Soviet Air Forces (putkiston osat USSR): nhoroondo Soviet muchiuto avhiyesheni

Nhoroondo Soviet muchiuto avhiyesheni rakatanga muna 1918. Soviet Air Force yakaumbwa panguva imwe chete mutsva nyika mauto. Muna 1918-1924 gg. ivo vainzi Workers 'uye Varimi' Red Fleet, muna 1924-1946 gg. - Air Force Red Army. Yakanga chete pashure peHondo Yenyika II paiva zita zvenguva dzose USSR Air Force, zvakasara kusvikira kuparara Soviet wehurumende.

panotangira

The hanya wokutanga Bolsheviks pashure kuuya simba akava kurwisa nezvombo pamwe "chena". The Civil Hondo uye kumboonekwa ropa aisagona kumanikidzwa kuita pasina kuvaka simba hondo, nezvikepe uye mhepo simba iri. Nepo ndege vakanga vachiri curiosities, uye avo vakawanda kudzvinyirirwa vakatanga yakati gare gare. Russian Empire akasiya nhaka simba Soviet kupesana chete, iro raiva muenzaniso yainzi "Ilya Muromets". Izvi C-22 akava hwaro yemberi Soviet Air Force.

Muna 1918, kwakanga 38 squadrons, uye muna 1920 ari Air Force rengarava - kare 83 Nenguva fronts of Civil War dzaibatanidzwa vanenge 350 ndege. Vatungamiri RSFSR akanga achiri kuita zvose kuponesa angawedzeredza Ballooning nhaka youmambo. Yokutanga Soviet ndege mukuru mukuru akanga Konstantin Akashev, uyo akabata chinzvimbo ichi muna 1919-1921.

Chirevo

remangwana USSR Air Force of rakagamuchirwa muna 1924 (pakutanga yaionekwa Aerodrome flag avhiyesheni idzodzo uye muzvikamu). Background jira vakava zuva. In yapakati mufananidzo nyeredzi dzvuku, mukati maro - nenyundo uye rinopinza. Paivawo nezvimwe kucherechedzwa kutaurwa: sirivha ichikwira mapapiro uye hwindimiri mashizha.

Sezvo USSR Air Force of mureza akabvumirwa muna 1967. The mufananidzo wava nevakawanda zvikuru. About iye asina kukanganwa kunyange pashure pokuwa USSR. Panyaya iyi, muna 2004 takapiwa yakafanana mureza of Russian Federation Air Force. Kusiyana zvidukuduku: vachatorerwa tsvuku nyeredzi, sando nembezo, pakanga Anti ndege pfuti.

Development muna 1920-1930-ies.

Vatungamiriri Civil War, vaifanira kuronga remangwana muchiuto of USSR ari ezvinhu nyonganyonga uye nokuvhiringidzika. Chete pashure pokukundwa ari "chena" kufamba uye nokuumba coherent ehurumende mukana kutanga hwandaiva nokubatanidzwazve ndege. Muna 1924, ivo Workers 'uye Varimi' Red Air Fleet Yakazopiwa zita rokuti Air Force Red Army. Pane itsva mhepo simba zvakanaka.

Ari oga dhipatimendi akanga kurongwazve Ndege, pasi iyo akaumba zvemberi panguva iyoyo uye legkobombardirovochnye Heavy bhomba dzechikwata. Munguva 1930s yekudyidzana zvakawedzera nhamba evadzimi uye mugove ungwaru, nekusiyana, ndokuramba. Paiva yokutanga multipurpose ndege (akadai P-6 akavaka Andrei Tupolev). Michina iyi yaigona kunge inobudirira vashumire Ndege, Avangard Ndege uye kumberi perekedza anorwisa.

Muna 1932, mauto ane zvombo Soviet Union akagamuchira itsva mhando kuenda neherikoputa mauto. In kuenda neherikoputa aiva chokufambisa uye ushori midziyo yake. Makore matatu gare gare, pasinei netsika hwakagadzwa panguva Civil War, vatsva pamisara zvechiuto hwakatangwa. Zvino Air Force vezvikepe vava vatariri. Madziro chizvarwa zvikoro uye kubhururuka zvikoro, mumwe kusiya pamwe chinzvimbo chechipiri refutenendi.

Pakazosvika 1933, idzva muenzaniso akatevedzana "I" (kubva I-2 kuna I-5) kwave kushumwa ne Air Force of USSR. Vaiva varwi-biplanes, yakatanga Dmitriem Grigorovichem. Nokuti namashanu Soviet rengarava ndege uto yebhasera 2.5 yokutanga. Mugove kupinza motokari yakanga yava mishoma muzana.

Air Force zororo

In chete muna 1933 (maererano Mutongo Council Vanhu vaJehovha Commissars) kwairatidzwa Soviet Air Force Day. Sezvo mutambo musi muna Sovnarkome akasarudza 18 August. Pamutemo, zuva rakanga yakarongwa kuti iitike rienderane kuguma wepagore nokudzidziswa yezhizha. Netsika, zororo racho razova pamwe makwikwi siyana uye pakurwisa pamusoro Nzira pamusoro pilotage, tactical uye moto kurovedzwa, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Day of Air Force of USSR yakashandiswa kusimudzira vehurumende uye vemauto avhiyesheni pakati Soviet proletarian vakawanda. Mhemberero pachiitiko wazvakaitika akanga akapindwa vamiririri maindasitiri, Osoaviahima uye Civil Air Fleet. The Center kuti mazororo negore aiva Central Banga ainzi pashure Mikhail Frunze muMoscow.

Chiitiko chokutanga chaizvo Akakwezva kwete chete nyanzvi uye vagari guru, asiwo vazhinji vashanyi muguta, uyewo pamutemo vamiririri dzimwe inoti. Holiday aisagona kuita pasina kutora chikamu Iosifa Stalina, nhengo Central Committee of CPSU (b) uye hurumende.

zvakare chinja

Muna 1939, Soviet Air Forces vakapona mumwe reformatting. aimbova sangano ravo bhurigedhi kwave chikatsiviwa zvikuru ano divisional uye regimental. Kuburikidza zvinhu, Soviet uto utungamiri aida kuwedzera matambudziko avhiyesheni. Pashure kushandurwa, mutsva Force zvinhu tactical chikwata - hondo (hwakanga 5 dzechikwata, izvo zvachose kubva 40 kusvika 60 ndege).

Pausiku Mukuru Patriotic War, nhamba kurwisa uye bhomba ndege yaiva 51% of zvachose rengarava. Uyewo chikamu USSR Air Force zvaisanganisira murwi uye noungwaru kubatana. Munyika nayo vakavhura zvikoro 18 mumadziro kuti agadzirire tsvimbo itsva kuti Soviet uto avhiyesheni. Madzidzisiro vari zvishoma modernized. Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga kwemashoko vashandi Soviet (vezvikepe, navigators, wevanamakanika, uye zvichingodaro. D.) Zvinokonzera runoenzanirana mufananidzo ari capitalist munyika, gore negore, kuti pakakoromoka akanga kuva zvishoma zvinokosha.

The Spanish ruzivo

Kokutanga pashure refu yokumbozorora, Soviet Air Force ndege vaedzwa muhondo panguva Spanish Civil War, iyo yakatanga muna 1936. The Soviet Union akatsigira noushamwari "vakasiya" hurumende, uyo akarwa vezvourudzi. Kubva Soviet Union akaenda Spain, kwete uto midziyo chete, asiwo kuzvipira vezvikepe. Zvakanakisisa pachavo kuratidza I-16, izvo akakwanisa kuratidza pachavo zvakawanda zvinobudirira kupfuura zvakaitwa Luftwaffe ndege.

An ruzivo kuti akapiwa vezvikepe Soviet muSpain, yakaratidza rinokosha. zvidzidzo zvakawanda vakadzidza miseve kwete chete, asi zvemuchadenga ushori. Kudzoka kubva Spain, vanamazvikokota mberi nokukurumidza basa, kusvikira pakutanga Great Patriotic War, vazhinji vavo vakava colonels uye vemauto. Pakazosvika nguva mhiri pamushandirapamwe rakaenderana kuchibudisa zvikuru paitonga Stalin purges muhondo. Udzvanyiriri akabata uye ndege. NKVD ndikabvisa vazhinji vakanga akarwa zvakawanda "chena".

Great Patriotic War

The anoitika 1930s yakaratidza kuti Soviet Air Force hakuna nzira muduku European. Zvisinei, kuuya nyika hondo uye isina kumboitika maoko rudzi zvinopindura muTestamende World. Zvakanaka-yakatangwa Spain, I-15 nenguva pakurwisa German pamusoro Soviet Union I-153 uye vakanga vatova usingachashandi. Kutanga Great Patriotic War zvavo njodzi nokuda Soviet Air Force. mauto muvengi nechisimba nyika zvisingatarisirwi, nokuda ichi kamwe vawana chinokosha zvinobatsira. airfields Soviet kumadokero miganhu vakanga pasi kwaiparadza bombardment. In maawa hondo yokutanga akaparadza akawandisa ndege itsva, uye akanga asina vakakwanisa kusiya hangars dzavo (maererano nokufungidzira siyana, nhamba yakanga anenge 2 zviuru).

Anobviswa indasitiri Soviet aifanira kugadzirisa matambudziko akawanda panguva kamwe. Chokutanga, Soviet Air Force inoda kukurumidza kuita nazvo, pasina iro zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti muvigire kurwa zvakaenzana. Chechipiri, yose hondo vagadziri vakaramba kuti uchida kuchinja kuti michina itsva, saka kuteerera hwokugadzira matambudziko nomuvengi.

Vazhinji zvinotyisa makore mana iwayo Il-2 uye Yak-1 akasunungurwa. mhando mbiri idzi pamwe chete chakaita kuti inenge hafu mudzimba ndege rengarava. "Yak" Kubudirira kwakakonzerwa ndechokuti ndege akaratidza mukana chikuva kuti okunatsiridza zhinji uye kuvandudzika. The muenzaniso yepakutanga, akatanga muna 1940, modifies kanoverengeka. vagadziri Soviet vakaita zvavaikwanisa kuti "yaqui" haana lag mumashure kukura kwavo "Messerschmitt" German (saka ipapo Yak-3 uye Yak-9).

By pakati hondo mudenga, ndakaisa parity, uye gare gare Soviet Union ndege uye akatanga shasha ose michina muvengi. Created nevamwe vave nomukurumbira bhomba, kusanganisira Tu-2 uye Pe-2. Red Star (kupendwa pamusoro fuselage of USSR chiratidzo / Air Force) chaiva vezvikepe German chiratidzo ngozi uye kusvika rinorema kurwa.

Pakurwisana Luftwaffe

Panguva Guru Patriotic War hwachinja kwete park, asiwo kwesangano nemamiriro Air Force. Muchirimo 1942 pakava kumberi avhiyesheni. remubatanidzwa ichi, kuteerera Supreme Command, inoita basa rinokosha panguva yehondo asara. Naye akatanga kuumba mhepo hondo. Ava vaisanganisira paumbwe rose ndege mberi.

A chinokosha uwandu zvinhu paakapiwa kukura kwezvivako kugadziriswa. New zvitoro vave nokukurumidza pakugadzira uye vakadzokera kuhondo zvakakuvadza ndege. Soviet kugadzira munda pamumbure yazova rimwe inonyatsobudirira pakati ose akafanana hurongwa izvo vavapo munguva nguva Second World War.

Key mhepo hondo nokuti Soviet Union akatanga mhepo kudhumhana munguva Battle of Moscow, Stalingrad uye Kursk. Achiratidza manhamba: muna 1941 inenge 400 ndege vaiitawo mukurwa, muna 1943 nhamba iyi yakanga yakura zviuru zvinoverengeka, pakazopera hondo hwakavakirwa vanenge 7,500 motokari muBerlin denga. Fleet akakura pagungano kuramba zvazvingava. Panguva yehondo indasitiri of USSR mauto dzakabudiswa vanenge 17 000 ndege, uye zvikoro ndege vakadzidziswa 44.000 vezvikepe (akafa 27 000). Legends of Great Patriotic War yakatanga Ivan Kozhedub (akahwina 62 kukunda) uye Alexander Pokryshkin (kuti chikwereti chake 59 Unobata).

matambudziko matsva

Muna 1946, nguva pfupi pashure pehondo pamwe Third Reich, the Air Force of Red Army vakanga kunzi Soviet Air Forces. Structural uye musangano kuchinja dzakachinja kwete chete ndege, asi yose kudzivirira zvekutepfenyura. Kunyange zvazvo Second World War yakapera, nyika akaramba kuramba pasi mupfungwa. Zvakatanga nhaurwa itsva - nguva ino pakati Soviet Union neUnited States.

Muna 1953 zvakanzi zvakasikwa Ministry of Kutsigira USSR. MIKA nyika akaramba kuwedzera. Paive itsva rechiuto michina uye ndege achinja. Pakati USSR uye United States akatanga maoko nhangemutange. All pakuzadzisa the Air Force akanga akaisa kune imwe pfungwa - kubata aubate America. Design Bureau Sukhoi (Su), Mikoyan uye Gurevich (third) akapinda ayo zvibereko nguva yebasa.

VeMubatanidzwa kwendege

Yokutanga post-hondo ichikosha rokuita utsanzi kwakaedzwa muna 1946 kwendege. Rwakatsiviwa yekare yechinyakare pisitoni michina. First Soviet jets simbi third-9 uye Yak-15. Vakakwanisa kukunda kumhanya chiratidzo 900 makiromita paawa, kureva, mashandiro avo ave rimwe nehafu nguva kupfuura rapfuura-chizvarwa yokutevedzera.

Kwemakore anoverengeka ari generalized zvakaitika Soviet mhepo simba muHondo Yenyika II. nyaya huru uye marwadzo dzinokosha mumhuri ndege kunge kuzivikanwa. It akatanga gadziriro mazuvaano zvokushandisa kuvandudzika ayo kunyaradzwa, ergonomics uye kuchengeteka. Nechimuko (kutiza okutanga mutyairi, kupfuura zviduku Chishandiso pamusoro control panel) iri zvishoma nezvishoma kutora chimiro nhasi. Nokuti zviri nani raakawana vachiridzira pamusoro ndege akatanga kuisa yemhando radar enyika.

Airspace kuchengeteka rava basa idzva Defence Forces. The chidzoke kudzivirira kwakaita kuti weboka mundima Soviet Union wandei sectors, zvichienderana napedyo kumuganhu wehurumende. Nokuti zano iri kuramba patsanura avhiyesheni (kure uye kumberi). Saizvozvowo 1946 kuenda neherikoputa mauto vasati vaiva chikamu Air Force, vave voga ari oga isangano.

dzichimhanya kupfuura inzwi

Pakutanga kwezana 1940-1950-ies pakati yepamusoro Soviet kwendege akatanga kukura zvikuru kure dziri nyika, asi Far North uye Chukotka. The Vols zvakaitwa pamusoro refu madaro yakafanira kune mumwe zvikonzero. vatungamiriri vemauto yaakagadzira Soviet nemauto-maindasitiri kunzwisisa kuti zvinobvira yavairwisana United States, riri mhiri kwenyika. Tiine chinangwa chete yakavakwa Tu-95 --refu daro inokosha bhomba ndege. Chimwe chakachinja kukura Soviet Air Force aiva mukova ravo zvombo zvombo zvenyukireya. About pakatanga michina mitsva nhasi yakanakisisa kutongwa nokuda exposures avhiyesheni mamiziyamu, riri kusanganisira mu "guru Russian kuenda neherikoputa" Zhukovsky. Kunyange zvinhu zvakafanana inoita of USSR Air Force nemamwe zvokushandisa vezvikepe Soviet inoratidza Kushanduka mupomerwi indasitiri.

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha munhoroondo Soviet muchiuto avhiyesheni akasara, kana muna 1950, third-17 akakwanisa kusapfuudza kumhanya inzwi. Record akanunura yakakurumbira bvunzo mutyairi Ivan Ivashchenko. Zvakanga nokukurumidza emauto akadzingwa mabasa yechinyakare kurwisa ndege. Zvichakadai, idzva "mhepo-kuti-pasi," zvombo uye Air Force vaiva "mhepo-kuti-mhepo."

Panoperera kuma1960 akasikirwa yechitatu-chizvarwa womuenzaniso (somuenzaniso, third-25 murwi jets). Michina iyi vakakwanisa kubhururuka panguva kumhanya katatu kumhanya inzwi. The Serial kugadzirwa kwakatangwa "migovskie" nadzurudzo muchimiro dzemakomo ushori uye murwi-interceptors. ndege Ava yekudyidzana hwakavandudzika yasimuka uye kumhara unhu. Uyezve, zvinhu zvitsva zvaiva zvakasiyana vari multi-rudzi oparesheni.

Muna 1974, yokutanga Soviet VTOL (Yak-38) vakasikwa. Kuchinja maturusi uye mutyairi wendege michina. Flight bhachi akava vasununguka uye rubatsiro kuti vanzwe vakasununguka kunyange mumamiriro zadzisa panguva Ultra-soro aimhanya.

chechina chizvarwa

Ichangobva ndege Soviet akamira pamusoro munharaunda yacho Warsaw Treaty Organization. Aviation kwenguva refu nguva haana kubatanidzwa chero kurwa, asi akaratidza kugona wayo kukwira kurovedza dzakadai "Dnepr", "Berezina", "Dvina" uye zvichingodaro. D.

Munguva 1980s paiva Soviet rechina-chizvarwa ndege. mhando izvi (Su-27, third-29, third-31, TU-160) akanga musiyano pamusoro hurongwa nani maneuverability. Vamwe vavo vari mubasa pamwe Russian Air Force achiri.

Zvinogona panguva ichangobva unyanzvi kutaurwa hondo Afghan, akajeka ari mumakore 1979-1989. Ndege Soviet aifanira kushanda ezvinhu kwokuoma pakavanda chenguva Anti-ndege moto kubva pasi. Panguva Afghan pamushandirapamwe raitwa anenge miriyoni sorties (ichi akarasika vanenge 300 helicopters uye 100 ndege). Muna 1986 akatanga kukudziridza rechishanu chizvarwa vemauto mabasa ndege. Mupiro kukosha namaoko izvi akaita Sukhoi Design Bureau. Zvisinei, nokuda kuderera kwoupfumi uye enyika mamiriro ezvinhu akanga yakaturikwa, uye zvirongwa zvave chando.

The wokupedzisira nevaya

Perestroika yakanga yakarongedzwa nezviitiko zvakakosha zvinoitwa. Kutanga, hukama pakati pe USSR neU.SA hwakagadziridza. Cold War yakanga yapfuura, uye ikozvino Kremlin yakanga isina muvengi wezvakananga, munhangemutange iyo yaive yakakosha kuti igare ichinge yakavaka mauto ehurumende-maindasitiri. Chechipiri, vatungamiri vemasimba maviri aya vakasaina zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvekuita nguva, maererano nezvayo, kubatana kwemauto kwakatanga.

Mukupera kwema1980, kubviswa kwemauto eSoviet kwakatanga kwete kubva kuAustralia chete, asi zvakare kubva kune dzimwe nyika dziri mumusasa wevanhu. Kubva kweSoviet Army kubva kuGDR, uko boka rayo rine simba rakange riripo, raiva rakasiyana zvikuru. Mazana evarwi akaenda kunyika yavo. Vakawanda vakaramba vari muRSFSR, vamwe vakatumirwa kuBelarus kana kuUkraine.

Muna 1991, zvakava pachena kuti USSR yakanga isisakwanisi kuvapo mune imwe yekare yaimbova monolithic. Kuparadzanisa kwenyika kune gumi nemaviri nyika dzakasununguka kwakatungamirira kugoverana pamberi pevanhu vose. Ichi chakaitika hachina kupera uye kupikisa. Russia yakagamuchira inenge 2/3 yevashandi vayo uye 40% yemidziyo yeSoviet Air Force. Nhaka yakasara yakasvika kune dzimwe nhengo gumi nemaviri (republic states republics) (iyo nyika yeBaltic haina kubatanidzwa muchikamu).