The yemasvomhu huru Eyler Leonard: kubudirira mune masvomhu, zvimwe zvinonakidza zvinhu, pfupi Biography

Leonhard Euler - yemasvomhu Swiss uye yefizikisi, mumwe havaoni yakaisvonaka masvomhu. Haana chete akaita chinokosha uye okukura mipiro geometry, calculus, hurongwa uye dzidziso nhamba, asi yakatangawo nzira kuti kugadzirisa zvinetso observational nyeredzi uye vakashandisa masvomhu mu engineering paruzhinji mabasa.

Euler (yemasvomhu): a pfupi Biography

Leonhard Euler akaberekwa April 15, 1707 Raiva dangwe Paurosi Euler uye Margaret Brooker. The baba kunobva anozvininipisa mhando remhizha uye madzitateguru Margaret Brooker akanga wandei vanozivikanwa masayendisiti. Paulus Euler vakashumira panguva iyoyo mufundisi ari muChechi St. Jakob. Zvaaiva webhaibheri, baba Leonard vake aifarira masvomhu, uye makore maviri okutanga kudzidza payunivhesiti vakapinda mapoka yakakurumbira Yakoba Bernulli. Pashure rinenge gore nehafu pashure aberekwa mwanakomana wavo, mhuri yakatamira Riehen, muBasel sabhabha apo Paurosi Euler akava mufundisi yomunharaunda yeko. Ikoko iye akatendeka akashanda kusvikira parufu rwake.

Mhuri yaigara wakatetepa ezvinhu, kunyanya pashure pokuberekwa kwomwana wake wechipiri, Anna-Maria, muna 1708. The Vaviri vachava vana vaviri - Maria Magdalena uye Johann Heinrich.

Zvidzidzo zvokutanga masvomhu, Leonard pamba kubva baba vake. Around nemakore masere akanga akatumwa chikoro rechiLatin muBasel, kwaaigara mumba mbuya yake rwaamai. Kuti aripire varombo yedzidzo kuchikoro panguva iyoyo, baba vangu vakaripira muperekedzi private, nyanzvi yezvechitendero wechiduku anonzi Johannes Burckhardt, munhu vaneshungu anoda masvomhu.

Muna October 1720 pazera makore 13, Leonard akapinda University of muBasel panguva rorusununguko Uzivi (nevakawanda panowanikwa panguva), apo iye vakapinda yokusuma zvidzidzo chepuraimari masvomhu Ioganna Bernulli, muduku mukoma wemufi panguva Jakobho.

Young Euler saka nokushingaira vakanongazve zvidzidzo zvake, iro nokukurumidza Akakwezva mudzidzisi, vaimukurudzira kudzidza mabhuku zvikuru kunzwisisa yake, uye kunyange kubatsira muzvidzidzo zvavo pamusoro yeMugovera. Muna 1723, Leonard akapedza dzidzo yake dhigirii tenzi uye akanunura hurukuro yavose muchiLatin, umo Descartes akaenzanisa hurongwa pamwe zvakasikwa muuzivi Newton.

Zvichitevera zvido vabereki vake, iye ndanyoresa panguva Theological weVadzidzisi Vedare, zvisinei, achipedzera vakawanda samhu nguva. Pakupedzisira, zvimwe panguva kuomerera kuna Ioganna Bernulli baba akatora serinokosha mwanakomana wake kuita chinangwa nesayenzi, kwete yezvouMwari basa.

Mumakore 19, nyanzvi yemasvomhu Euler akamboda kukwikwidzana pamusoro masayendisiti ari nguva, achitora mugove makwikwi kuti mhinduro yacho Paris Academy of Sciences pamusoro Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri placement kuti chikepe masts. Panguva iyoyo akanga asina muupenyu hwangu aona zvikepe, mubayiro wokutanga haina akahwina, asi akava nzvimbo repamusoro yechipiri. Pagore apo paiva nzvimbo panguva weDhipatimendi Physics paYunivhesiti muBasel, Leonard, achitsigirwa chipangamazano wake Ioganna Bernulli, akasarudza kurwisa nzvimbo, asi akarasikirwa nemhaka yezera ravo uye kushaya anoyevedza mazita emabhuku. Neimwe akanga rombo nekuti akakwanisa kugamuchira kukokwa of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, yakavambwa makore mashoma apfuura nokuda chevaux Peter I, apo Euler akawana aizobudirira zvikuru munda, izvo akwanise kuva kurambe kuchikura. Huru basa rakanga reDare Bernoulli nevanakomana vake vaviri, uye ini Daniel Nicklaus II, vari kushingaira kushanda ikoko.

St. Petersburg (1727-1741): a meteoric vosimba

Euler aipedza yechando 1726 muBasel, kudzidza anatomi uye physiology pakugadzirira aurayiwe zvavo vaitarisirwa mabasa panguva chikoro. Paakasvika St. Petersburg uye akashanda ane shamwari, zvakava pachena kuti kuzvipira sayenzi akarongeka. Uyezve, nokuita Euler aifanira kuitawo sarudzo bvunzo muna kadheti Corps, uye kuti kurayira Hurumende dzakasiyana-siyana dzesayenzi uye michina nyaya.

Leonard nyore kujairana ezvinhu matsva utsinye weupenyu kuchamhembe Europe. Kusiyana zvikuru nevamwe vatorwa nhengo chikoro, akabva atanga kudzidza mutauro wokuRussia uye nyanzvi rakakurumidza uye kunyorwa uye nemumuromo siyana. Kwenguva yakati iye akagara Daniel Bernoulli uye aiva shamwari Goldbach Christian, Permanent Munyori Academy, nhasi yaizivikanwa achiri haana kugadzirisa dambudziko, maererano chipi kunyange nhamba kubva 4, zvinogona anomiririrwa mubatanidzwa of times maviri. The rakakura tsamba pakati pavo zvinokosha mabviro munhoroondo nesayenzi ari XVIII remakore.

Leonhard Euler, kubudirira mune masvomhu iyo pakarepo amuvigira mukurumbira pasi pose uye akamutsa chinzvimbo chake, yakaitirwa Academy zvavo kwemakore akawanda zvibereko.

Muna January 1734, akaroora Katarine Gzel, mwanasikana the artist Swiss, uyo akadzidzisa pamwe Euler, uye ivo yakatamira kumusha kwavo. The muchato akauya kubatidza vana 13, izvo, zvisinei, shanu chete akura. Dangwe, Johann Albrecht, akavawo yemasvomhu uye gare gare akabatsira baba vake basa rake.

Euler haana akaponesa nematambudziko. Muna 1735 iye akarwara uye akapotsa afa. Zvakazorodza mukuru zvose, akapora, asi pashure pemakore matatu shure achirwara. Panguva ino, chirwere chacho arasikirwe ziso rake rokurudyi, riri pachena zvinoonekwa pamusoro Portraits zvose masayendisiti kubvira panguva iyoyo.

Kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika muRussia, kwakaitika pashure pokufa Queen Anna Ivanovna, Euler dzakamanikidzwa kusiya St. Petersburg. Kunyanya kubva akanga kukokwa kubva Prussian King Friedrich II kuuya Berlin uye kubatsira kusika Academy of Sciences ikoko.

Muna June 1741, Leonard wake Katarina,-gore 6-okuberekwa Johann Albrecht uye Carl makore akadzinga kubva St. Petersburg kuna Berlin.

Jobs muBerlin (1741-1766)

The pokurwa muSilesia Frederick II akaita ichinonoka urongwa pokugadzwa chikoro. Uye chete muna 1746 zvakanzi pakupedzisira kuumbwa. Akava purezidhendi Pierre-Lui Moro of Maupertuis uye Euler akagadzwa mukuru Mathematics Department. Asi asati kuti, haana kuramba simbe. Leonard akanyora nyaya nesayenzi nezvezvinhu 20, 5 huru akadhindwa uye akaita tsamba anopfuura 200.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti Euler akaita mabasa mazhinji - mhosva Observatory uye botanical mapindu kugadzirisa vashandi uye emari munyaya kutengeswa almanacs, vanoumba kwainyanya mari yacho Academy, tisingatauri siyana rwokugadzirwa uye injiniya zvirongwa, ayo kwemasvomhu kuita haisi kukanganiswa.

Uyewo, hazvina zvakare kutsauswa chigumbuso ndiro rine chokwadi kuwanikwa nheyo wevadukusa chiito, iyo yakatanga muna mangwanani 1750s, vakati kubudikidza Maupertuis kuti akapikisa musayendisiti Swiss uye achangobva akasarudzwa academician Johann Samuel Koenig, kutaura kwake kumbotaura Leibniz vakanyorera yemasvomhu Jacob Hermann. Koenig aiva pedyo Maupertuis mhosva plagiarism. Paakambokumbirwa kubudisa tsamba, aisagona kuzviita, uye Euler akanzi kuongorora nyaya. Kuva pasina tsitsi muuzivi Leibniz, iye vakatsigira mutungamiri uye kupomera König nokubiridzira. The Kubika pfungwa vakazobvumirana apo Voltaire, uyo akatora kurutivi Koenig akanyora kudzikisira satire, lampooned Maupertuis uye Euler haana. Mutungamiri vakagumbuka kwazvo zvokuti akabva Berlin nokukurumidza, Euler uye aifanira kubata, de facto ndokunanga Academy.

musayendisiti mhuri

Leonard vakava vapfumi saka kuti akanga atenga munda muna Charlottenburg, Berlin kwakaita vokumadokero aro, rakakura zvokukwanisa nechokwadi yakanaka kugara mai vake chirikadzi, akanga vakauya kuna Berlin muna 1750, hafu-hanzvadzi nevana vake vose.

Muna 1754, dangwe rake Johann Albrecht pamusoro dzinoenda kuna Maupertuis pazera makore 20 uye akasarudzwa kuva Berlin Academy. Muna 1762, basa rake perturbations ari kutenderera comets kudhonza pakati mapuraneti yakanga paakavapa mubayiro of St. Petersburg Academy, yaakanga aizofara Alexis-Klod Klero. mwanakomana Euler wechipiri, Carl, akadzidza mushonga mu Halle, uye wechitatu, Christoph, akava mukuru. Mwanasikana wake Charlotte akawana Dutch aristocrat uye Helena nomukoma wake muna 1777 - munhu Russian mukuru.

King anonyengera

Ukama musayendisiti Frederick II havana nyore. Izvi pamwe zvimiso iri musiyano chinokosha pauzima nouzivi nemafungiro Frederick - anozvikudza, kuzvivimba, kwezvokufuka uye witty conversationalist, mumwe sympathizer rechiFrench Kujekerwa; yemasvomhu Euler - a mwero, akangwara, ndewevhu uye akazvipira yeRoma. Mumwe, zvichida kukosha chikonzero chaiva pfundepfunde Leonard kuti haana akabayira pambiru purezidhendi Berlin Academy. chigumbu ichi chete akura pashure achinyora kuti Maupertuis uye zvinoitwa Euler kuti kuchengeta tsika yerera, apo Frederick akaedza nevatinosangana vemutungamiri cheya Jean d'Alembert Leron. The yokupedzisira, Chokwadi, vakasvika Berlin, asi chete kuudza Mambo pamusoro disinterest ake uye Share Leonard. Friedrich haasi chete kuteerera zano D'Alembert, asi zvakajeka akazviti musoro chikoro. Izvi, pamwe nemamwe kukundikana vaMambo zhinji, pakupedzisira, kwakaita kuti ndechokuti Biography pakati yemasvomhu Euler akaita unopinza kudzoka.

Muna 1766, pasinei nezvipingamupinyi kudivi namambo, akabva Berlin. Leonard akagamuchira kukokwa Catherine II kudzokera St. Petersburg, apo akanga pamutemo vachigamuchira.

Zvakare, St. Petersburg (1766-1783)

Vairemekedza uye paakasvika panguva Academy mudare Catherine yemasvomhu huru Euler vakashanda zvikuru nomukurumbira mumhanyi uye akanga zvakakurumbira hwaakanga chakarambwa kwenguva refu muBerlin. Kutaura zvazviri, iye akabata basa wezvemweya, kana kwete musoro chikoro. Zvisinei, zvinosiririsa kuti utano haana zvose akaenda saka zvakanaka. cataract ziso kuruboshwe, iyo yakatanga naye muBerlin akanga kuva chakakomba, uye muna 1771 Euler akasarudza kuvhiyiwa. Mugumisiro wacho waiva paumbwe imwe mota, iyo vakaparadza anenge zvachose chiratidzo.

Gare gare gore iroro, panguva moto mukuru muSt Petersburg, imba yake yematanda vakaputsa, uye akapotsa bofu Euler aigona haringapiswi vapenyu chete nemhaka umhare kuzonunura Peter Grimm, emhizha kubva muBasel. Kuderedza nhamo, iro Empress ave dzinounzwa mari yokuvaka musha mutsva.

Chimwe rinorema furidza vakanzwisisa Euler muna 1773 apo mudzimai wake akafa. Pashure 3 years, kwete kuvimba kuvana vavo, akaroora rwechipiri hanzvadzi yake hafu, Salome Abigail Gsell, (1723-1794).

Pasinei nengozi zvose zviitiko izvi, nyanzvi yemasvomhu Leonhard Euler chakatsaurwa kuti sayenzi. Zvechokwadi, inenge hafu basa rake yakabudiswa kana akaberekerwa St. Petersburg. Pakati pavo vane mbiri yake "Bestseller" - ". Nemasvomhu" "Letters kuti Princess German" uye Sezvingatarisirwa, haaigona kuita pasina munyori akanaka uye rubatsiro hwokugadzira kuti akagovera, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, Nicklaus Fuss, mumwe compatriot pakati muBasel uye remangwana murume muzukuru Euler. Active chikamu muitiro kutora mwanakomana wake Johann Albrecht. The yokupedzisira akaitawo somunhu stenographer Academy purogiramu iyo musayendisiti, wenguva nhengo mukuru, aifanira kutungamirira.

rufu

The yemasvomhu huru Leonhard Euler vakafa sitiroko 18 September 1783 apo achitamba muzukurukomana wake. Pazuva rufu ayo makuru maviri PAMATOMBO kwakawanikwa Masvomhu kuti anorondedzera chibharuma kutiza, akakwana June 5, 1783 kuParis, ari Montgolfier hama. Pfungwa yakazokudziridzwa uye kugadzirirwa kubudiswa kubudikidza Johann mwanakomana. Rakanga rekupedzisira kuva musayendisiti, rakabudiswa muna 1784 Memoires vhoriyamu. Leonhard Euler uye mipiro vake masvomhu kwakanga zvikuru kuti aibuda nyaya vakamirira jana ravo zvedzidzo endangariro, akabudisa kwemakore 50 pashure pokufa musayendisiti.

Scientific basa muBasel

Pasina pfupi muBasel Euler mupiro masvomhu zvakanga nyore kuti isochronous uye dzekuno makakombama, uyewo basa iri makwikwi mubayiro dzeParis Academy. Asi chikuru chinetso Panguva iyi yaiva Dissertatio Physica of Kuchibiru, kudare mukutsigira nomination wake chair wefizikisi paUniversity of muBasel, pamusoro pemhando nokuparadzirwa ruzha, kunyanya, kumhanya inzwi uye chizvarwa zviridzwa.

Wokutanga St. Petersburg kumwedzi

Pasinei nezvinetso zvoutano kwakaita Euler, kufambira mberi mune masvomhu, musayendisiti haagoni asi kukonzera kushamiswa. Panguva ino, kuwedzera kune dzinokosha mabasa ari hurongwa, dzidziso mumhanzi, uyewo wengarava mapurani, iye zvakanyorwa 70 nyaya nyaya dzakasiyana kubva kwemasvomhu kuongorora uye nhamba dzidziso matambudziko dzakananga wefizikisi, hurongwa uye zvenyeredzi.

Two zvemaBhaibheri "Mechanics" kwaiva kutanga kure-kusvika zano misoro uongororwe zvose zvatinoita hurongwa, kusanganisira hurongwa zvokufonongonwa, kuchinja uye kwakavharwa nenyama miviri, uyewo mvura uye hurongwa yokudenga.

Sezvinogona kuoneka kubva katsamba-mabhuku Euler, achiri muBasel, iye nezvazvo mumhanzi uye navarongo sezvamunoita uye akanga achironga kunyora bhuku. urongwa ava yakura muSt Petersburg uye chamuita kuti basa Tentamen, rakabudiswa muna 1739. The chigadzirwa chinotanga nekukurukura yezvakaita inzwi sezvo vibrations mhepo nezvimedu, kusanganisira ayo kuparadzirwa, physiology uye auditory omumwe inzwi chizvarwa kubudikidza tambo uye Zviridzwa.

Chinoumba basa rakanga dzidziso mafaro kunokonzerwa mimhanzi Euler vakasikwa Ndokunyengetererai penguva pasi, chords or the kana sequences kuti nhamba tsika, zvokuti vanoumba "Kunaka" ari mimhanzi mamiriro: rezasi padanho, zvikuru kufara. Basa riri kuitwa akapoteredza kufarira munyori diatonic chromatic nevakwegura, unhu asi kupa rakazara kwemasvomhu dzidziso unhu (yekare neyazvino). Euler haasi iye oga akaedza kutsausa mumhanzi ive sainzi chaiyo: Descartes, Mersenne, uye saizvozvo kwaari, sezvo D'Alembert, uye vamwe vazhinji vakamutevera.

Vaviri-mavhoriyumu Scientia Navalis - padariro yechipiri ayo kugadzira kodzera makanika. Bhuku inotsanangura misimboti uye anovandudza hydrostatic zvakanyatsoenzana dzidziso vibrations uye miviri-dimensional matatu kuti vanonyudzwa mumvura. Basa rine kutanga hurongwa nezvishoma, iyo gare gare crystallizes mubhuku Theoria Motus corporum solidorum Seu rigidorum, chechitatu chikuru bhuku iri makanika. Bhuku dzidziso wechipiri anoreva ngarava, shipbuilding uye wekushandisa.

Kusimba, Leonhard Euler, kubudirira mune masvomhu izvo iyi kwave kunoshamisa, aiva nguva uye nesimba kuti kunyora-peji 300 basa iri chepuraimari svomhu kushandiswa muSt Petersburg dzakakwirira zvikoro. Makorokoto vana vaya vanodzidziswa nyanzvi huru!

Berlin basa

Kuwedzera 280 nyaya, vakawanda vakanga zvikuru iyi yemasvomhu Leonard Euler akasika akatevedzana aikosha akadhindwa yesayenzi.

Chinetso brachistochrone - kuwana nzira idzo dzinotaura vakawanda inofamba negiravhiti kubva imwe pfungwa iri wehunyambiri ndege kune imwe pfupi nguva - tanga muenzaniso dambudziko akasikwa Johann Bernoulli kutsvaka basa (kana munyonga), izvo optimizes Analytical okuti zvichienderana mashandiro. Muna 1744-m, ipapo muna 1766-M Euler zvikuru inopfupikisa dambudziko iri paakasika bazi rose itsva masvomhu - "calculus kuti kusiyana".

Two bhuku duku pamusoro trajectories Mapuraneti uye comets uye optics, akazviratidza vanenge 1744 uye 1746 makore. Yokupedzisira iri dzakaitika kufarira, sezvo vakatanga kukurukurirana pamusoro Newtonian nezvimedu uye chinozunguzirwa dzidziso chiedza Euler.

In mutariro kune waaishandira, Mambo Frederick II, Leonard akatendeuka rinokosha basa iri ballistics wokuEngland Benjamin Robins, kunyange utsinye akatsoropodza "Mechanics" ake 1736 Iye, zvisinei akawedzera, yetsanangudzo saka, tsananguro manotsi uye padzimwe, somugumisiro bhuku "atirari" (1745) ne bhuku iri 5 nguva kupfuura yepakutanga.

Vaviri-vhoriyamu "Nhanganyaya kamwoyo kuongorora" (1748), nyanzvi yemasvomhu Euler Positioning kuongorora sezvo yakazvimirira kurayirirwa, muchidimbu zvakawanikwa ake akawanda mumunda ane series, ane zvinhu uye akaramba zvikamu zviduku. It anovandudza zvakajeka chiratidzo kushanda chaiko uye kunzwisisa tsika uye rinosimbisa chinokosha basa kuongorora uwandu e, exponential uye theorem mabasa. The Vhoriyamu yechipiri kuna Analytical geometry: Dzidziso algebraic makakombama uye hukawanika.

"Differential calculus" uyewo ine zvikamu zviviri, okutanga rakazvipira dzemaitirwe kusiyana uye differentials, uye wechipiri - Pfungwa simba dzinotevedzana summation payakavakirwa uye ane vakawanda mienzaniso. Pano, Sezvineiwo, yaiva yokutanga kudhindwa Fourier akatevedzana.

The mavhoriyumu matatu "chinokosha calculus" yemasvomhu Euler kufunga quadrature (m. E. Endless iteration) zvokutanga mabasa uye zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano ndivaise Linear differential equations, rondedzero yakatodzama dzidziso Linear differential equations chechipiri kurongeka.

Mumakore muBerlin, uye gare gare Leonard akadzidza geometrical optics. nyaya yake uye mabhuku nyaya, kusanganisira akakura matatu mavhoriyumu "Dioptrics" vakasvika nomwe zvemaBhaibheri Opera mashoko. Dingindira basa iri rakanga kuvandudza Manyiminya zviridzwa dzakadai materesikopu uye maikorosikopu, kugadzirisa chromatic uye idenderedzwa aberration kuburikidza kunzwisisa hurongwa lenses uye muzadze zvinwiwa.

Euler (yemasvomhu): Interesting Facts rechipiri St. Petersburg kumwedzi

Rakanga rine zvibereko kupfuura nguva, panguva iyo musayendisiti akabudisa mapepa anopfuura 400 nyaya kare ambotaurwa, uyewo geometry, mukana dzidziso uye nhamba, Mapping, uye kunyange mudyandigere mari chirikadzi uye kurima. Of navo inogona kukamurwa akadhindwa matatu nemasvomhu, dzidziso Romwedzi uye wengarava nesayenzi, uyewo pamusoro dzidziso nhamba, rwokuzvarwa uzivi uye dioptrics.

Pano akauya mumwe wake "Bestseller" - "nemasvomhu." Name yemasvomhu Euler munoshongedza ichi basa 500-peji, izvo zvakanyorwa chinangwa kurayirirwa kudzidzisa nemhedziso mutsva. Iye zvokutaurira bhuku jaya mudzidziri webasa, wakange abudisa naye Berlin, uye kana basa rapera, akanzwisisa zvose pamusoro uye akakwanisa kugadzirisa matambudziko algebraic wakabvunzwa naye chaizvo nyore.

"Dzidziso ngarava rechipiri" Pakataurwawo akagadzirirwa kuti vanhu vasina ruzivo wemasvomhu, kureva - vafambisi. Hazvishamisi kuti basa rave akabudirira chaizvo nemhaka kunoshamisa didactic unyanzvi nemunyori. Minister of Navy uye French Finance Anne-Robert Turgot aronga Mambo Louis XVI kuti zvinoda vadzidzi vose zvomumvura uye atirari zvikoro kudzidza Euler kuti bhuku. Zviri chaizvo angangodaro kuti mumwe vadzidzi vakadzokera kuna Napoleon Bonaparte. Mambo kunyange kamari 1,000 rubles pamasvomhu ropafadzo republishing basa, uye Empress Catherine II, kwete kuda kupa kuna mambo, yakapetwa kaviri mari, uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu huru Leonhard Euler anowedzera akapiwa 2000 rubles!