Zemsky hurongwa - nechepakati muviri wehurumende kutarisira. Zemsky kuti: tsananguro uye nhoroondo

Pashure Great distemper zvishoma nezvishoma kupora kuzvidzora Vladimir uye Moscow nyika. hondo dzakawanda uye insurgencies chinhu chekare, nyika yave kugadzikana uye akawana simba tsarist autocracy. Kusimbisa kuzvidzora Akaperekedzwa pakuwedzera yaiona zviremera, pakati pavo pakange Zemsky hurongwa - nechepakati neHurumende uye vachiongorora muviri.

Wokutanga kutaurwa

Panguva Nguva Troubles, hapana chinokosha hurumende masimba havapo. Nharaunda yose Russia yava kwakavhiringidzwa. Asi zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera pokudzora kwomudzimu Moscow weutungamiriri kwakatungamirira pakuwedzera nyika kuwa pasi chepasi of Moscow muchinda, uye saka aida uye nyika zvakanaka pachavo masangano.

Sezvo yakazvimirira sangano Zemsky hurongwa yakatanga kutaurwa magwaro muna 1564, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vashandi vainzi zemstvo madhikoni akaita mabasa avo kubva 1500. The kwaita centralized miviri Board nyika yeRussia inoti kuderera pokudzora kwomuchinda uye boyar vakakwirira, achisimbisa hurumende nechepakati. Zemsky Sobor uye zvirevo vakanga huripo pamatavi maviri simba: zvemitemo uye Executive. Dare yokutanga paKokorodzano panguva yaitonga Ivana Groznogo muna 1549 uye rinobatana unopinza kusembura makakatanwa ari "bottom" uye "pamusoro" nguva, iyo kunooneka pacharo muguta guru enyika Russian, uye pamusoro nechokunze zvemisoro. History convening Zemsky Sobor ane mbiri emakore. Kare, kugadza uye akarayira kuti vaiita mumakamuri mbiri: yokutanga kuenda courtiers, vanokudzwa, vepfuma uye wavadiri, wechipiri - the boyars vana, navabati, namachinda uye vanokudzwa.

The nemamiriro Provincial Order

Unorema machinda Kunyika hurongwa vakanga yodzoka musoro, vakagadzwa vaibva kwamachinda. Vairarama mumigwagwa varindi, uta uye Gunners. Vanodawo pasi yekamuri vanamabharani, uyo aidzora masuo vanazvo mumigwagwa Moscow kare, yarygi - nebasa rokuchenesa pavements uye siyana veguta, kuita mabasa akasiyana-siyana.

Mabasa Provincial Order

Zemsky kuti aite mabasa ake pahwaro vakawanda mitemo uye mirayiro nezviremera. Machinda aro kusundwa raivapo matunhu neminisiparati vanamabharani uye tretnikov - proteges boyars namachinda. Pakati huru mabasa vakuru murayiro vaiva:

• mapindu ndima pasi hwaHerodhi yavo, madhorobha utariri;
• mitero;
• litigation uye litigation pamwe dzakaderera makirasi vemo;
• kwemitemo, moto kukakavara;
• vachirwa kormchestvom, dzepfambi uye kubhejera.

Zvinonyatsorehwa pamwero kukura Moscow aiva hwezuva Ages guta: yakamanikana migwagwa, tsinga dongo, semirwi mupfudze mumigwagwa uye kunhuwa riri sabvumika. For kwevhiki uye mazororo oedza kuunza kuti mumigwagwa Moscow, mamiriro zambuko uye St. Nicholas Butcher Street, izvo kazhinji akadzinga mambo, vachitsigirwa ne vanenge Zvakanakisa. Gare gare, basa rose tsvina akapiwa kuti navanozvininipisa - yaryzhnyh. Vakatarirwawo akarayira kuchenesa mumigwagwa, bvisa tsvina, kuti vashumire stables vanokudzwa vakuru.

Moscow mapurisa basa

Zemsky kuti kubhadhara nebasa Moscow mapurisa, riri basa nzira uye kudzivirira zviduku mhosva. Management kwomudonzvo haana kukuru. Musoro mapurisa dhipatimendi akasarudzwa yodzoka musoro, unova hofisi duku vakanga dzinounzwa. Kuti abatsire vouta vakamira musoro uye zvakachinjikwa vanamabharani. Mufumi wakange dzavo matare uye kuchengeteka basa kuongorora uye anongoda hapana kuonana nemapurisa pachavo.

Development Zemsky utariri

Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi17 Zemsky hurongwa yakakamurwa dzikava mbiri dare County, rakatonga muna zviviri zvakasiyana kumativi Moscow. Kuwanda vakuru vakanga vamboshanda mirairo, akawedzera mabasa ayo. Vose nyaya dzemapepa kwave akakamurwa "chikepe" uye "mari" matafura. Mumabhuku Kunyanya vakanga vapinda mikumbiro, anodudzira ndokugamuchirwa pashure kuongorora sarudzo.

Mushure zvakagadzirwa Peter I, kwakavakirwa European mararamiro, hurongwa yakaguma uye Zemsky Sobor. The Ministry uye Board vakanga inoumbwa dzokumadokero zvivezwa European. Kuti vakanga takapiwa basa kushumira hurumende yekare.

rumutsiriro Zemstva

Muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19, kuderera aripo ezvinhu kumanikidzwa chevaux Alexander II kuchinja maererano utungamiriri kugadzirisa. Imwe rokutanga vakapfuura kuchinja vomunharaunda kuzvitonga, umo zviremera zvomunzvimbo vakapiwa mamwe masimba uye pamwe unogona akazvimirira sarudzo.

Panguva ino, zvakanga akamutsa nyaya pakurapa vomumusha uye kutanga chirongwa "chiremba Zemsky". Order urongwa utano zvakakonzera kure makona nyika vanachiremba uye vakashinga, vane basa zvashata kurapwa.

Zvirongwa zvedzidzo akapa kodzero ezvinhu kuti vadzidze kuverenga nokunyora kupfuura vakawanda mapoka vokuparidzira - vanhuwo zvavo. District Council wakabata sarudzo iri kuvakwa njanji uye kuvakwa guru maindasitiri mabhizimisi. Zvakawanda ngwariro rwakabhadharwa kuna upenyu nemagariro mumataundi maduku uye kusimbisazve: akazaruka dzemitambo, dzemadzimai makosi, ruzhinji mumaraibhurari nezvimwe nemagariro uye dzidzo masangano. Zvinosuruvarisa pokuchinja uye hondo vakaparadza zvose zvingaitika inounzwa upenyu mamiriro zvinhu remakore rechi19.

Panguva ino munhoroondo zvidzidzo uye makwikwi rakazvipira adzidze kare yechizvarigo yake, nevakawanda basa:? "" Order "," Zemsky Sobor "," Ushumiri "," wepakoreji "- kuti zvakanyanya" mhinduro yakarurama vaizova "Zemsky Sobor", sezvo kwakanga Paramende uye zvose dzimwe dziri pachena Kutarisirwa zvikoro - varikutonga.