Speech: Kutaura zvigadziriswe. Anatomical uye vasiri zvigadziriswe kutaura

Imwe pfungwa huru kuti kusiyanisa kukura murume kubva mhuka (zvakadai muna vasiri uyewo munzanga uye mupfungwa mashoko), ndizvo. Maitikiro pakukurukurirana pakati vanhu kuburikidza mutauro. In netsika kwezuva nezuva, pfungwa "kutaura" uye "mutauro" anowanzoshandiswa zvakafanana. Zvisinei, kana tiri pedyo nyaya kubva esayenzi maonero, izvi pfungwa vanofanira kuva anokudzwa.

mutauro mamiriro

Mutauro kwegadziriro zviratidzo kushumira senzira yokukurukurirana kwevanhu uye kufunga (Psychological Dictionary /., Ed. V. V. Davydova, A. V. Zaporozhtsa, B. F. Lomova). It anogadzirwa nedanho evanhu kukura, anomirira rudzi kupangidza munzanga kuvapo mupfungwa vanhu. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti munhu anogamuchira akagadzirira rurimi, iyo yakaumbwa refu asati aberekwa ino chaiyo munhu. Zvisinei, kuva mutakuri mutauro, panguva iyo munhu ava zvinogona rine kukura.

Sechivako mutauro kunosanganisira zvinotevera zvinoriumba:

- Mutauro (maitiro maturo mashoko)

- girama (hurongwa siyana mashoko uye zvirevo)

- phonetics (vamwe inzwi sezvamunoita, chete mutauro chaiwo noruzhinji).

Kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro specificity mutauro

The chikuru specificity mutauro ndechokuti kwegadziriro zviratidzo, awane shoko ose imwe ukoshi. Saka, zvinorehwa ndiyo Generic noruzhinji. Somuenzaniso, shoko rokuti "guta" dzinogona kubatanidzwa mune muzvizhinji Maguta chaizvo - kubva maduku uye zvishoma-anozivikanwa kumaguta chipo avanoziva wose. Ukuwo, kana tiri kureva imwe nzvimbo (semuenzaniso, Nizhny Novgorod uye Prague), ticharamba kushandisa pfungwa "guta", asi panguva imwe chete kwaimiririra chaizvo chinhu mune mubvunzo.

kutaura zvigadziriswe

Chinhu kare dzakabudirira yokukurukurirana hwevanhu kuburikidza mutauro (chinokosha mupfungwa duramazwi / ed. B. G. Mescheryakova uye VP Zinchenko). Rinogona kuva declarative, interrogative kana chikurudziro mamiriro. Panguva mupfungwa zvigadziriswe kutaura sezvo kwegadziriro kutaurirana kuburikidza mutauro hapana zvishoma kunzwisisa kupfuura zvigadziriswe mutauro pachayo. In nedanho kupararira chero mashoko achibatsirwa kutaura kunokosha kwete chete kusarudza mashoko akakodzera kuti ane zvakananga ukoshi, asiwo Specification yavo. Sezvo shoko rose, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, munhu zvavo, mubvunzo unofanira kuderedza pasi kusvika padanho womumwe pfungwa. Izvi zvinoitika sei? The chikuru basa vanonzi "Sefa" iri nyaya rine chirevo, apo shoko akaiswa mairi. Zvigadziriswe kutaura kubva mupfungwa divi ukuwo, angadzorwa pakutsvaga pfungwa dzakadai akapoteredza, subtext uye mupfungwa-kuratidza zvinoriumba.

kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro chechinyorwa

Saka, muna muenzaniso wedu, shoko "guta" Zvakakosha kunzwisisa chii tinoda kuziva nezvake: "Chii guta rino?" Kana mubvunzo unorira: "Aripiko guta rino?", Naizvozvo, tiri kutaura pamusoro spatial unhu (nzvimbo iri mepu, sei kuti vangani makiromita, riri pedyo, uye zvichingodaro. d.). Kana tiri kufarira mubvunzo: "Chii chinofadza guta rino", ipapo tinogona kutaura zvimwe zvinokwezva (semuenzaniso, munhoroondo, tsika kana zvoupfumi). Nokudaro, mubvunzo pacharo sezvo mutauro kuvaka ( "chii guta rino") ndiyo kushaya chinangwa uye kunoda mamwe chechinyorwa. Kuvaka iyi, akavapindurawo, rinoitwa ari kutaura kwacho.

The subtext kutaura

Zvikuru kukosha ndiyo zvinoreva shoko, inova nyaya achida kuratidza kuburikidza nawo. Zvigadziriswe kutaura, kunze pasi kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro nechimiro chokureva, muri kuratidzwa motivational chokuita mashoko edu. Sezvatinoziva, haisi nguva dzose zvaireva ichi chokwadi kana kuti mutsara uri pamusoro - kazhinji tinoti chimwe chinhu asi anoreva chinhu chimwe panguva (kumonyanisa kumeso, chido kushandura kukurukurirana, etc ...).

Mupfungwa-kuratidza chinhu pakutaura

Uyewo chinokosha musiyano uri mupfungwa coloring rwokutaura mutauro. Kuburikidza chirevo, isu kwete chete kubudisa imwe kugutsikana, mashoko pamusoro chinhu - tinoratidza kuti kuburikidza kutaura zvakanaka mupfungwa nemafungiro zviri kutaurwa. mamirire Izvi mupfungwa uye kuratidza chinhu pakutaura, uye chakaumbwa nemakomo mataurire inzwi mashoko anoshandiswa nesu kududza mashoko zvakataurwa mune.

Intonation Kutaura zvigadziriswe

Language kukura sezvo RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA muitiro chinofukidza zvose zvine chokuita nemashoko zvoupenyu wacho, kusanganisira intonation parutivi.

divi Intonation - mutinhimira (prosody) Kutaura - kwakabatana zvakananga ayo kuchena, zvakarurama uye runako. Intonation wakakurira rakakura pakuita dzekugonesa kukosha mashoko uye kutaura dzimwe nguva kuti zvakawanda musoro kupfuura mashoko chaiwo pachavo. Uyezve, tonally kuratidza vachiridza ataura mutauro nyore kugamuchirwa, sezvo anobvumira kusimbisa anokosha ari kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro zvinoreva zvinotaura.

Intonation mashandiro kuti paumbwe kutaura ndohwaJehovha paralinguistic nzira yokukurukurirana. Izvi non-mitauro (non-kutukana) Ezvemutauro akabatanidza inzwi shoko uye inoparadzirwa pamwe chete mutauro (kutukana) kureva vezvenhau. Vanogona kukamurwa kuva marudzi matatu (Shevtsova B. B., "Technology kuti paumbwe intonational nezvemamwe kutaura"):

- phonational (kunyanya kutaura ruzha, mashoko, mitongo, inombomira ruzha aggregates);

- Kinetic (nemasaini, chiso chedu, nemasaini);

- Graphics (kunyanya manyorero Sevamiririri tsamba nemashoko). Phonational zvinoreva zvinosanganisira uye intonation.

Intonation, akavapindurawo, iri kutaridza ekuteerera zvishandiso mutauro phonetically kuronga nayo, achitanga kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro ukama pakati zvikamu mutongo, rokuti kushuma declarative, interrogative uye exclamatory kukosha, vachibvumira mukurukuri kuti manzwiro akasiyana. Zvigadziriswe kuti kunyora yaishandiswa kuratidza mumwe kana mumwe intonation kushandisa nyora.

Inotungamirwa intonational chinhu pakutaura kunokanganisa zvinoriumba akadai mutinhimira, timbre, aika, mutinhimira, mupfungwa uye anombomira.

1. rwiyo

It chikuru chezvinonhuwira intonation. The rwiyo kutaura kunotema kuchinja kukwirira kwenzwi kakawanda, pachena munguva (Torsueva IG). Mabasa rokuimba:

- kusarudzwa Mapoka mutinhimira marongerwo uye syntagmas zvinotaura,

- kuziva kukosha nguva zvakataurwa,

- Bonding munhu zvikamu mugomba rose zvinotaura,

- kuziva reshiyo pasi zvataurwa acho,

- Mashoko subtext modal kwerima guru.

Melodika zvinotaura inoumbwa tichibatanidza akawanda melodic motifs - usingashandi melodic dzakabatana chokuita mutinhimira dzakatevedzana. Melody kana kupfuura mashoko vanoumba motifs siyana kana anodzokorora zvakafanana kweshoko.

Speech Melody uye melodic music - haisi chinhu chimwe. Speech mutinhimira iri kazhinji anoramba kunyange matauriro, kunoramba pakazvimba, ipapo kuwa. Zvinonzi zvakare kakawanda kuchinja zvikamu zvayo uye pasi havana imwe nguva. Kusiyana mumhanzi, kutaura mutinhimira hakukodzeri kupinda zano yakati zvekuimba pezvose.

Mumwe chinoumba mutinhimira kusarudza anatomical-vasiri zvigadziriswe kutaura ndiwo kwenzwi kakawanda (Choate) - yakadereresa chezvinonhuwira iri kurira chakarondedzera ari itirana pamusoro oscillation nguva pahuro zvinokonzera. Chaiye kutaura pakutaura pane dzose kuchinja chinokosha maitikiro. Kana kuwanda Data kuchinja, zvikaonekwa nomunhu pachake zvechadenga emutauri matauriro, uyewo manzwiro uye mafungiro zvakanaka.

The vasiri zvigadziriswe kutaura pachinhu Choate:

- Varume: 132 Hz,

- Women: 223 Hz,

- Children: 264 Hz.

Kana kuzivisisa manzwi urefu, izvozvo anosarudza kumhanya vibrations ari Vocal pazvirugu munhu. Uyewo, kuti mashandiro vechizvarwa kutaura nokuda vibrations matanga inoenderana parameters dzakadai kumhanya dzedenga kuyerera nomunyika glottis; upamhi glottis; elasticity pachiyero pahuro zvinokonzera; vakawanda vibrating mugove matanga.

At kugara kuchinja kukwirira kwenzwi kakawanda inorira kutaura mutinhimira anoita kukurukura basa nokuti munhu nhengo talkspurt uye panguva imwe chete - kuparadzana.

2. Timbre

With rwiyo wakabatana zvakadai anozivikanwa sezvo mataurire mubvunzo zvakananga. Zvisinei, imwe inonzwisisika yokusvika pfungwa mukatanga tsvakurudzo zvainanga panguva zvigadziriswe kutaura maonero, kwete. Kudivi rimwe, inoreva chimwe timbre unhu inzwi dziberekane, izvo zvakasikwa nokuda chaiyo nhamba namo mauto uye harmonics ayo (zvichienderana Maumbirwe mhango). Kubva pfungwa nemaonero nzvimbo mataurirwo chokuita kuchena uye nekupenya vachiridza nenzwi. Saka, kana matauriro kuvanhu vazhinji kunogona kugoveranwa, inzwi riri munhu hunhu.

Ukuwo, inzwi anogona kunzi sezvi- inzwi dziberekane iro rinopa yakasiyana inzwi mupfungwa zvenzwi. Izvi kunoratidzwa zvikurukuru nokuda zvemutauro (phonology). Maererano nevaongorori, timbre unhu vane zvinhu kukurukura mutoro, dzinowanikwa chete panyaya dzakasiyana siyana manzwiro nokuchinja ruvara kuvhota.

3. Rhythm

Zviri inopindirana alternation pamusoro achinetseka uye unstressed zvinhu pakutaura (mazwi, mabhii) mukati chaiyo nguva. Inorondedzera aesthetic sangano rimwe mabhuku acho, vachirayira kurira okuti.

4. Tempo

Rinoreva nomumwe kutaura aika tichitarisa kukurumidza kutaura kutaura zvinhu (mabhii, mashoko, syntagm). Inofungidzirwa Kuwanda date zvinhu zvakataurwa mune imwe chikwata nguva (semuenzaniso, wechipiri). Somuenzaniso, paavhareji mwero kutaura kana kutaura anenge 5-6 mabhii por wechipiri.

Pakati huru mashandiro ari aika vakasarudza govera zvinotevera: kuramba kuvimbika intonation kutaura zvinotaura uye kuparadzana kuchikosha / vasingakoshi nguva ari mashoko. Somuenzaniso, zvinokosha nguva zvakataurwa vanhu vanowanzofunga kunetesa kumhanya. Asiwo, kana tiri kutaura chinhu kuti haisi zvinokosha chaizvo, hazvina Inowedzera wacho. Unogona zvakare tarirai kumhanyisa pakati mwero pakutaura, kana munhu asingadi kukwezva pfungwa interlocutor dzimwe pfungwa dziri mashoko (kazhinji kuwanikwa zvokushambadzira).

Mukuwedzera, mwero inogona maitiro munhu mupfungwa zvechadenga nomukurukuri, ake matauriro zvaraireva zvigadziriswe. Uyewo chinokosha munzanga mamiriro nomukurukuri, chido chake chokusika imwe pfungwa, uye zvichingodaro. D.

5. Stress

Nzira yaishandiswa patsanura chero chinhu chokutaura (mabhii, mashoko) vanoverengeka kufanana. Zvinonzi kuitwa vachichinja acoustic zvechadenga okunze - kuvandudza matauriro mataurirwo, kuwedzera zvikuru uye nevamwe.

Govera kwemarudzi izvi mupfungwa, zvakadai:

- nhaurwa (phonetic kuvimbika kweshoko)

- syntagmatic (syntagma muganhu)

- musoro (tara mashoko anokosha)

- Mashoko (magumo mashoko).

6. Mira

Rinomiririra zororo (Kufananidzira kumbomira kutaura). Kutaura zvenhengo iyi nyaya angava marudzi maviri:

- inorira kutukana chakambovhiringidzwa, pane kunyarara (kumbomira chairo)

- kusika nokuitika yokumbozorora inorira Zvakataurwa kuchinja rwiyo, aika kana kunetseka mauto pamuganhu syntagmas (zvepfungwa).

Intonation Kutaura mu kwakarungwa kwounyanzvi hwagara akateerera zvikuru, kubvira panguva kare. Theorists kuti kwakarungwa kwounyanzvi muGirisi yekare uye Roma yekare, vakadzidza nenzwi rokuimba, unoisa kunze mumhanzi, vaine aika, mutinhimira, kumbomira, vakaongorora kukosha ichipa ari kutaura zvimwe kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro zvikamu.

K. S. Stanislavsky muzvidzidzo ake basa intonation munyika ezvinhu chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo unyanzvi, akanyora kuti yezvakaita inzwi, ruvara zvinoenderana inzwi kutinhira kwakafanana mavhawero uye emakonzonendi: "mavhawero - parwizi, nemavara - pemahombekombe." Tenzi akakwana intonation vanofanira kuziva zvimwe anatomical uye vasiri zvigadziriswe kutaura:

- runodiwa nzvimbo muromo, miromo, rurimi, iyo vanoumba vamwe kana zvimwe ruzha (Vocal midziyo mudziyo uye resonators)

- the specificity nokurira matauriro zvichienderana apo mhango ndipo resonates uye rinotungamirirwa.

Zvadaro, izvi zvakawanika akava simba guru pamusoro pokumuka upenyu kuverenga uye kutaura michina.