe makore uye kunayisa. The troposphere asiwo 18 km kubva pepasi. With tembiricha vosimba-up ipfupi.
• The stratosphere (12-50 km) - layer riri vaiona kworutivi wakagadzikana mhepo. Izvi ndipo ozone runodzivirira.
• Thermosphere - chikamu ezvinhu, rokumusoro panogumira riri pamusoro 700-800? Km. Pano, tembiricha anotanga kumuka nehasha kunowedzera, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo anenge 1200 Celsius. Miganhu rukoko urwu ndiwo anonzi ionosphere, apo mhepo iri ionized pasi pokudzora zuva mwaranzi.
• Exosphere - achiparadzira nharaunda, panguva imwe kukwira pamusoro 3000? Km anoenda muchadenga. Mhepo yakazara chiedza magasi akadai sehydrogen nehelium.

Basic zvechadenga chadenga chaiko

Chokwadi, nzvimbo dzedenga chaiko kunokosha. Somuenzaniso, tichiziva kuti, tingaziva sei zvomumhepo rinokanganisa munhu kana mumwe muviri mupenyu. Mukuwedzera, nokuyerwa mumuviri parameters kunokosha nokuda Pakusarudza optimum chokupika ndege, ndege, etc. Kunyanya, zvinotevera parameters zvinooneka zviri kufungwa ..:

• tembiricha Air kunoonekwa kuburikidza mutoo: T1 = t - 6,5H (pano T - mhepo tembiricha iri panyika, uye H - nokukwirira).
• Air arambe achirema - ndiyo mukanyiwa mhepo pa cubic mita.
• The kumanikidzwa kuti kuyerwa muna Pascals, uye mune atmospheres.
• Humidity rinoratidza huwandu mvura mudenga chikwata. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zero mwando zvinogoneka chete murabhoritari. The kumusoro ari mamakisi, rezasi mhepo arambe achirema, ndiEzekieri.

Zviya, sainzi, achipa mhinduro kumibvunzo pamusoro sei zita mhepo ezvinhu Nyika, chii ayo zvivako uye unhu - a meteorology. Masayendisiti ari kudzidza kwete chete mhepo, asi kuongorora kuchinja ayo kuramba kuti chokuita ekunze uye mamiriro okunze.

The mhepo uye kukosha

Kukosha gasi hamvuropu panyika chaizvo kuona. Pashure pemaminitsi mashomanana pasina mhepo kutungamirira kukurasikirwa pfungwa, hypoxia uye kusingarapiki kwazvinoita uropi. ngaavongwe chete kunoshamisa anoumba chadenga zvipenyu vanogona kuwana zvakakodzera okisijeni kwavari.

Mukuwedzera, mhepo bhegi kudzivirira nyika pevhu pashamwari yepasi pose nemwaranzi. Zvisinei, mhepo ichipfuura imwe yakakwana mari ultraviolet mwaranzi, izvo rematsutso nyika. Masayendisiti vanoti kuderera UV kuchaderedza zvinonyatsorehwa tembiricha uye oma. Mukuwedzera, achifuridzirwa chezuva (mu musoro zvizhinji) anogadzirwa vhitamini paganda munyama kwevanhu D.

The ozone rukoko uye kukosha kwayo

Munguva stratosphere, pane imwe nekukwirira 12-50? Km kubva panyika, kubva ozone rukoko. Chikamu ichi zvomumhepo rakaonekwa muna 1912 ne French masayendisiti ose Fabry uye Buisson.

Ozone chinhu Hauoneki gasi ane kunzwa noruzhinji zvakanaka. Inoitwa kwemaatomu vatatu oxygen. Chikamu ichi gasbag kudzivirira ivhu ngozi nzvimbo nemwaranzi.

Zvinosuruvarisa nokuda hwokugadzira uye mumaindasitiri mberi, chakatowedzera uwandu zvinokuvadza, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma anoparadza ozone rukoko Nyika iri mumhepo mumuhara. Vanonzi ozone gomba - dambudziko ngozi chaizvo.

Kusvibisa zvomumhepo: inokudza kushanda uye nemvura inonaya iine acid

Zvinosuruvarisa kugara kusvibiswa mhepo, riri kunonyanya kukonzerwa yemhando indasitiri kunotungamirira kudzikira uremu. kuchinja izvi ngozi zvinosanganisira anonzi girinihausi maturo. Chokwadi kuti mitumbi yepanyika emit vainyanya michini wavelength chakarondedzera - havagoni nguva dzose kupinda kuburikidza mumhepo. Kuwedzera wevasungwa pamusoro girinihausi magasi kuti Sechipanji michini nemwaranzi (mvura mhute, , carbon dioxide), inoenda kuupenyu dzakakwirira zvachose mhepo tembiricha iri yepazasi mhepo, izvo naizvozvo kunokanganisa okunze.

Acid mvura - mumwe mugumisiro maindasitiri kusvibiswa mhepo pasi mumuhara. The oxides rwesarufa uye senitrogen vanosunungurwa mumhepo kubudikidza chafariz simba anosima, motokari, metallurgia zvinomera uye navamwe masangano anogona vakaita pamwe hwemvura mhepo - pasi pokudzora rezuva mwaranzi vari vakaumba acids iyo kuwa pamwe nevamwe precipitates.