Wilfredo Pareto: biography, pfungwa huru, mabasa makuru. Dzidziso yevakuru Vilfredo Pareto

Wilfredo Pareto (makore ehupenyu - 1848-1923) isazi anodzidza nezvemagariro evanhu uye economist. Ndiye mumwe wevadzidzisi veanodzero yevatungamiri, zvichienderana nekuti sangano rine piramiidal fomu. Pamusoro pepiramidi ndeyevanhu vakuru, iyo inonyanya kusarudza hupenyu hwevanhu vose. Asi kwete chete apo muumbi weyi nheyo inozivikanwa Wilfredo Pareto. Hupenyu hwake huchakuzivei nenzira yeupenyu uye kubudirira kukuru kwechisayenzi uyu.

Kubva, huduku

Wilfredo akaberekerwa mumhuri ine mbiri, uyo aigara muParis. Baba vake vaiva marquisti yeItaly, vakadzingwa kubva kuItaly kune zvitendero zvezvematongerwo enyika uye zvekunamata. Amai Pareto nemudzimai Frenchwoman. Wilfredo, uyo aive akajeka mumitauro miviri yevabereki vake kubvira achiri muduku, achiri kunzwa achiwedzera mutaliyana kupfuura mukadzi wechiFrench. Muna 1850, mhuri yakabvumidzwa kudzokera kuItaly, uye ndiyo nyika iyi kuti humwe hupenyu hwaVilfredo Pareto (hudiki, hucheche uye chikamu chezera rakakura) hwakabatanidzwa.

Dzidzo:

Pareto akawana zvose zvekodhi uye zvehutori hwechikoro chechikoro chekondari. Akanga ari panguva yekurovedza akaratidza kufarira uye kuwedzera kwemasvomhu. Ipapo Wilfredo akapfuurira mberi zvidzidzo zvake muTurin, paPoltechnic University, mushure mokunge agamuchira diploma yeinjiniya. Pareto akadzivirira muna 1869 tsanangudzo pamusoro pemitemo yekuenzanirana kwezvinyorwa. Izwi rekufananidza richazove rimwe rezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha mubasa rake rezvemari uye rezvemagariro evanhu.

Upenyu muFlorence

MuFlorence, akapfuura nguva inotevera yeupenyu Wilfredo Pareto. Akakokwa pano kuti atore nzvimbo yekugadzira injini. Mushure mechinguva Pareto akava maneja wemiti yemasallurgical iri muItaly yose. Panguva ino, zvataurwa zvake zvinopesana nehurumende yekutonga inotungamirirwa nehurumende yeItaly. Pareto anotaura pachena uye hurumende maonero.

Zviitiko muhupenyu hwehupenyu hwega

Muna 1889, Wilfredo akaroora muRussia nemusikana wokuberekwa, Alexandra Bakunina. Zvisinei, mudzimai wake akamusiya muna 1901 ndokudzokera kuRussia. Gore mushure meizvi, akabatanidza hupenyu hwake naZhanna Rezhi, uyo akazvitsaurira basa rake guru, rakanyorwa muna 1912 ("Treatise on General Sociology"). Yakabudiswa muFlorence muna 1916.

Kunyatsoziva nemabasa eItaly economists, kuchinja mukutenda

Pareto muna 1891 akasangana nemabasa evanhu vaviri vakakurumbira vekuItaly economists, L. Walras naMall Pantaleoni. Nheyo yehutano hwehupfumi, yakagadzirwa navo, yakakonzera zvikuru kuhupenyu hweWilfredo uye yakagadzira hwaro hwehupenyu hwake hwevanhu. Pakavamba kwema1990 ezana remakore rechi19 kuchinja kwekutenda kwaPareto kwakakosha. Musayendisiti akatora nzvimbo yekurwisa-democracy uye yekuchengetedza. Mune nguva kubva muna 1892 kusvikira muna 1894 Pareto yakabudisa zvimwe zvezvinhu zvake pamusoro penyaya dzezvemari.

Upenyu muSwitzerland

Muna 1893 nguva itsva yakatanga muhupenyu hwesayendisiti weItaly. Panguva ino, akatamira kuSwitzerland, kwaakazova purofesa wezvematongerwo enyika, uyewo mukuru webazi paYunivhesiti yeLausanne. Pareto akatsiviwa munzvimbo iyi L. Walras, anonyanya kuzivikanwa mune zvematongerwo enyika. Wilfredo akadzidza pamabasa ake uye akanga ari mukukoka kwake kuti akauya kuLausanne. Panguva iyoyo, Pareto akazvipira zvakawanda kune sayenzi uye akabudisa nhamba yemabasa ake. MuSwitzerland akaonekwa "Nzira Yezvematongerwe Enyika" (1896-1897), yakanyorwa muFrench. Pamwe pamwe nedzidziso yezvematongerwe enyika Pareto muna 1897 akatanga kuverenga paYunivhesiti yeLausanne uye mumasangano evanhu. Uye gore rakatevera akagamuchira ruzivo rwakakura kubva kuna babamunini vake. Muna 1901, Pareto akatenga imba ye "Angora", iri muCéligny, pamhenderekedzo yeLake Geneva. Akava nzvimbo yake yaaifarira yokuzorora uye kushanda. MuParis muna 1902, bhuku rePareto raSocialist Systems rakabudiswa (rinoratidzwa pasi apa).

Uye muMilan muna 1907 akabudisa "Textbook of Political Economy" Wilfredo Pareto. Mabasa ake makuru ainyatsozivikanwa, asi basa rake rinokosha rakanga richiri mberi.

"Mushandisirwo Pamusoro Pose Unyanzvi"

Wilfredo aifanira kushungurudza muna 1907 mabasa ekudzidzisa nekuda kwechirwere chemwoyo. Mushure mechinguva, kunzwa hutano hwakanaka, akatanga kushanda pa "Treatise on General Sociology." Iri bhuku Vilfredo akanyora makore mashanu, kubva muna 1907 kusvika muna 1912. Muna 1916, bhuku rake rokutanga mumutauro weItaly rakaitwa, uye makore matatu gare gare Chirairo chakabudiswa muFrench. Wilfredo Pareto kubva panguva ino kusvikira pakuguma kwemazuva ake achitsvakurudza chete mundima yezvematongerwo enyika. PaYunivhesiti yeLausanne muna 1918, makore ake makumi masere akatemberera.

Makore ekupedzisira ehupenyu

Nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika yeItaly mukutanga kwema1920 yakabudisa mabasa akawanda anofadza uye anokosha. Muna 1921, Milan yakabudisa "Kuchinja kweDemocracy", iyo inopfupisa pfungwa dzose dzeyiasayendisiti. Nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu mumabasa akawanda emagariro ake anonzwisisana neFarcisism yeItaly, iyo yaakatsanangura kutsigira. Yaiva panguva ino, muna 1922, B. Mussolini (akafananidzirwa pamusoro) akauya nesimba muItaly. Hurumende itsva yairemekedza Pareto, vazhinji vedhengo dzake, kusanganisira Duce pachake, vakazviona sevadzidzi veWilfredo. Pareto muna 1923 vakava senator weumambo hweItaly. Ipapo akafira kuCéligny uye akavigwa pano.

Zvikonzero zvekushandisa kumarudzi evanhu

Sezvazvakataurwa pamusoro apa, Pareto panzvimbo pfupi yakabva yashandura kuhutano hwevanhu, sezvo ichitova nyanzvi inonyatsozivikanwa mumunda wezvematongerwo enyika. Izvo zvaive zvakabatana? Zvichida nokuti Wilfredo akamira kuronga pfungwa ye "murume wezvematongerwo enyika" yaive yakanganisa uye mukati umo musayendisiti akashanda kwemazuva mazhinji, achidzidza misika yemhando, pamwe nekugoverwa kwemari munharaunda uye mamwe matambudziko emari. Kunyangwe mumabasa akasika muma1900 uye kumazana ekutanga kwemazana emakore makumi maviri, kufarira kwomuvambi mumufananidzo mutsva wemurume kunoonekwa. Pakuzara chido ichi chakazadziswa mu "Treatise on General Sociology" - basa rakaoma (anenge anenge mapeji 2000 emagwaro).

Kurasikirwa kwemuenzaniso wekunzwisisa

Pareto asina kungoita chisarudzo akasarudza kusiya iyo iyo ndiyo yakanyanya kunyanya kuratidza muenzaniso wevanhu, kunyange iye pachake kwemakore akawanda aiva mutsigiri wayo. Maererano nemuenzaniso uyu, munhu wekutanga anofunga nezvezviito, maererano nezvinangwa zviri pamberi pake, uye zvino anoita zviito zvinotungamirira mukubudirira kwavo. Maererano nepfungwa yePareto, zvose zvinowanzoitika mune imwe nzira. Kutanga, munhu anoita zvimwe zviito pasi peshuvo yezvaanoda uye manzwiro, uye zvino anozvitsanangura, achiedza kushanda nekugadzirisa kwekududzira. Izvi, chaizvoizvo, zvinovakirwa pane imwe pfungwa huru yaWilfredo - nheyo yekusarurama.

Zvisinei, musayendisiti haapfuuri kududziro dzisinganzwisisiki dzezviito zvevanhu. Pane zvakasiyana, anoedza kusimbisa manzwisisiro, achiita kuti ive "ye-ultra-rationalism," apo hurukuro inosanganisira kwete kungofunga, asiwo kuongorora uye kuedza kuratidzira mafungiro anoshandiswa nevanhu kuti vanyengedze ivo nevamwe, vachiedza kuviga vavariro chaiyo yezviito nezviito zvavo.

Ngatitendei kune chirevo, nekuda kwekuti vazhinji vanoziva zita reasayendisiti akadaro saWilfredo Pareto.

Dzidziso yevatungamiri

Pareto ndiye muumbi wenyanzvi yevanyori. Akataura nezvekuchinja kwavo nguva dzose. Nhoroondo yemuongorori weItaly anonzi guva revahedheni, vashoma vanorwisana nesimba, vachiuya mairi, vachifarira simba uye vachitsiviwa nemamwe maduku. Wilfredo akataura kuti vanhu vakaderera vanowanzoramba. Nekudaro, "vasiri vorudzi" vanogona kuvasika ivo vanotsigira vakakodzera. Izvi zvakakosha, nokuti kazhinji vana havana humiro hwakanaka hwevabereki vavo. Chido chekuparadzirwa nekugara kwekushanduka kwevatungamiri kunotsanangurwa nekuti avo vari musimba vanorasikirwa nesimba ravo, iro rakavabatsira kuti vatore nzvimbo yavo muzuva.

Elements

Sangano rinotsvaga kurongeka kwevanhu, iro rinopiwa nekubatana kwemasimba akasiyana-siyana. Pareto akadana masimba aya. Wilfredo akacherechedza zvikamu zvina zvakakosha: unyanzvi, hupfumi, hupfumi uye zvematongerwe enyika.

Kusiyana kwepfungwa kwevanhu

Dzidziso yaWilfredo Pareto inotarisa kunyanya kuve nechinangwa chezviito zvevanhu, saka mutemo wemusayendisiti weItaly unonyanya kushanda kwepfungwa. Kushandisa mukuongorora kwematongerwe enyika uye musangano nzira yepfungwa, Wilfredo akatsanangura kusagadzikana kwepfungwa kwevanhu vane marudzi akasiyana-siyana emagariro evanhu. Akataura kuti hupenyu hwakasiyana, uye vanhu vanopesana netsika, mumuviri uye nepfungwa. Tinogona kufungidzira kuti Wilfredo elite anotsanangurwa nemafungiro evanhu vasina hanya. Vakatotanga purogiramu yekuongorora kukosha kwomunhu mune imwe nzvimbo yemabasa.

Sei vanhu vakuru vachigara musimba?

Vakuru vepfungwa yePareto vakaparadzaniswa muzvikamu zviviri: "kwete-kutonga" uye "kutonga." Ikokupedzisira inobata muhutungamiri, uye wekutanga haisi kurega kuita zvisarudzo zvine simba. Chikoro chiduku musimba chinowanikwa chikamu nesimba raro, uye chikamu nekuda kwekutsigirwa kwekirasi iri pasi. Panguva imwecheteyo, sezvakataurwa naVilfredo Pareto, avo vane maonero evanhu vemazuva mazhinji, zvakanyanya "kubvumirwa" kunobva pakukwanisa kwevane simba pakuita kuti vamwe vave nekodzero dzavo. Mikana yekubvumirwa, iyo yaitenda, inobva mukukwanisa kushandura manzwiro uye manzwiro evanhu. Zvisinei, kukwanisa kunyengetedza hakubatsiri nguva dzose kuchengetedza simba, uye saka, vakuru vanofanirwa kunge vakagadzirira kuita nekusimbisa.

Mhando mbiri dzevanhu vakuru

Mune dzidziso yePareto elite, mavara maviri anozivikanwa: "mafungu" uye "shumba". Kana sangano rezvematongerwe enyika rakasimba, "shumba" dzinokunda. Nzira isina kugadzikana inoda kushamwaridzana, vatsva, masimba ane simba, saka pane "mapoka." Kubviswa kweumwe wevamwe nehumwe chikonzero chekuti chokwadi chimwe nechimwe chezvizvi zvevarume vane zvigaro zvayo. Zvisinei, vanorega kusangana nezvido zvehutungamiri hwevanhu vazhinji munguva. Kuchengetedzwa kwehutano hwemamiriro ezvo saka zvinoda kuchinja nguva dzose kwevatungamiri, sezvavanomuka mamiriro ezvinhu anodzokorora.

Mutemo waWilfredo Pareto

Ichi chimwe chiitiko chinonakidza chaWilfredo. Kana zvisina kudaro inonzi chirevo che 20/80, kana Pareto chirevo. Uyu ndiwo mutemo wekutonga, maererano neiyo 20% yekuedza kunotipa 80% yemugumisiro, uye zvakasara 80% - 20% chete. Mutemo weWilfredo Pareto unogona kushandiswa sechinhu chakakosha paunenge uchiongorora kushanda kwezviitiko zvebasa iro chinangwa chekugadzirisa mhinduro. Maererano nePareto curve, kusarudza zvishoma zvakakosha zvezviito zvakakosha, tinowana chikamu chikuru chegumisiro rose. Kuvandudzwa kwakapfurikidza hakubatsiri uye hakugoni kuve kwakarurama.

Mifananidzo inopiwa mumutemo, hongu, haigoni kuonekwa seyakarurama. Izvi, pane kudaro, mutemo wemwonic. Kusarudzwa kwe nhamba makumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi maviri nemakumi maviri kune chikwereti kune zvakakosha zvaWilfredo, izvo zvakazarura chimiro chekupararira kwemari yemhuri muItaly. Akacherechedza kuti 80 muzana yemari inowanikwa mu 20% yemhuri.

Zvechokwadi, isu taingozvitaura mumashoko akawanda pamusoro pemupiro wesayenzi yakaitwa naWilfredo Pareto. Nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika nokuda kwebasa rake yakatanga kushingaira kukura. Kutarisa kwemainzi masayendisiti akakweverwa kwairi. Wilfredo Pareto, ane mazano makuru anokosha mazuva ano, ndeimwe yevanhu vanozivikanwa zvikuru vezvemagariro evanhu uye vezvematongerwo enyika emakore ekuma19 ne20.