The Yak-36: Magadzirirwo uye mapikicha

The Soviet ndege Indasitiri - tsime Kuzvikudza kwete chete yakanyangarika mepu Soviet Union, asiwo ano mainjiniya, vari venhaka zvavo rinobwinya vamutangira. Nyaya iyi ichakurukurwa pamusoro rakasiyana ndege. This Yak-36, vane unhu richaongororwa zvakadzama saizvozvo.

prehistory

Roga, pfungwa pakusika dzakasiyana kubhururuka muchina, izvo vaizova wehunyambiri yasimuka uye kumhara, kwakaonekwa refu isati yasikwa ndege uye rakatangwa muna muchimiro neherikoputa. Kugadzirwa ndege iri neherikoputa ehupfumi yakafanana akanonoka kwemakore akawanda. Chikonzero chikuru nokunonoka pakagadzwa chikepe yakadaro yakanga kuti aizova mugove rose simba miriwo rakanga kwazvo, uye nesimba - duku. Somugumisiro, mashoko deadlock nyaya vakatamira chete 1940s, apo nyika achiona turbojets. From engineering vachindiedza pamusoro pabhenji pamberi kwezvisikwa ndege iyi zvakaitika munguva emakore maviri.

Authors

Mumwe wemapiyona mumunda ichi chaiva ndege magadzirirwo injiniya Shulikov zita, iro muna 1947 zvinganaka kushandisa rinokosha swivel kamwene pamusoro turbojet (THD), vakazochinja paakagadzwa pachigaro Yak-36.

Zvishoma paya Scherbakov mugadziri kwakasimbiswa basa ndokutanga kuedza anomira panzvimbo kutiza ndege wokuenzanisira akabvisa vertically uye waiva bapiro, asi akanga vakapakata peya muhombe turbojet injini yakaiswa parutivi hukawanika ari fuselage. Asi pasina bapiro zvakakonzera mheremhere iri injiniya zvakatipoteredza, izvo hwogumisa kuti kuenderera basa iri.

Yakovlev Design Bureau

Anobudirira zvikuru chikwata, uyo zvaibatanidzwa nokuumba vertically ndege anotora kure, raiva OKB-115, musoro wakanga kunozivikanwa Aleksandr Sergeevich Yakovlev. Izvi injiniya muna 1960 zvinganaka kukura Yak-104. In ichi mhepo mudziyo akaronga kuisa zviviri akamanikidza R19-300 injini zvaifanira kushandiswa sezvo hoisting propulsion zvinhu. vaise yavo 1600 kgf. Lift Injini inofanira chete motokari. Developers vakaronga kuti zvinobhururuka kurema 2800 makirogiramu uye 600 makirogiramu mafuta kuchengeterwa muchina aifanira vabhururuke kunonyanyisa kumhanya 550 km / h vanokwira kuna nekukwirira 10 000 metres. Panyaya iyi, ndege kure yaizova akaenzana 500 makiromita, uye kureba kwayo kwakanga one o'clock kuti maminitsi gumi.

Yak-In Project

(- 5000 makirogiramu marasirwa neimwe) Muna April 1961, Council of Vashumiri chirongwa musi kusikwa chete bhomba ine peya R21-300 injini akanga Akanyatsogadzirira. Izvi zvakanga yatova Yak-36. Ngarava aifanira kuva kutiza nokukurumidza 1100-1200 km / h panguva imwe kukwira pamusoro 1000 mamita. Kurema panguva zvinokubatai-kure hakufaniri anopfuura 9150 makirogiramu.

Nokuti nokukurumidza kushanda kunze Kudzikamiswa uye kuzvidzora enyika, kuidza functionality ari muhombe injini mokugezera inopa Yak-36 vakaitwa kuita miedzo bhomba kumumvuri pamwe huripo turbojet injini R21-300, vaizova aitambanudza indekisi aiva 4.200 kgf. Kunopiwa neiyi muchina michina muhombe mokugezera. Gwaro iri rakabudiswa musi 30 October 1961.

Kukura Yak-36 akatungamirira SG Mordovin. Uyewo, mainjiniya vave vakabatanidzwa: Sidorov, Pavlov, Bekirbaev Gorshkov.

Workflow

Chizvarwa chitsva ndege kwakaitika panguva apo UK aigona nechekare vanozvirova yakafanana ndege "Harier", iro nepokuongorora Turbo injini uye vaviri yegwara muhombe mokugezera. Zvisinei, mainjiniya Soviet ndokuenda zvayo, siyanei mavirazuva.

Sezvo, chii chinangwa raiva Yak-36 uye sei akange vakapakata michini, hazvishamisi kuti ndege zvidzoreso rakakura vaise vakanga kuiswa mumhino uye muswe kuti fuselage zvikamu muchina. Mumwe wavo aifanira kuita uye vasundire mberi panguva kumbonyanya refu mumhanyi. Uye zvose nokuda dambudziko vakasunungura haana chete kudzora ndege rokudzora zvinopfuura ezvinhu, asi rinewo pakuenzanisa wakakwana mudziyo munguva kunofambira mberi uchigara. Kana Motors, ivo ndakagadza pamusoro nendege mhuno uye kamwene yakaiswa pamusoro musimboti kukomba Yak-36.

Zvakakurukurwa muchina

The zvinorondedzerwa nokurongwa actuator iri ndege kwakaguma chitarisiko kudiwa bhasikoro mhando chassis unicycle aine rutsigiro pamusoro mhino uye rwemberi rutsigiro maviri-mavhiri. bapiro zvitsigiso vari kucheneswa nenzira chakatarisana Yak-36 Sefa, uye akarongwa fairings. Kurudyi cowl scripting zvikuru mhepo-kumanikidzwa mugamuchiri chaizvo sensors uye pitikoti pamakona kurwisa. The chaizvo chete airframe magadzirirwo akanga kumbonyanya zvakafanana kuti ndege makore iwayo: Semi-monocoque fuselage akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze, uye bapiro spars akanga vakapakata ichibhabhamisa.

chengetedzo

Kuva Yak-36, izvo zvinoratidzwa mufananidzo bepa, mainjiniya haana humbowo sei chikepe haazvibati munguva kutiza (blockages parutivi panguva zvinokubatai-kure, kana mumwe simba majeure). Panyaya iyi, inonzi yakachengeteka mutyairi panguva dzakasiyana-siyana zvashata ezvinhu jets zvinopa vanomanikidzwa ejection mudziyo. Uyewo, ndege akanga hurongwa zvakazara kwangoitwa kuzvidzora munguva ndege kumhanya, achirapa razero.

Ndege kugadzirwa vachindiedza

Mana midziyo okutanga akavaka panguva chirimwa, riri pamusoro Leningradsky Prospekt muMoscow. Rimwe ndege izvi vakashumira muenzaniso nokuda simba nemiedzo. Muchirimo 1963 mundege nhamba nemiedzo 36 rwaiitwa, zvainanga pakuongorora dhigirii kudzivirira pamusoro ingress kuti injini mavari kwakaratidza ndege rukova, uyewo kutsungirira kunovhenekwa. Nokuti chinangwa ichi kurwisa Yak-36 akanga akashongedzerwa maviri gasi chinodzivirira ichibhabhamisa, mumwe yaiva akatasva mhuno, uye wechipiri - pamberi Turbo mokugezera.

Chechipiri motokari ine nhamba 37 chete arondedzera kumhara uye nokutora kubvisa. Pakutanga, nokukwirira kwaro makubhiti tsoka mbiri, uye gare gare, nhamba yakanga yatova 5 mamita. 85 kurovedza Hang kupota rwaiitwa kwemakore maviri. June 25, 1963 chikepe akaita tsaona: paiva chassis kukundikana panguva wehunyambiri kumhara nokuda mukuru mwero kutsvedza.

Third ndege (muswe nhamba 38) akabatsira kutarisa kunyatsoshanda iri ndege zvidzoreso, autopilot hurongwa uye Kudzorwa riri nzvimbo yemutekenyi. Developers dzaisarudzwa dzakadaro mhepo aibuda mwero izvo rinobvumira ndege igadzikane apo dzinodzengerera uye kunoita muchina kunotongwa zvachose mutyairi.

vanozivikanwa matambudziko

Sezvaratidzwa, chinonetsa zvakanga kushandisa wehunyambiri kumhara. Vaviri bvunzo vezvikepe vakanga vakasiyana nepfungwa mundege. Saka, mufambisi wengarava Garnaev aidavira kuti nyika inofanira kutakurirwa kunze chete neherikoputa mhando, kureva, motokari aifanira kuisa kuti kureba kwazvo pre-kukura nokukurumidza. Uyewo, mufambisi wengarava Mukhin aiva maonero akasiyana. Zvinonzi kutsigira inopa neherikoputa rotor, ukuwo Yak-36 basa iri riri siyana maitikiro ose ndege zvinovimbisa bapiro uye injini gasi jeti. Naizvozvo, zvinokosha kufunga nguva kutapurirana iyo vachasimudza kubva bapiro zvakananga simba chikwata. Uye nokuti kumhara waifanira vakaverenga maererano kureba, izvo zvaizoita dzinoenderana kureba sangano iri denderedzwa. Somugumisiro, zvakanga zvakanaka Mukhin.

Flight yokuedzwa

Dzinodzengerera Yak-36 chakaitwa musi hafu-mita kumusoro gomba, yakanga akafukidzwa simbi namazariro. Izvi zvakaitwa kuti kuderedza padanho kukanganiswa yacho gasi jets. Zvisinei, nechokwadi chokuti mudziyo anokwanisa kutora kure vertically kubva nesefa nokukurumidza kusiyiwa uye akatamira pamusoro rakaoma pane penyika. Uye ipapo ndipo dambudziko. The musi kumhara giya akaputsa kubva runway, ndege akatanga kuzunungusa nechisimba, uye iye collapses kurutivi. Parallel izvi, simba gasi zvidzoreso kushaisa.

Kuti tizive ndege injini huru zvakakodzera kuti kunyora pakuenzanisa. Designers muzvidzidzo zvavo mberi zvikuru zvishoma nezvishoma, potse pamusangano nedhambakura kuti kumhanya. Dzimwe nguva zvakaitika kuti huru-tonnage ndege anokandazve mudenga, saka kuti akapotsa havana kuteerera mirayiro mutyairi. Ndege nyoro vakakundikana pashure akatendeuka kudzivirira ingress negasi mumhepo chekubuda mudziyo. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti ndege akamanikidzwa pasi uye vakava kudzoreka.

musikana ndege

The Yak-36, ine nhoroondo zvakatevedzana anopfuura gumi, yokutanga nguva kuitwa zvizere kutiza July 27, 1964. Zvisinei, kurera mudziyo mumhepo Mukhin yakazadziswa kumhanya uye kumhanya, nekuti hapana munhu akaiswa kufungidzira maitiro ayo mudenga. Ungangove, pashure muedzo uyu, paiva amboshandurirwa michina matatu, iyo kwaisanganisira kugadzwa maviri ventral zvimbi pamusoro pomumwe nomumwe wavo.

Mwedzi miviri gare gare, paiva wokutanga dzakazara dzinodzengerera ndege. Mukhin saka pakugona motokari, kunyange aibvuma kukandira murimi panguva ino kutiza, uye ndege raiva rakayangarara panzvimbo isina zvarakasiya.

All vakaenda chokwadi kuti zvaigoneka kuita zvizere ndege. Zvisinei, izvi aitofanira kushanda nesimba uye nehafu makore. February 7, 1966 Mukhin akazadzisa hunyambiri kutora-kure, akaita ndege uri raundi nzira uye akagara pamusoro ndege. March 24 akaita mutyairi wehunyambiri yasimuka, nendege mudenderedzwa uye rusvingo kumhara. Nhasi anonzi zuva rokuberekwa Russian ndege, ine mukana wehunyambiri yasimuka.

Technical zviratidzi

Viewed ndege akanga diki payload, uye saka kusika Bureau kwakasimbiswa ane upgraded muenzaniso Yak-36M, izvo, pashure pokushandisa akagamuchira coded Yak-38. Chikepe mutsva akanga atotendeukira siyanei marongerwo, riri nani zvikuru pane akaratidza pacharo uchidzidzira.

The Yak-36, ari hwokugadzira unhu zviri akaratidza pazasi, aiva budiriro iri mumhuri ndege. Saka, nokurondedzerwa kwayo ndeinotevera:

• Muchikepe kureba - 16.4 m.
• Mapapiro - 10 m.
• Machine kukwirira - 4.3 m.
• Wing Area - 17 Street. m.
• Weight mudziyo chinhu - 5400 makirogiramu.
• Yasimuka uremu - 9400 makirogiramu.
• Engine - 2 X R27V TPD-300.
• Unforced tsvimbo - 2 x 5000 makirogiramu.
• Reserve velocity panguva kukwirira - 1,100 km / h.
• Kunonyanyisa nokukurumidza pedyo pasi - 900 km / h.
• siringi Real - 11000 m.
• The vashandi - 1 munhu.
• Zvombo - rwisana mutoro anosvika 2000 makirogiramu. SD mhepo-kuti-mhepo R-60M, on, mabhomba.

Educational uye nokudzidziswa womuenzaniso

Yak-18T yakazokudziridzwa muna 1964. Mumakore ose kushandiswa kwayo kwave kuchiita zvimwe kuchinja, uye muna 2006 hurumende yeRussia asarudza atangezve yakazara pamwero kugadzirwa Yak-18T (akatevedzana 36). ndege iyi inoshandiswa kudzidzisa nokurovedza zvinangwa yekudzidzisa Cadets zvikoro kutiza.

Yak-18T 36 Series ane anotevera zvinhu:

• It akaisa mhepo chipande matatu hwindimiri dzakatevedzana AB-803-1-C.
• The dashboard yave kuchinja zvikuru.
• Rakanga zvakawedzera siyana zvechokwadi ndege uye akagadzawo mamwe matangi ane 180 neimwe marita ari uwandu zvidimbu zviviri.
• Dzakachinja musuo iri nzvimbo yemutekenyi.
• Akazadzisa kudziyisa (hita iiswe wechipiri).
• Fire rusvingo yakaitwa kubva Stainless simbi kugiredhi.
• Used mafuta - peturu "Premium 95".

ndege iyi yakanga hwakaratidza panguva dzakasiyana-siyana dzakawanda kuratidzira ndege (MAX 2007 uye MAX 2009).

Mirayiro yakasimbiswa kuti ndege inofanira kuva dambudziko isina kushanda maawa 3,500 kana 15,000 landings pasina mukarenda kurambidzwa.