Sulfated asidhi: payakavakirwa uye mushonga zvivako

Mumwe wokutanga chicherwa acids, rwakazokura aizivikanwa murume - iri sulfuric acid, kana sulfate. Kwete chete ndechokuti, asi vakawanda munyu ayo anoshandiswa kuvaka, mushonga, chikafu bhizimisi uye michina zvinangwa. Saka kure pachinhu ichi, hapana zvakachinja. unhu akawanda ane iine acid sulphate, anoita kuti zvive nyore chinokosha namakemikari Syntheses. Uyezve, Munenge sectors zvose bhizimisi uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva zvinoshandiswa munyu dzaro. Naizvozvo, isu funga muudzame chii uye chii hunhu hwakaratidza ehupfumi.

A-siyana mazita

Ngatitange nepfungwa yokuti mazita iyi basa kakawanda. Pakati pavo vane avo vari inoumbwa ndaisagona Nomenclature, uye avo vane kare. Saka, remubatanidzwa ichi anonzi:

• asidhi sulphate;
• vitriol;
• sulfuric asidhi;
• oleum.

Kunyange zvazvo shoko rokuti "oleum" haisi zvachose yakakodzera fuma nokuti musanganiswa sulfuric asidhi uye yakakwirira oxide sarufa - SO _3.

Acid sulphate: samolecular payakavakirwa uye mamiriro

Mukuona namakemikari abbreviations vanyore yokuita asidhi zvingava zvakadaro: H ₂ SO _4. Zviri pachena kuti Morekuru rinoumbwa maviri rehydrogen cations uye iine acid vakasara anion - sulfate Ion kuva 2+ mutariri.

Saka mukati Morekuru, zvinotevera kutaurirana:

• covalent polar pakati sarufa okisijeni;
• zvakasimba polar covalent pakati rehydrogen uye iine acid vakasara _{4 SO.}

Sera ane 6 unpaired maerekitironi kaviri kaviri zvisungo maviri okisijeni maatomu. Kunyange vaviri - kuroorwa, uye avo vari ngaadudzire - imwe chete rehydrogen. Somugumisiro pakati samolecular mamiriro anobvumira kuti simba zvakakwana. Panguva iyoyowo, hydrogen nokuo- nga riri Mobile chaizvo uye nyore kuenda, nokuti sarufa okisijeni yakakura mune electronegativity. Kudhonza ari Erekitironi arambe achirema pacharo, anopa rehydrogen zvishomanana yakanaka nokuchengeta, iyo kana detaching zvakakwana. Saka kuumbwa asidhi mhinduro iri H ^+.

Achitaura pamusoro oxidation inoti kwezvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana mukomboni, iyo iine acid sulfate payakavakirwa sezvamakaropafadzwa H ₂ SO _4, nyore nyore rinobvumira kukarukureta kuti: rehydrogen ja +1, y -2 okisijeni, nesurferi pa +6.

Sezvo chero Morekuru, mumbure mutariri ndiyo razero.

History yakawanikwa

Sulfate asidhi anozivikanwa kuti vanhu kubva zvikuru kare. Kunyange masayendisiti vaigona kugamuchira nzira dzakasiyana siyana calcining sulfate. Kubva IX remakore, vanhu vakapiwa uye akashandisa fuma iyi. Gare gare muna Europe Albertus Magnus vakadzidza dzokubvisa asidhi mubishi manyowa esimbi sulphate.

Zvisinei, hapana nzira haana mari. Zvadaro anozivikanwa anonzi kwetunhu mukamuri musimboti. Nokupisa sarufa ichi uye nitrate, uye vakashanduka vapor woga mvura. Somugumisiro, iine acid sulphate aumba.

Kunyange paya, Britain vakakwanisa kuwana yakachipa pashiri nzira nezvokuwana fuma. Taishandisa pyrite - Fes _2, pyrites simbi. vachiridzira Its kwaizotevera maitiro pamwe okisijeni vachiri chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha maindasitiri pezvakaitwa nokuda kwetunhu sulfuric acid. Kwakadaro mbishi zvinhu nyore, kutengeka uye unhu hombe vhoriyamu kugadzirwa.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Kune nzira dzakawanda, kusanganisira zvokunze, inova yakasiyana nemamwe asidhi sulfate. ehupfumi Zvokunyama inogona kurondedzerwa zvishoma pfungwa:

1. Pasi pomureza ezvinhu, - mvura.
2. Mune pfungwa yokushanda mamiriro chinoremedza, mafuta, nokuti iyo akanzi "mafuta vitriol".
3. Fuma Density - 1,84 g / masendimita ^3.
4. Harina ruvara kana kunhuwidza.
5. Ine simba "mhangura" kuravira.
6. It urwa mumvura kwazvo, anenge risingagumi.
7. Hygroscopic, zviri kukwanisa kubata zvose vakasununguka uye akasungwa mvura kubva munyama.
8. The nonvolatile.
9. Kubika pfungwa - 296 ° ^C.
10. Kubvunda pa 10.3 ^° C

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zviri remubatanidzwa iri kukwanisa rayo hydrate pamwe pakabudiswa yakawanda kupisa. Ndokusaka kunyange kuchikoro, vana vanodzidziswa kuti mvura iri kuwedzera asidhi chero zvazvingava hazvibviri, asi zvakanyatsosiyana. Handiti, mvura iri rakaiswa mune arambe achirema, saka zvichaita -wedzera pamusoro pemvura. Kana zvinoshamisa kuwedzera kune acid, kunoguma zvakaitwa kuiparadza kubva simba zvokuti mvura inotanga kuti kubika uye sprayed pamwe tudonhwe ane pfuma ngozi. Kunogona kukonzera zvikuru namakemikari kutsva kuti ganda maoko.

Saka tinofanira kuva kwaderera dira asidhi nemvura, ipapo musanganiswa akanga neshungu kwazvo, asi achibika zvikasaitika, uye pano vachisasa zvakare.

mushonga ehupfumi

Kubva makemikari maonero, asidhi iyi simba chaizvo, kunyanya kana pfungwa mhinduro. It dibasic Zvisinei stepwise dissociates kuumbika gidrosulfat- uye sulfate anion.

Kazhinji, kudyidzana dzayo dzakasiyana yeimwe asangana ose dzinokosha siyana runowanzoitika mukirasi iyi zvinhu. Kune mienzaniso equations akawanda izvo chikamu sulphate acid. Chemical ehupfumi vari hwakaratidzwa kudyidzana waro:

• munyu;
• oxides simbi uye hydroxides;
• amphoteric oxides uye hydroxides;
• nesimbi vamire electrochemical akatevedzana kuti rehydrogen.

Somugumisiro mukukurukurirana zvakadaro anenge nyaya dzose Zvichakadaro munyu aumba kubva asidhi (sulfates), kana acidic (rehydrogen sulfates).

A chinokosha ndiyewo chokwadi chokuti simbi nenzira inozivikanwa Me + H ₂ SO ₄ = Meso ₄ + H ₂ ↑ kugadzirisa zviri pafuma ikasakendenga, i.e. sanganisa acid. Kana isu kutora pfungwa yokushanda kana zvikuru zvine (oleum), maitiro zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana nokure.

Special ehupfumi kuti sulfuric asidhi

Izvi zvinosanganisira chete pfungwa mhinduro kudyidzana pamwe simbi. Saka, pane mufananidzo unoratidza yose musimboti wanda izvi:

1. Kana simbi iri kushingaira, zvinoguma paumbwe rehydrogen sulphide, munyu uye mvura. Kuti, sarufa ipfupi kuti -2.
2. Kana avhareji basa simbi, mugumisiro - sarufa, munyu uye mvura. Kureva, kuzoita kuti sulfate Ion kuti vakasununguka nesarufa.
3. Metals yakaderera namakemikari basa (pashure rehydrogen) - sarufa dioxide, munyu uye mvura. The nesarufa oxidation mamiriro +4.

Uyewo chinokosha ehupfumi sulfate acids vari kukwanisa oxidize vamwe vasiri nesimbi dzavo soro oxidation ehurumende uye sei ne kunzwisisa yeimwe uye oxidizing navo nyore zvinhu.

Nzira hwokubereka indasitiri

Sulphate muitiro sulfuric asidhi rinoumbwa marudzi inokosha maviri:

• Pin;
• shongwe.

Vose vari rakajairika nzira iri indasitiri yose. Musimboti wokutanga kunobva kushandisa sezvo mbishi zvinhu simbi pyrites kana pyrite sarufa - Fes _2. In zvachose pane zvikamu zvitatu:

1. Calcination pakati yakatsvuka zvinhu yokuumba sezvo rakavapo combustion rwesarufa dioxide.
2. Kupfuura gasi ichi kuburikidza okisijeni pamusoro vanadium anowedzera kuti aumbe sarufa trioxide - SO _3.
3. The Absorção de Água shongwe rinoitwa Kuparadzwa ari anhydride iri mhinduro pamusoro sulfate asidhi dzakakwirira wevasungwa mhinduro inotungamirwa - oleum. Very rinorema jikichira gobvu zvokunwa.

A musimboti rechipiri - ndiye anongoda chete, asi senitrogen oxides zvinoshandiswa sezvo tiwedzere. In Pakuurayiwa parameters akadai chigadzirwa unhu, mutengo uye simba rakawanda, rucheno mbishi zvinhu, chokupika, nzira yokutanga ndiyo hubudirire uye kunogamuchirika, saka rinoshandiswa kakawanda.

reongororo rabhoritari

Kana uchida kuwana sulfuric asidhi mune diki kwazvo kuti Murabhoritari yokuedzwa, nzira yakanakisisa kutaura rehydrogen sulfide akaneta simbi sulfates.

Muzviitiko izvi, paumbwe ferrous sulfide, uye chakaumbwa somunhu byproduct pamusoro sulfuric acid. Nokuti zvidzidzo duku pfungwa yakadaro rakakodzera, asi kuchena asidhi kwakadaro hazvizogumi zvakasiyana.

Uyewo murabhoritari kunogona Qualitative pakupindurwa sulfate mhinduro. The inonyanya reagent chinhu chloride pamusoro barium, sezvo Ba ²⁺ ions pamwe sulfate anion precipitates mu chena precipitate - barite mukaka: H ₂ SO ₄ + BaCL ₂ = 2HCL + Baso ₄ ↓

The inonyanya munyu

Sulfated asidhi uye sulfates izvo anoumba, muri yeimwe zvinokosha zvakawanda maindasitiri neimba minda, kusanganisira zvokudya. The anowanzodanwa sulfuric asidhi munyu ndedzinotevera:

1. Gypsum (remafuta, selenite). Chemical zita - aqueous hydrated karusiyamu sulphate. Formula: CaSO _4. It kushandiswa kuvaka, mushonga, pulp nebepa maindasitiri, kugadzirwa zvishongo.
2. Barite (barytes). Barium sulfate. The mhinduro iri samafuta precipitate. In hwakasimba chimiro - segirazi crystals. Kushandiswa Manyiminya mano, X-ray nemwaranzi, nokuti kugadzirwa kunoitwa insulating unhani.
3. Mirabilite (Glauber kuti munyu). Chemical zita - crystalline yavaibvisa sulphate decahydrate. Formula: Na ₂ SO ₄ * 10 ₂ O. Rinoshandiswa somushonga laxative.

Mumwe anogona kumbotipa sezvo mienzaniso munyu zhinji, vari hunobatsira kukosha. Zvisinei, zvataurwa pamusoro apa - rakajairika.

kraft doro

fuma uyu mhinduro riri kuumbwa kuburikidza chafariz kurapwa huni, i.e. cellulose. Chinangwa chikuru ikoku - kuwana kwayo doro sipo ne yokugadzirisa. Makemikari anoumba sulfate rinodhaka riri sezvinotevera:

• lignin;
• hydroxy;
• monosaccharides;
• phenols;
• Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti;
• uye kugadzikana mafuta acids;
• sulfides, chlorides, carbonates uye sulfates ose yavaibvisa.

Pane mhando mbiri huru nezvinhu: michena kraft rinodhaka. White anoenda pulp nebepa maindasitiri, uye nhema yaishandiswa dema rinodhaka sipo ari indasitiri.

Main mafomu

The wegore kugadzirwa sulfuric asidhi ndiyo mamiriyoni 160. Matani pagore. Iyi inokosha zvikuru mufananidzo, iyo inoratidza kukosha uye hwakapararira akakura ichi. Kune maindasitiri akawanda uye nzvimbo apo zvakakodzera kushandisa asidhi sulphate:

1. The bhatiri sezvo electrolyte, kunyanya mu mutobvu.
2. In miti apo sulphate mupfudze akabudiswa. Unorema kubva asidhi chaizvo anogadzira zvinhu chicherwa kuberekesa zvinomera. Naizvozvo, anodyara nokuda kugadzirwa sulfuric asidhi uye kugadzirwa fetiraiza kazhinji kuvaka pedyo.
3. In zvokudya indasitiri sechinhu emulsifier, akasarudzwa E513 romutemo.
4. Vakawanda Organic kwetunhu somunhu dehydrating mumiririri, anowedzera. Saka kuwana zvinoputika, Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti, detergents, zvinhu zvenaironi, polypropylene uye ethylene, madhayi, zvemakemikari fibers, esters nezvimwe yeimwe.
5. Akashandisa filters mvura yokunatsa uye anogadzira zvinhu kwakadonhera mvura.
6. Rinoshandiswa dzokubudisa uye kubudiswa zvisingawanzoitiki zvinhu kubva mhangura.

Uyewo yakawanda sulfuric asidhi inopedzwa dziri mumarabhoritari nemiedzo, apo anogadzirwa munzvimbo nzira.