X-raya mamiriro. IX-ray tube ndiyo inokonzera mazai eoni here?

Munhoroondo youpenyu Panyika zvinenge vanongogara vachisangana nevanhu yepasi pose mwaranzi uye vakadzidza navo pave radionuclides, uye nemwaranzi yose sezvingatarisirwa kuitika zvinhu. upenyu ano akararamawo zvose zviri uye zvokukwegura kwezvakatipoteredza, kusanganisira dzinongoitika manyuko X-ray.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti dzakakwirira kwevari nemwaranzi Chokwadi, kukuvadza muviri, dzimwe mhando nemwaranzi zvinokosha muupenyu. Somuenzaniso, nechekumashure nemwaranzi chabatsira inokosha zvemakemikari uye chaivo-shanduka. Uyewo pachena ndechokuti richipisa Dzenyika chinoumba inopiwa uye nekugadzirwa kuora richipisa zvikuru, tinongonzwa kuitika radionuclides.

yepasi pose mwaranzi

Radiation pamusoro extraterrestrial mavambo, izvo ichi- kunotutirwa Pasi, akadana yepasi pose.

Chokwadi chokuti rakapinza nemwaranzi inowira pasi redu kubva muchadenga, asi kwete pano mavambo, yakawanikwa kuedza kuyera ionization akasvibira padaro rinenge zvakasiyana, kubva wegungwa kusvika 9.000 m. It Vakawana kuti kusimba ari ionizing mwaranzi wacho wakaderedzwa kusvika kukwirira 700 m, uye kuramba kukwira nokukurumidza kwakawedzera. The kwokutanga Kuderera inogona kunzi vasanyanye kusimba pano wegamma mwaranzi uye kuwedzera - yepasi pose.

X-ray manyuko ari muchadenga ndeinotevera:

• boka mapoka enyeredzi;
• Seyfert mapoka enyeredzi;
• zuva;
• nyeredzi;
• quasars;
• maburi dema;
• supernova vakasara;
• dwarfs chena;
• nyeredzi rima uye nevamwe.

Uchapupu nemwaranzi kwakadaro Somuenzaniso, ndiko kuwedzera yepasi pose ranzi kusimba aona munyika mushure hadzitani. Asi nyeredzi yedu haisi chikuru Contributor kuna zvachose zvinoyerera sezvo kusiyana ayo mazuva ose kwazvo duku.

Two marudzi matanda

Yepasi pose mwaranzi akakamurwa nesekondari. Radiation asingadi kushamwaridzana nyaya mumhepo kana hydrosphere lithosphere Nyika, yainzi chikuru. Inoitwa protons (≈ 85%) uye Alpha-inoramba (≈ 14%), pamwe zviduku zvikuru Rwako (<1%) kwakanyanya nuclei. Secondary yepasi pose X mwaranzi, matsime nemwaranzi iyo - chikuru nemwaranzi uye mhepo ine subatomic nezvimedu zvakadai pions, muons uye maerekitironi. At wegungwa, anenge vose vakachengeta mwaranzi unotora yechipiri yepasi pose mwaranzi 68% izvo ndiko muons uye 30% - ne maerekitironi. Asingasviki 1% of kuerera panguva wegungwa ine protons.

Primary yepasi pose mwaranzi vanowanzotevedzera kuva guru kinetic simba. Vari chokwadi mhosva uye kuwana simba nokuda kumhanyisa mu rinobva minda. Mune Vacuum nzvimbo mhosva nezvimedu vanogona kurarama kwenguva refu, uye rwendo mamiriyoni amakore chiedza. Panguva ndege iyi, ivo wana yakakwirira kinetic nesimba sezvakarayirwa 2-30 GeV (1 GeV = September ¹⁰ EV). nezvimedu akazvimirira vane masimba kusvikira 10 ¹⁰ GeV.

Yakakwirira simba chezvinhu yepasi pose mwaranzi kuvatendera chaizvoizvo akatsemura kudhumhana kwemaatomu ari pasi muchadenga. Pamwe neutrons, protons, uye subatomic nezvimedu zvinogona kuumbwa vakareruka zvinhu zvakadai sehydrogen, nehelium, uye beryllium. Muons nguva dzose mhosva, uye nokukurumidza nekuwora kupinda maerekitironi kana positrons.

rinobva nhoo

Kuwanda yepasi pose mwaranzi pamwe kuwedzera zvikuru kusvika vaifanira panguva anenge 20 km. 20 km pamusoro mumhepo (kusvika 50 km), kunyatsoita kunoderedza.

muenzaniso uyu imhaka vawedzere kugadzirwa nemwaranzi yechipiri nokuwedzera mhepo arambe achirema. akaita Panguva kukwira pamusoro 20 km mugove yakakura zvikuru mwaranzi wakapinda kudyidzana, uye zvikuru rutapudzo kubva 20 km kusvikira wegungwa inoratidza uptake pakati yechipiri matanda ezvinhu, yakaenzana mvura vanenge 10-mita rukoko.

The nemwaranzi kuchinyanya zvakare ukama rusununguko rwokuzvisarudzira. Nenguva serimwe yepasi pose kuyerera kunowedzera kubva neequator kuti rusununguko rwokuzvisarudzira 50-60 ° uye anoramba achitsungirira kusvikira nematanda. Izvi imhaka chimiro remagineti Nyika uye kuparadzira zvikuru mwaranzi simba. Magnetic mitsetse simba mhiri muchadenga rinowanzoshandiswa noku panyika panguva neequator uye perpendicular kuti mapango. Mhosva nezvimedu nyore zvinokambaira remagineti mitsetse, asi yakaoma kukurira ayo transverse mirayiridzo. Kubva matanda 60 ° raishanda zvose chezvinhu mwaranzi rinosvika pasi muchadenga, uye panguva neequator chete zvacho pamwe nesimba kwazvo 15 GeV, unogona kupinda napakati rinobva nhoo.

Secondary manyuko maekisirei

Somugumisiro nesungano pakati yepasi pose mwaranzi vane nyaya dzose yakabereka inokosha mari radionuclides. Vazhinji vavo zvimedu, asi vamwe vavo vari inoumbwa activation pamusoro akatsiga maatomu vane neutrons uye muons. Natural Kugadzirwa radionuclides mumhepo unoenderana kusimba yepasi pose mwaranzi panguva kukwira uye Latitude. About 70% wavo munguva stratosphere, uye 30% - iri troposphere.

Kunze H-3 uye C-14, radionuclides kazhinji iri kuwanda chaizvo duku. Tritium rakasanganiswa uye vakavhengana nemvura uye H 2, uye C-14 rinobatanidza pamwe reokisijeni kuti aumbe CO _2, iyo hwakakanyiwa carbon dioxide inobvisa mhepo. Carbon-14 anopinda chirimwa kuburikidza photosynthesis.

nemwaranzi Nyika

Pakati radionuclides zhinji kuti akaumba Earth, chete vashoma vane hafu-upenyu refu zvakakwana kutsanangura kwavo kuvapo ano. Kana redu rakaumbwa anenge mabhiriyoni 6 apfuura, vakanga kuramba vari kuyerwa zvakawanda, zvaizoda nehafu-upenyu makore anenge mamiriyoni 100.. Chezvinhu radionuclides, izvo zvichiri kuwanikwa, vatatu kukosha. X-ray bhuku iri K-40, U-238 uye Th-232. Uranium exchange uye thorium kuora cheni, mumwe chimiro zvigadzirwa zviri dzinenge nguva dzose pamberi yepakutanga isotope. Kunyange zvazvo vakawanda mwanasikana radionuclides pfupi, ivo mune zvakatipoteredza, nokuti nguva dzose aumba kubva-refu pfupi Precursors.

Other-refu refu chepakutanga X-ray manyuko, muna pfupi, vari pasi chaizvo kuwanda. This Rb-87, La-138, Ce-142, Small-147, Lu-176, uye zvichingodaro. D. Sezvingatarisirwa yokuvamba neutrons vanoumba vamwe radionuclides zhinji, asi pfungwa dzavo rinowanzova zvikuru pasi. In basa Oklo muna Gabon, Africa, raiva uchapupu nezvokuvapo "rwokuzvarwa reactor" umo zvenyukireya kuitike. Kuparadzwa U-235 uye kuvapo fission zvigadzirwa mukati vapfumi uranium exchange deposits, kuratidza kuti anenge mabhiriyoni 2 years ago, pane chakaitika nomuzvarirwo pave nekukurukurirana cheni maitiro.

Pasinei nokuti yepakutanga radionuclides vari ubiquitous, wevasungwa kwavo kunobva nzvimbo. The chikuru dura rwokuzvarwa radioactivity ndiyo lithosphere. Uyezve, mukati lithosphere nayo dzinosiyana chaizvo. Dzimwe inobatanidzwa mamwe yeimwe uye zvicherwa, dzimwe nguva - kunyanya muAfrica nemhiri kwemakungwa, pamwe shoma kuwirirana pamwe mhando matombo uye zvicherwa.

Kupiwa chikuru radionuclides vavo mwanasikana zvigadzirwa dzinongoitika zvinhu zvipenyu anoenderana zvinhu zvakawanda, kusanganisira makemikari ehupfumi ari nuclides, panyama zvikonzero zviri mararamiro, uyewo vasiri uye zvipenyu unhu kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. Weathering pamusoro pamatombo, chavainyanya rechirwere anopa ivhu U, Th uye K. Th uye U kuora zvigadzirwa vari kutora chikamu mune chirongwa ichi. Of ivhu K, Ra, U ikakuruma, uye shoma Th kunyura miti. Ivo anoshandisa potassium-40 uyewo akatsiga uye K. Radium, U-238 kuora chigadzirwa, aishandiswa chirimwa, kwete nokuti ane isotope, uye sezvo mishonga yakafanana karusiyamu. Absorção de Água kuti uranium exchange uye thorium zvirimwa kazhinji duku, sezvo radionuclides izvi kazhinji insoluble.

radon

Chinokosha kupfuura zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa mwaranzi maatomu akafanana zviri shata uye odorless, gasi asingaoneki, inova 8 nguva kunorema kupfuura mhepo, radon. Inoitwa isotopes huru mbiri - radon-222, mumwe kuora zvibereko U-238 uye Radon-220, yakaumbwa nokuda kuora pakati Th-232.

Matombo, ivhu, miti, mhuka emit radon mumhepo. The gasi chibereko pakati kuora ose Radium, uye dzikabereka chero zvinhu kuti rine nayo. Sezvo radon - inert gasi, anogona oga hukawanika neVadzidzi mhepo. Huwandu radon, iyo dzinobva munhu akapiwa padombo kunoenderana uwandu Radium uye pamusoro nharaunda. The duku rudzi, ndipo inogona kusunungura radon. Rn wevasungwa mumhepo pedyo radiysoderzhaschimi zvinhu zvakare hakunei mhepo velocity. Mudzimba, mumapako uye zvimbambaira, vane murombo mhepo makopi, wevasungwa kuti radon anogona kusvika zvinokosha siyana.

Rn nokukurumidza uchiora nokuumba dzakatevedzana mwanasikana radionuclides. Yatangwa mumhepo radon kuora zvigadzirwa vari pamwe nezvimedu duku paguruva, rinopedza panyika uye zvinomera, uye ari inhaled ne mhuka akabatanidzwa. Mvura zvikurukuru zvinobudirira anatswa mhepo kubva radioactive okunze, asi kudhumhana uye deposition kuti aerosol nezvimedu kunosimudzirawo deposition yavo.

In wakasvinura mumamirire ekunze, wevasungwa kuti radon mumba Paavhareji vanenge 5-10 nguva kupfuura panze.

Mumakore mashoma emakore, murume "artificially" anobudiswa akawanda zana radionuclides muchiridzira X-ray nemwaranzi manyuko, zvivako uye mafomu izvo zvinoshandiswa mukurapa, zvechiuto, simba zera, uye zvishandiso kuti chicherwa kudziongorora.

Nomumwe kunoita nevanhu nemwaranzi matsime dzinosiyana zvikuru. Vanhu Vazhinji kuwana duku dose kubata mwaranzi, asi vamwe - zhinji zviuru kakapetwa nemwaranzi dzinongoitika zvinyorwa. Zvinyorwa Man-akaita vari nani dzinodzorwa pane zvakasikwa.

X-ray manyuko mukurapa

The maindasitiri uye dzokurapa kushandiswa, sezvo mutemo, chete radionuclides yakaisvonaka, iyo huve nyore kuti kuziva nzira achigarira maoko kubva okuchengetera nzvimbo uye kwetsvina rikurumidze.

nemwaranzi zvikumbiro mukurapa kwakapararira uye Tingangonyanya kuchikosha zvazvinoita. Izvi zvinosanganisira mabhuku X-ray kushandiswa mushonga:

• Diagnostics;
• kurapa;
• Analytical nzira;
• pacing.

For chirwere kushandiswa sezvo private manyuko, uyewo akasiyana-siyana radioactive tracers. Health zvivako kazhinji kusiyanisa kushanda sezvo radiology uye mushonga yenyukireya.

Ko X-ray chubhu kunobva ionizing mwaranzi? Computed tomography uye fluoroscopy - inozivikanwa chirwere pachishandiswa zvinoitwa nayo. Uyezve, mune zvokurapa radiography, pane zvakawanda matsime mafomu isotope kusanganisira wegamma uye Beta, uye experimental Nyuturoni manyuko tubhokisi apo X-ray michina vari zvakavaomera, zvisizvo, kana angava nengozi. Kubva pfungwa nemaonero ikoroji, X-ray nemwaranzi hakuna ngozi chero zvinyorwa zvayo kuramba vanozvidavirira uye kuraswa zvakanaka. Panyaya iyi, nyaya zvinhu Radium, radon uye tsono radiysoderzhaschih luminescent yeimwe vasiri zvinokurudzira.

X-ray manyuko maererano ⁹⁰ Sr kana ¹⁴⁷ pm inowanzoshandiswa. The kwaita ²⁵² CF sezvo inotakurika Nyuturoni jenareta Nyuturoni radiography akaita nevakawanda kuwanikwa, kunyange zvavo, nzira iyi ichiri zvikuru novimba Kuwanikwa zvenyukireya reactors.

mushonga yenyukireya

The chikuru ngozi yacho Environmental Impact vari radioisotope Labels mukurapa yenyukireya uye X-ray zvinyorwa. Mienzaniso pamamiriro zvazviri zvinotevera:

• irradiation murwere;
• nokufumura chipatara vashandi;
• irradiation apo akatakura radioactive Pharmaceuticals;
• Impact ari kugadzira muitiro;
• matambudziko radioactive kunouraya.

Mumakore achangopfuura kwave kune tsika kuderedza nokufumura varwere kuburikidza pakatanga pfupi-akararama isotopes zvakawanda akapotsa rinotarisa mabasa uye kushandiswa zvikuru vemunyika zvigadzirwa.

Maduku hafu-upenyu kunoderedza vasisanetswi mwaranzi kubva akawanda-refu refu zvinhu ndiyo goho kuburikidza neitsvo.

Zvinoita sokuti matambudziko zvakatipoteredza kubudikidza sewerage hurongwa hakunei kana murwere ari muchipatara kana kubatwa pamusoro outpatient hwaro. Kunyange zvazvo choutsi ose radioactive zvinhu kungangova pfupi, tinofanira kugara mugumisiro yekudyidzana akapfuudza pamwero kusvibisa zvose renyukireya simba miriwo zvabatanidzwa.

The anowanzodanwa kushandiswa radionuclides mukurapa - X-ray zvinyorwa:

• ^99m Tc - kushanda pakuvheneka kuti dehenya uye pfungwa, chepfungwa ropa Scan, mwoyo, chitaka, bapu, thyroid shwanu, placental localization;
• ¹³¹ Ini - ropa, chiropa Scan, placental localization, kushanda pakuvheneka uye Mabatirwo thyroid;
• ⁵¹ Kr - Kutsunga nguva ariko ropa masero matsvuku kana sequestration, ropa vhoriyamu;
• ⁵⁷ Co - Schilling mharidzo;
• ³² P - metastasized kuti pfupa.

kushandiswa kwakapararira radioimmunoassay kurapa mwaranzi kuongorora weti uye dzimwe tsvakurudzo nzira vachishandisa akanzi Organic yeimwe yekudyidzana zvakawedzera kushandisa mvura-scintillation gadziriro. Organic phosphorus mhinduro zvinowa- kwakavakirwa toluene kana xylene, vanoumba kumbonyanya guru vhoriyamu emura makemikari tsvina izvo zvinofanira kuraswa. Processing iri mvura, kutokupinza nengozi uye zvakatipoteredza isingagamuchiriki. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, zvatinofarira anopiwa kutambisa incineration.

Sezvo refu-akararama ³ H kana ¹⁴ C zviri nyore soluble mune zvakatipoteredza, zvazvinoita iri chakaipa siyana. Asi tinofanira kugara zvinogona kuva nechiso.

Chimwe kushandiswa yezvokurapa pamusoro radionuclides - kushandiswa plutonium mabhatiri kuti pacemakers simba. Zviuru zvevanhu vapenyu nhasi nemhaka chokwadi kuti namano izvi kubatsira ishande mwoyo yavo. Rakanamatidzwa mabhuku ²³⁸ Pu (150 GBq) surgically muchibereko varwere.

Industrial X-ray nemwaranzi: zvinyorwa, zvivako uye mafomu

Medicine - handiyo chete nzvimbo umo akawana kushandisa chikamu ichi remagetsi chakarondedzera. Chikamu chakakura chakaitwa nomunhu nemwaranzi ezvinhu zvinoshandiswa maindasitiri radioisotopes uye X-ray zvinyorwa. Mienzaniso chikumbiro ichi:

• maindasitiri radiography;
• nemwaranzi chipimo;
• utsi michina;
• kuzvidzora luminous zvinhu;
• X-ray crystallography;
• scanners nokuti inisipekita mukwende uye kutakura-pamusoro mukwende;
• X-ray lasers;
• synchrotrons;
• cyclotrons.

Sezvo vazhinji mafomu aya dzinosanganisira kushandiswa encapsulated isotopes, irradiation kunoitika munguva chokufambisa, kuchinjwa, kuvariritira uye Utilisation.

Ko X-ray chubhu kunobva ionizing mwaranzi mu indasitiri? Hungu, rinoshandiswa isiri dzinoparadza Airport kuzvidzora mugadziriro, muna nekristaro tsvakurudzo, zvinhu uye zvivako, maindasitiri kuongorora. Mumakore gumi apfuura, kuti dose nemwaranzi yokuwana mune zvesayenzi uye maindasitiri zvasvika hafu kukosha chinoratidza izvi mushonga; Naizvozvo, chipo chinokosha.

Encapsulated X-ray manyuko voga kuvabatsira. Asi zvokufambisa kwavo uye kukwanisa kana vari vakarasika kana netsaona ugokandwa dustbin. Kwakadaro mabhuku X-ray anowanzoshandurwa nokukura uye kuiswa mune discs miviri-chisimbiso kana sepombi. The capsules wakaumbwa Stainless simbi uye zvinoda nguva nenguva rokuongorora kuti idonhe. Recycling kungava dambudziko. Pfupi anogona kuponesa uye kuora, asi kunyange muchiitiko ichi, dzinofanira zvakakodzera kufungwa nezvake, uye tichishanda zvinhu zvinofanira kuraswa nenzira marezenisi jeri. Zvikasadaro, ivo capsules anofanira akatumira specialized masangano. ukobvu yavo anosarudza ukuru basa zvinhu uye X-ray mabviro chikamu.

Storage nzvimbo X-ray zvinyorwa

A dambudziko richikura ndiyo yakachengeteka decommissioning uye decontamination kuti maindasitiri nzvimbo umo radioactive zvinhu zvinochengeterwa kare. Kumboda nayo kare yakavakwa emakambani kuti processing zvenyukireya zvinhu, asi anofanira kuva chikamu mamwe maindasitiri, dzakadai mafekitari kuti pagadzirwe anozvipira luminous tritium zviratidzo.

Dambudziko chinokosha ndiko refu-akararama zvinyorwa yakaderera-sandara, izvo rinoparadzirwa. Somuenzaniso, ²⁴¹ Am inoshandiswa utsi michina. Kuwedzera radon Nde X-ray manyuko mumba. Nomumwe havaiti kuipa chero ngozi, asi chinokosha nhamba wavo anogona kuva dambudziko mune ramangwana.

zvenyukireya kuputika

Mumakore 50 apfuura, mumwe akanga pasi zvinoitwa nemwaranzi kubva radioactive fallout kunokonzerwa zvombo zvenyukireya yokuedzwa. Ivo kwakanyanyisa muna 1954-1958 uye 1961-1962 makore.

Muna 1963, nyika nhatu (USSR, USA uye Great Britain) dzakasaina chibvumirano pane zvishomanana kurambidza zvenyukireya miedzo mumhepo, makungwa uye muchadenga. Mumakore maviri akatevera emakore, France uye China ichiitwa dzakatevedzana nemiedzo zviduku zvikuru, izvo zvikanyarara muna 1980. nemiedzo Underground vachiri kuitwa, asi kazhinji havaiti kukonzera kunayisa.

Radioactive kusvibiswa pashure ratinoona miedzo kuwira pedo nzvimbo kuputika. Muchikamu, vanoramba vari troposphere uye vakatakudzwa nemhepo yose nyika panguva iyoyo Latitude. Sezvatinoongorora kufamba, anowira pasi, kugara kwerinenge mwedzi mudenga. Asi yakanakisisa chikamu kusingachakosheswi stratosphere, apo kusvibiswa anoramba kwemwedzi yakawanda, uye kutura zvishoma nezvishoma mhiri nyika.

The fallout zvinosanganisira mazana radionuclides siyana, asi chete vashoma vavo vanokwanisa kuita muviri, saka saizi yavo iduku kwazvo, uye kuora kuri nokukurumidza. C-14, Cs-137, Zr-95 uye Sr-90 ndivo rinonyatsooneka.

Zr-95 ane hafu-upenyu mazuva 64, uye Cs-137 uye Sr-90 - makore anenge 30. kabhoni-14 chete chete nehafu upenyu makore 5730 richaramba basa munguva yemberi iri kure.

renyukireya

Renyukireya riri kupfuura dzichipesana ose kunobva nemwaranzi nevanhu, asi ine mupiro chaizvo duku kuti zvazvinoita utano hwevanhu. Panguva dzose kushanda zvivako zvenyukireya emit kupinda hwaiitwa shoma nemwaranzi. On February 2016, pakanga 442 kushanda zvenyukireya reactors vehurumende munyika 31, uye mumwe 66 vari pasi kuvakwa. Izvi chete chikamu kugadzirwa kutenderera zvenyukireya mafuta. Unenge pagadzirwe nokurumanya kuti uranium exchange esimbi uye kunosvika azoshandiswa renyukireya mafuta. Pashure kushandiswa simba miti Fuel masero dzimwe nguva kupatsanurwa kuti kuzoita uranium exchange uye plutonium. Pakupedzisira, kutenderera inoguma tsvina yenyukireya. Padanho rimwe nerimwe ichi kutenderera igorega mwaranzi inopisa.

About nehafu kugadzirwa nyika yose uranium exchange esimbi rinobva rakavhurika mugomba, imwe hafu - kubva mumigodhi. Zvakange ipapo pasi zvigayo pedyo kuti pave yakawanda tsvina - mazana emamiriyoni matani. tsvina iyi inoramba radioactive mamiriyoni makore kambani rinomira basa raro, kunyange nemwaranzi achine chinhu chiduku kwazvo rwokuzvarwa background.

Zvadaro, uranium exchange iri kuva mafuta ne mamwe kubudiswa uye kucheneswa pamusoro kuramba zvigayo. azvaiitwa kutungamirira mumhepo uye mvura kusvibiswa, asi ivo vari shoma zvikuru pane dzimwe nzendo mafuta kutenderera.