Zvinoumba mazuvaano reRussia: kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. History of Russia

Mazuvaano ose Russia mukuvamba XX remakore, vakapararira achiati zvose evanhu upenyu. Kumwe iye mberi zvishoma kubudirira, asi kumwe chete zvizhinji. Kwadzo kwakanga kwazvo. Prime Minister Stolypin raizivikanwa akawanda akakurumbira okuti. Mumwe wavo chete kukanganisa upfumi munyika. Kamwe muna Duma Pyotr Abramovich akati kuti nyika inoda kuti makumi emakore oupenyu rugare, kuva mutungamiri nyika zviratidzi dzakawanda. Zvinosuruvarisa kutanga muna 1914, hondo waparadza tarisiro avo.

Development kweSiberia

prerequisites anokosha Russian mazuvaano kwaisanganisira vakawanda water drainage kuti basa nevanhu vari kumabvazuva, undeveloped Siberian nyika. Hurumende vakatsigira vanhu ava (kunyanya varimi). Uyewo, uyu muitiro vakabatsira itsva Siberian njanji. Kutama rwokufamba rasakadzwa kuRussia-Japanese War, apo nyika yakanga isina kusvika murunyararo kukura upfumi. Zvisinei, pashure yokutama makakatanwa rakatanga mutsva rouduku.

Zvinoumba mazuvaano reRussia (kwezana remakore rechi20) riri kubudirira agrarian zvinhu Stolypin uye Krivoshein, kuburikidza icho vanobishaira vanhuwo zvavo vaigona kuwana vakarongeka upfumi hwavo, sezvo ivo akarota kuti kubvira kuguma serfdom.

Vagari akagamuchira hurumende subsidy zvingasakwaniswa 400 rubles (saizi novimba kukosha pfuma). Vanhuwo zvavo vakatamira chaihwo motokari, izvo dzakanyatsoumbwa kuti utakure zvatenzi. In itsva misha nemisha yakarongwa okuchengetera nzvimbo zviyo, Retail zvitoro uye mamwe kwezvivako inokosha. New upfumi akasiyana yakare pokushandisa dzakachinjwa zvokushandisa. The goho riri nzvimbo dzakadaro aiva dzakapfuma uye nani. Varimi Siberian akasika dura munyika. Zvakawandisa zviyo akaenda pasero kwose.

zvekurima zvakagadzirwa

Zvinoumba mazuvaano reRussia (mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20) mumusha uri mukuzvarwa kwakarongerwa pamwe kufamba achiri. Kunyange maneja yakanaka chaizvo zvakanga zvakaoma kuti vajaire nzvimbo itsva woga. Naizvozvo, kuti kuumba cooperatives. Vavakidzani kubatsira mumwe kana matambudziko. New mirairo vakanga zvikuru inobudirira kupfuura zvekare munharaunda.

Munguva kubva 1906 kusvika 1914 kuSiberia, maererano nokufungidzira siyana kwakaita vanhu vanoda kusvika 3 mamiriyoni 700 zviuru. Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu vavo pakupedzisira akagara yokumusha kwavo itsva. Siberian njanji, izvo mumakore okutanga huchishanda rakanga maturo, vakatanga kuuya vachiwana mari nokuda kudiwa. Pausiku World War First kubva kumabvazuva kumatunhu nyika vaitaura matani mamiriyoni 50 yezviyo mamiriyoni 5 nepondo ruomba. nyika Agricultural muWestern Siberia vakanga swamped uye kugona, saka hurumende rakapa mari kuti reclamation kunyika pagore. Chinobudirira kusakarongeka pakati vagari vanoshingaira uye hurumende ndiyo peculiarity kuti mazuvaano reRussia (mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20).

Russia muna 1913

Yepamusoro wokuRussia zvoupfumi akasvika muna 1913 (riri gore rokupedzisira rugare tsarist state). Naizvozvo, vourawa nguva kunzi zvokusvika ndakajeka upfumi chete umambo.

Kuvandudza kurarama nemitemo uye mukana anozvipira Kuzadziswa zvakakanganisa wevanotungamirira mamiriro ezvinhu. Pausiku yehondo yevagari umambo rakanga vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 173. mhuri murimi mudiki ane gumi nevana vasingambooni chakaipa nazvo.

Munyika National mari akasimuka kuti ukoshi 7% munyika chechetere. Mberi vaiva chete US, Germany, uye United Kingdom. In mwero zvoupfumi kukura (uyewo 7% pagore), Russia yakanga nyika yokutanga.

Zvisinei, Russia ceded kumadokero vatungamiri yakadaro inokosha mufananidzo sezvo negoho basa. Akanga asingasviki 5 nguva. Zvinoumba reRussia mazuvaano (kwezana remakore rechi20) ndiko kuti mhanyisa kumhanya kukura, izvo zvaireva kuti dzakawanda havambokwanisi kuramba aine musvine akadaro.

Kugadzirwa njanji

Sezvo panguva pakuguma XIX remakore, kukura richikurukura njanji. Muna 1906 bazi kubva Orenburg kuna Tashkent wakavhurwa. Izvi zvichaita kuderedza kutakurwa Uzbek donje yepamusoro kune misika kuEurope, iyo akaita chinokosha purofiti Entrepreneurs uye hurumende iri muchimiro mitero muchivigiro. Kunyange maviri ehondo taitanga kuvaka mugwagwa pamusoro Kola Peninsula. Iye aifamba kuna Murmansk. Raiva sokuronga kukosha ice-isina chiteshi chengarava raiva kuchamhembe kumiganhu kwenyika. Kuburikidza akaramba nerubatsiro zvinhu.

Steam michini, yakaitwa mainjiniya Russian ari 1910s, havana akaderera, sezvo American kana European dzomuzana. Chii mazuvaano? Ndezvipi peculiarities kuti mazuvaano reRussia? Izvi Chokwadi, dzose kukura chokufambisa. Gore negore, vakawanda nokuda 8%. Mazuvaano zvakakonzera chokwadi kuti Petrograd akazviratidza pakutanga yakafadza njanji chikamu. Zvisinei, munguva pfupi, chimurenga uye hondo yevagari akaisa nyika shure. Vakawanda kupfimbwa mambo nokuda Economy dzave kukanganwa kana zvakananga dzadzimwa kubva vakawanda hana kuitwa censors Soviet.

Makuriro kukurukurirana

All nguva Russian mazuvaano, akaitwa kusvika XX remakore, haana kuita kuti akadaro nokukurumidza kukura munyaya zvose zvoupenyu. Izvi zvinonyatsooneka mberi mumunda foni mabasa. Panguva maindasitiri emakambani, hurumende masangano, mapepanhau, tsamba uye zvichingodaro. E. Paiva itsva namano. Muna 1910, munyika nayo akatuma mamiriyoni 200 neteregiramu. Kuwanda zvinhu simbi yasvika mabhiriyoni maviri.

Chii mazuvaano? Ndezvipi peculiarities kuti mazuvaano reRussia? Iye aifanira zvinodiwa kwenzanga. Munguva dzezvokukurukurirana nemauto nyika yakatarisana wayo chinokosha - ndima yakakura. Nokuda huru nzvimbo Russia vasingagoni kupa zvakakwana pachayo zvose zvinodiwa kuti nokukurumidza uye nyore kutaurirana pakati vanhu. Muenzaniso kundorwa Japan, kana pasherefu kwevhiki kusvika kumberi kuFar East, wakange kupfuura yezvinongoerekana zvaitika.

Kwakadaro vaiva zvinhu zvakawanda mazuvaano reRussia. Tafura rinoratidza kiyi kusiyana kwayo.

sectors hwenyika

Domestic zviri maindasitiri mazuvaano vaifanira devyatiprotsentnom kukura munharaunda zhinji upfumi. Mumakore mashanu apfuura, rugare upenyu hwacho nhamba emakambani dzakasiyana urongwa yakawedzera wechitatu.

Hezvino zvimwe zviratidzo. Munguva kubva 1893 kusvika 1913 ari simbi nesimbi uye simbi yakawedzera ka13, marasha mining - ne 4 nguva, Central Asian donje kubudiswa - .. ka7, uye zvichingodaro dzisingadi anokosha uye zvinovimbisa sectors hwenyika. Raiva Whitehead Textile, huni, zvokudya, uye simbi indasitiri. nzvimbo idzi Vauya mukuru zvisingabatsiri.

In Russia pakutanga ramakumi remakore yaigadzira zvokudya doro anogadzirwa vakawanda (chete zvaparadzwa mudzimai kumusika), shuga uye furawa (aivigirwa).

Kugadzirwa kumatunhu

In reEurope chikamu Russia vaipfuura 90% akaitwa munyika. Huru yaiva nechepakati nzvimbo, yaisanganisira Moscow, Yaroslavl, Tver, Kostroma uye Nizhny Novgorod province. Yakatangawo nokukurumidza uye kuSiberia. Muna 1914, unokosha Kugadzirwa Kuznetsk marasha bheseni akatanga muna Tomsk province.

nharaunda idzva rakaumbwa nokuda zvoupfumi kukura. Raiva Altai mudunhu, raikura nokukurumidza Novosibirsk, akazviratidza pamusoro Trans-Siberian Railway.

Nevhu rakawandisa uye Trade

By pakutanga hondo munyika, pane vanenge mazana maviri guru nevhu rakawandisa. Vabvisa nzvimbo sectors akadai rwezvemabhengi inoremerwa indasitiri.

Foreign mudzimba vagotengeseranamo vakadhonzera mukati vanhu mamiriyoni maviri. The chikuru ishamwari yeRussia pamisika dzakawanda dzaiva England uye Germany. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti nyika aivigirwa nezvokudya. Panguva iyoyowo, kunyange zvazvo mafuta munda Baku, nyika haana zvakakwana mafuta nokuda unopinza ikure bhizimisi uye ayo zvinodiwa.

Rinozivikanwa Economist French Thierry E. akaverenga pamberi hondo, kuti kana kwete chimurenga, zvadaro pakati XX remakore Russia aizova zvoupfumi mutungamiri wenyika. Mumakore okupedzisira makore poumambo zvakanga kukura agro-maindasitiri nyika.