Zvingaitwa True - chii ichi? Properties uye sezvamunoita

Zvakasikwa, pane anenge asina vakachena zvinhu. Zvavo vari akapa muchimiro wemisanganiswa izvo vanokwanisa wezvamatongerwe homogeneous kana heterogeneous hurongwa.

Kunyanya vechokwadi zvingaitwa

zvingaitwa True - rudzi parara gadziriro vane simba yakakwirira pakati kupararira svikiro uye vakapararira danho.

Chero mushonga kunogona kuwanikwa crystals pamusoro inosiyana. Chero zvazvingava, vachafanira zvakafanana womukati nemamiriro: asi Ionic kana samolecular sekristaro napamahwindo.

kuparadzwa

In nedanho pokutaura mumvura remakungwa yavaibvisa chloride uye shuga uye paumbwe samolecular Ion mhinduro. Zvichienderana ukuru kusabatana, nefuma anogona:

• zvinoonekwa macroscopic inoramba kuti akakura kupfuura 0.2 mm;
• nemaziso nezvimedu kuva PARTICIPLE saizi asingasviki 0.2 neMM, vanogona kubata chete pamaikirosikopu.

Chokwadi uye colloidal zvinogadzirisa akasiyana mune PARTICIPLE kukura solute. Asingaoneki muna maikorosikopu iri crystals inonzi colloidal nezvimedu, uye kunoguma ezvinhu anonzi colloidal mhinduro.

mhinduro danho

Muzviitiko zvizhinji, mhinduro yezvokwadi - iri ichiparara (vakapararira) hurongwa ane homogeneous rudzi. Zvavanopa kuramba hwakasimba danho - muchiaparadzira svikiro nezvimedu akapwanya vamwe chimiro uye kukura (vakaparadzirwa danho). Musiyano colloids kubva vechokwadi gadziriro?

Musiyano mukuru ndiye ukuru inoramba. Colloid-parara hurongwa vaiona heterogeneous, sezvo chiedza maikorosikopu hazvibviri kuona muganhu danho.

zvingaitwa True - ndiro musiyano, kana mune zvakatipoteredza fuma iri muchimiro ions kana mamorekuru. Vanopinda imwe chete-danho homogeneous mhinduro.

Sezvo chinodiwa paumbwe vakaparadzirwa gadziriro vaiona yakawiriranwa pokufa kupararira svikiro uye dispersible fuma. Somuenzaniso, yavaibvisa chloride Naizvozvo uye sucrose, insoluble mu benzene neparafini, mune solvent haazorambi kuumba colloidal mhinduro.

The kupatsanura parara nehurongwa

How yakakamurwa nookuparadzirwa? zvinogadzirisa Chokwadi, colloidal gadziriro dzinoratidzwa parameters akawanda.

Pane chikwata yokubudisa hurongwa ari uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. mamiriro svikiro uye vakaparadzirwa chokutambudzika, paumbwe kana hapana kukurukurirana pakati pavo.

zvinoitwa

Kune vamwe maitiro quantitative pamusoro particulate nyaya. Zvikurukuru govera ukuru kupararira. ukoshi Ndiyo Ivan Kuchin yacho PARTICIPLE saizi. Rinoreva uwandu inoramba kuti zvingaonekwa akaisa mumutsetse ari chinhambwe chimwe sendimita.

Kana apo nezvimedu zvose zvakafanana kukura, ari vakaumba monodisperse hurongwa. Kana dissimilar nezvimedu vakapararira danho kuumbwa polydisperse hurongwa.

With kuwedzera akapararira fuma yakanga yawedzera pezvakaitwa kuti dzinoitika interphase pamusoro. Somuenzaniso, kuwedzera unyanzvi pamusoro nzvimbo vakaparadzirwa kutotanga anowedzera physico-namakemikari anokonzerwa svikiro iri inowanikwa pakati maitikiro maviri.

Variants ose parara gadziriro

Zvichienderana umo kuyaruka achava solute, govera embodiments siyana vaparadzana hurongwa.

Aerosols - nookuparadzirwa umo vakaparadzirwa svikiro vari gaseous chimiro. Makore anosundwa - a pfapfaidzo rine mvura vakaparadzirwa danho. Utsi uye guruva wakadenha zvakasimba vakaparadzirwa kutotanga.

Furo vari gasi vakapararira nemvura fuma. Mvura mu furo kukwegura kuti mafirimu kuti vaparadzane gasi matema.

Emulsions akadana parara hurongwa, apo mumwe mvura iri kuparadzirwa pamusoro bhuku rimwe, pasina Kuparadzwa mairi.

Suspension kana slurry - yakaderera akapararira wemuTesitamende iyo inoramba hwakasimba vari mvura. Colloidal zvingaitwa kana sols kana aqueous kupararira inonzi hydrosol.

Zvichienderana kuvapo (asipo) pakati tudonhwe vakapararira danho iri yoga kana svobodnodispersnye svjaznodispersnye hurongwa. Boka rokutanga rinosanganisira liozoli, aerosols, emulsions, suspensions. In zvakadai hurongwa, hapana kuonana pakati zvacho uye vaparadzana chokutambudzika. Vanotanga pasina okurambidzwa basa mhinduro pasi pokudzora regiravhiti.

Svjaznodispersnye hurongwa inomuka panyaya neVadzidzi tudonhwe vakapararira Pasika, zvichiguma nokuumbwa mune grid chimiro kana framework. Kwakadaro colloidal hurongwa vanonzi gels.

Process gelling (gelation) ndiye Sol-gel kutendeuka kunobva pokutangira Sol iri ashaye hachichinji. Mienzaniso svjaznodispersnye hurongwa zvinosanganisira suspensions, emulsions, Nezvakakuyiwa, furo. Idzi ivhu, yakaumbwa mumakore zvakaitwa Organic (humic zvinhu) uye ivhu zvicherwa.

Rirambe richibvira-vakapararira hurongwa vari vakawanda hwakasimba zvinhu kuti azara capillaries uye pores. Vanotenda kuti rinenge membranes siyana, huni, makadhibhokisi, paper.

zvingaitwa True - a homogeneous gadziriro rine yenhengo maviri. Vanogona zviripo siyana anoti pamusoro aggregation zvokufembedzwa. The solvent kunoonekwa sechinhu pfuma yatorwa rakawandisa. Rokuti kuti zvinotora iri kushomeka akawanda vaiona solute.

Features zvingaitwa

Hard alloys vari zvakare kugadzirisa umo nesimbi dzakasiyana-siyana ave kupararira svikiro uye rokuti. Kubva inoshanda nemaonero, kufarira zviri emura wemisanganiswa umo nemvura mabasa ave solvent.

Vazhinji inorganic zvokufembedzwa kufarira ndiyo mvura. Dzinenge nguva dzose mhinduro yechokwadi chakaumbwa nokusanganisa mvura inoramba iri solute.

Pakati Organic yeimwe ndezvipi zvokufembedzwa zvinosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu: panyaya iyi, methanol, benzene, kabhoni tetrachloride, acetone. Nokuda runobva inofamba pakati mamorekuru kana ions kuti solute chinoumba zvishomanana kusuduruka kunoitika muna mhinduro dzavo, paumbwe idzva homogeneous hurongwa.

The zvinhu zvakasiyana mano avo vaumbe chigadzikiso. Vamwe vangave aivhengana mune risingaperi akawanda. Muenzaniso pokutaura iri mvura crystals munyu.

Musimboti pokutaura kwacho sokuona ezvinhu kinetic dzidziso ndechokuti pashure pakusuma kupinda solvent munyu crystals pamusoro dissociation waro yavaibvisa cations uye chloride anions. Mhosva nezvimedu kuita chinhu oscillating kufamba, kuti kudhumhana pamwe inoramba iri solvent zvinoisa kuchinja zviri ions vari solvent (kutsinga). Zvishoma nezvishoma muitiro kwakabatana uye zvimwe zvacho akaparadza pamusoro layer rekristaro munyu zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura. Diffusion anogona kuparadzira particulate zvinhu maererano solvent vhoriyamu.

Mhando vechokwadi dambudziko

The mhinduro yechokwadi - hurongwa, iyo rakakamurwa marudzi anoverengeka. Pane kupatsanura pakati hurongwa akadaro mvura uye vasiri aqueous solvent chitarisiko. Vanewo Classified maererano ane pachake ari solute iri alkali, asidhi uye munyu.

Pane akasiyana siyana zvechokwadi mhinduro panyaya Magetsi: vasiri electrolytes, electrolytes. Zvichienderana wevasungwa ari solute vanogona rakasanganiswa kana pfungwa.

zvingaitwa vechokwadi yakaderera samolecular zvinhu kubva thermodynamic nemaonero yakakamurwa chaiyo uye yakanaka.

zvingaitwa kwakadaro kunogona kuva Ion-vakaparadzirwa, uyewo samolecular vaparadzana gadziriro.

yakazara mhinduro

Zvichienderana sei zvinhu zvizhinji pinda mhinduro, pane supersaturated, unsaturated, nomuti zvingaitwa. The mhinduro imvura kana yakasimba homogeneous gadziriro kuti une zvakawanda zvinoti. hazvo kupa solvent uye solute chero akafanana ino. Pamusoro pokufa zvimwe zvinhu vakacherechedza exotherm.

Kwakadaro muitiro zvinogadzirisa kunoratidza dzidziso, maererano iyo pokutaura kunoonekwa sechinhu physico-mushonga muitiro. Pane weboka muitiro mapoka matatu solubility. First vaya zvinhu zviri soluble mune imwe mari 10 g pa 100 g solvent, dzinonzi zvakanaka soluble.

Havaratidzi soluble zvinhu zvaiona, kana asingasviki 10 d zvazvichanyungudutswa 100 g chazvo, vamwe vanonzi insoluble.

mhedziso

Systems rinoumbwa akasiyana in aggregation, PARTICIPLE saizi zvakakodzera kuti kwomuzvarirwo basa nevanhu. Chokwadi, colloidal zvingaitwa dzinokurukurwa pamusoro rinoshandiswa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi Pharmaceuticals, zvokudya kugadzwa. Kuva pfungwa wevasungwa ari solute, anogona kugadzirira kutsvakwa mhinduro, semuenzaniso, ethyl doro kana acetic acid, nokuti zvakasiyana zvinangwa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Zvichienderana umo ezvinhu aggregation vane solute uye solvent, hurongwa wanika vane zvimwe mumuviri uye nemakemikari maitiro.