The kukundwa of Polovtsy Vladimir Monomakh. Ndivanaani Cumans

Nhoroondo Russia rizere zviitiko zvakasiyana. Mumwe nomumwe wavo vakasiya chiratidzo avo kuyeuka vose. Vamwe kiyi zviitiko uye yokuchinja anouya mazuva edu uye anokudza uye vakakodzerwa munharaunda yedu. Chengeta nhaka yenyu tsika, kuyeuka zvikuru kukunda uye vemauto - iri rinokosha chaizvo basa munhu wose. Machinda Russia hatina nguva dzose akamuka zvakanakisisa panyaya yacho kurapa Rus, asi vakaedza vave mhuri imwe, izvo pamwe chete chinoita zvisarudzo zvose. Kupfuura dzinonetsa uye zvakaoma nguva dzose akazviratidza munhu "vakatora nzombe nenyanga" uye akashandura nzira nhoroondo negwara. Chimwe izvi zvikuru vanhu Vladimir Monomakh, iyo ichiri kunzi ane Nhamba inokosha munhau yeRussia. Akaita zvakawanda zvakaoma echiuto uye enyika zvinangwa, saka kashoma kuita nzira chisimba. nzira yake yakanga nzira, mwoyo murefu uye uchenjeri, izvo akamutendera kuti rugare pakati vakuru, ivo vakavenga mumwe kwemakore. Uyezve, unogona kuwana kutarisirwa uye tarenda yomuchinda kurwa, nekuti Monomakh nzira kazhinji akaponesa uto Russian pakuparadzwa. The kukundwa of Polovtsian Prince Vladimir vakafunga kuti zvidukuduku, uye saka "vakadzvinyirirwa" kutyisidzira kuRussia.

Polovtsi: Introduction

Cumans, kana polovchane, sezvo vari kunzi kare - rudzi Turkic mavambo uyo akatungamirira runochengeta upenyu. zvinyorwa zvakasiyana kuvapa mazita akasiyana: ari Byzantine magwaro - Qom in Arab-Persian - Kipchak. Pakutanga XI remakore rakatanga vanhu inobereka zvibereko zvikuru: akadzingapo Pechenegs Torquay uye kubva kumabvazuva Volga, uye akagadzirisa muzvikamu izvi. Zvisinei, mune ichi Mauto tasarudza kwete kurega uye akayambuka Dnieper River, uye ipapo zvinobudirira ndokuburuka pamahombekombe Danube. Saka vanova varidzi Great inowanzorimwa, izvo akatambanudza kubva Danube kuti Irtish. zvinyorwa Russian nzvimbo ino somunda Polovtsian.

Munguva pakusikwa Golden Horde akakwanisa nezvairehwa zvinobudirira dzakawanda Polovtsy eMongolia kutimanikidza mutauro wavo. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti mushure mutauro (Kipchak) yaiva hwaro mitauro yakawanda (wechiTatar, Nogai, Kumyk uye Bashkir).

Nezvekwakabva shoko rokuti

Shoko "Cumans" Vekare Russian rinoreva "tsvuku". Vamiririri Vazhinji vanhu vane blond bvudzi, asi vakawanda vavo vakanga vamiririri reEurope rudzi ane admixture pamusoro Mongoloid. Zvisinei, mamwe masayendisiti anoti Nezvekwakabva zita rinobva kuvanhu apo vanorega - munda. Kune shanduro dzakawanda, asi hapana hakusi dzinombotinyepera.

dzemadzinza maitiro

The kukundwa of Polovtsy akanga pamwe nokuda kwavo nemauto-democratic hurongwa. Rudzi rwose rwakanga rakakamurwa genera akawanda. Mumwe nemhuri aiva nezita rayo - zita mutungamiri. Multiple kuzvarwa vakanga vakabatana mu madzinza, uyo akasika pachake misha uye guta-chando. Mumwe rudzi aiva pamwe kunyika yayo hwaakange anorimwa zvokudya. Vakaitawo masangano zviduku, kusvuta - mubatanidzwa mhuri dzinoverengeka. Sezvineiwo, zviri kusvuta angararama kwete chete Cumans, asi mamwe marudzi, pamwe vaiitawo kuti kunoitika kwoga.

Zvematongerwo enyika

Kusvuta dzakabatana vazhinji, vakanga inotungamirwa Khan. The Khans yakanga soro simba mumunda. Kunze izvi, paivawo Mapato zvakadai varanda uye angaratidza. Uyewo kucherechedzwa ndiyo weboka vakadzi vabatwe kumuranda. Vakadaidzwa chagami. Angaratidza - a vasungwa vehondo, chokwadi, vaiva varanda veimba. Vanofanira kuita basa rakaoma, haana kodzero uye vaiva yakadereresa kubatana pamusoro chinzvimbo chakakwirira. Vaiva Koshev - vakuru vemhuri huru. Mhuri yacho yaiva koshey. Mumwe kosh ndiyo mhuri imwe chete uye navaranda ayo.

Upfumi, mined mukurwa, yakakamurwa pakati vatungamiriri vemauto mishandirapamwe uye kwamachinda. Masoja munhuwo vakagamuchira chete mafufu kubva patafura yaShe. Kana ane kundikana nhimbe angaenda kusauka uye kuwira kuvimba zvakakwana pamusoro chero chakanaka Polovtsian.

hondo

Military Polovtsian waiva pamusoro, uye izvi kuzivikanwa kunyange nemasayendisiti ano. Zvisinei, nhoroondo akachengetedza nhasi haisi yakawandisa umboo Polovtsian varwi. Anecdotally, kupira upenyu hwake munyaya muchiuto aiva munhu kana mukomana uyo aikwanisa chete kutakura pfuti. Izvi hazvirevi kufungawo mamiriro ake utano, nomuviri, uye kunyange chido somunhu. Asi sezvo mudziyo akadaro nguva dzose ikoko, hapana akanyunyuta. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti zvehondo Polovtsian haana vakarongeka kubva pakutanga. Pane kutaura kuti anenge rakavapo nezvishoma. Byzantine kare akanyora nezvokuti vanhu ava vakarwa uta, scimitars uye mapfumo.

Mumwe murume aipfeka nguo chaiyo dzinoratidza ndeye kuhondo. It chakagadzirwa makwai ganda, uye ane gobvu uye hwomutambarakede. Sezvineiwo, murwi mumwe nomumwe Polovtsian akanga vanenge 10 mabhiza kwavo inoraswa.

The chikuru simba wamapoka Polovtsian akanga chiedza vamabhiza. Kuwedzera kune pamusoro zvishandiso, Nemautowo akarwa tichibatsirwa munondo wake, uye lassos. Zvishoma Kwapera vaiva rinorema atirari. varwi izvi vakapfeka chaiwo nengowani, zvombo uye cheni tsamba. Zvisinei, vari kakawanda anotyisa chaizvo kufambisira kutyisidzira muvengi.

Uyewo munokosha nezve ndiko kushandiswa Polovtsy inorema crossbows uye moto Greek. Kuti vanowanzova kudzidza mumazuva apo vakagara pedyo Altai. Zviri vanhu ava mukana kuita zvachose asingakundiki mashoma vatungamiriri vemauto iyoyo aigona kuzvikudza nezivo yakadaro. Kushandiswa moto Greek kakawanda akabatsira Polovtsy kukundwa kunyange guta rakavakirirwa zvikuru uye kudzivirirwa.

Zvakakodzera kubhadhara mutero yokuti mauto akanga maneuverability zvakakwana. Asi zvose kubudirira pabasa iri kuuya pasina nokuda yakaderera kumhanya kufamba mauto. Kufanana muArabhu zvose, Polovtsy scored vazhinji kukunda kuvonga kuna unopinza uye nokurwiswa pamusoro muvengi, refu vavandiri uye nounyengeri anofambisa. Kazhinji akasarudza chinhu kurwisa misha, uyo asingadi kukwanisa kupa zvakakodzera nemishonga, uye zvakatonyanya kudaro kuti kuhwina Polovtsian. Zvisinei, hondo kazhinji akundwa nokuda chokwadi kuti hazvina kukwana masoja ounyanzvi. Kurovedza muduku akateerera yakawandisa. Dzidza zvimwe unyanzvi kunogona chete kunopamba apo mukuru basa raiva kudzidzira unyanzvi chinyakare yetsiva.

Russian-Polovtsian War

Russian-Polovtsian hondo anonzi dzakatevedzana refu yokurwisana chakakomba, iyo yaairidza pamusoro hafu yezana remakore. Chimwe chikonzero chaiva kudhumhana ari miganhu zvinhu kumativi ose, nokuti Cumans vakanga anongofamba vanhu, uyo aida kuti vakunde nyika itsva. Chikonzero chechipiri chaiva kuti Russia aienda kuburikidza dzakaoma nguva kusabatana, saka vamwe vatongi vakaziva Polovtsian vatsigiri, zvichikonzera kutsamwa vamwe machinda Russian.

Zvinhu chaizvo akasuwa zvokusvika, zvichigere kupindira Vladimir Monomakh, uyo akaisa chinangwa chake chepakutanga kubatanidzwa dzose Rus.

Background muhondo Salnitsa

Muna 1103 rwendo yokutanga anongofamba vanhu murenje rakaitirwa machinda Russian. Nenzira, pashure pokukundwa ari Polovtsy akabata Dolobskogo Congress. Muna 1107 mauto eRussia vakanga vakabudirira akakundwa Bonyak uye Sharukan. Kubudirira akafuridzirwa kupandukira uye kukunda mune Russian mweya varwi, saka kare muna 1109 Kiev Voevoda Dmitr Ivorovich vakaridza misha voga guru rakafukidza Polovtsian pedyo Donets.

nzira Monomakh

Zvinokosha kutaura kuti kukundwa of Polovtsy (musi - March 27, 1111) akanga ari mumwe wokutanga Russian munhoroondo yemazuva ano muchiuto pamazita okupemberera. The kukunda Vladimira Monomaha nemamwe machinda akanga nemaune kukunda enyika, wakange kure VANOONA nemigumisiro. Russian okunda pasinei ndechokuti mukana tichitarisa kwazvo yave imwe nehafu.

Nhasi, vakawanda vanonetseka hunoshamisa kukundwa Polovtsy panguva iyo Prince akava kuvapo? A huru uye chaizvo mupiro pahwaro Vladimira Monomaha, uyo nounyanzvi akashandisa chipo chake ave mutungamiriri. Akatotora matanho anokosha akawanda. Chokutanga, akaziva zvakanaka musimboti yekare, iyo inoti kuti zvakakosha kuparadza muvengi pamusoro munharaunda yayo, uye zvishoma ropa. Chechipiri, iye vakabudirira aishandisa chokufambisa vanokwanisa nguva, vachibvumira nenguva chokuendesa varwi vaifamba kuhondo, apo kuramba simba ravo uye mweya. Chikonzero chechitatu kufunga pamusoro nzira Monomakh ndechokuti kunyange akarwawo okunze kuti ndiwane kuchiva kukunda - iye akamanikidzira muArabhu kurwa okunze ichi, izvo haana kuvabvumira kuti zvizere emauto ake.

Zvisinei, izvi handizvo chete pahwaro Prince. Vladimir Monomakh Polovtsy kukundwa vakafunga kuti zvidukuduku, asi kuti pave zano, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti vabudirire rinenge zvisingagoneki! Chokutanga, tinofanira vanoshamba kupinda kufara panguva: Russia yava rapwanyika, machinda akabatirira kunharaunda yavo kwemeno, mumwe akaedza kuita warwo nenzira, uye vakatenda nerimwe kuti chete ndiye akarurama. Zvisinei Monomakh akakwanisa kuunganidza, kuwiriranisa uye ibatane restive, vasingateereri, kana kunyange benzi machinda. Fungidzira sei uchenjeri, kushivirira uye kushinga zvakatora kuna Prince, zvakaoma ... Iye akareva mazano, mazano uye yakananga nokunyengetedza kuti aigona zvimwe kukanganisa machinda. Zvakaguma akanga kubudirira zvishoma nezvishoma, uye mezhusobitsy amira. Zviri pamusoro Dolobskom Congress vakanga kubudirira zvinokosha kunzwisisa uye zvibvumirwano pakati pamachinda siyana.

The kukundwa of Polovtsy Monomakh uyewo nokuti kuti akanyengetedza mamwe machinda kushandisa kunyange serfs, kuti asimbise muchiuto. Kare, hapana kunyange nehanya, nokuti aifanira kurwa chete pemauto.

The kukundwa pa Salnitsa

Danidziro yakatanga musi wechipiri weSvondo muLent. February 26, 111, mauto wokuRussia pasi murayiro yose mubatanidzwa machinda (Svjatopolka, David uye Vladimir) ndokunanga akananga Sharukan. Sezvineiwo, danidziro kweuto Russian Akaperekedzwa kuimba nziyo, achiperekedzwa mupristi michinjikwa. Kubva ichi, vaongorori vakawanda nhoroondo Russia akagumisa kuti mushandirapamwe waiva muchinjikwa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti ichi chaiva kosi nemaune Monomakh kurera morale, asi chinhu chikuru - kuti afuridzire hondo, kuti rinogona kuuraya uye vanofanira kuhwina, nokuti Mwari pachake anotiudza izvozvo kwavari. Kutaura zvazviri, Vladimir Monomakh akatendeuka ndokuita muhondo okumhura Russian Polovtsy muhondo yakarurama nokuda kutenda kwechokwadi.

hondo nzvimbo hondo isati akauya chete pashure pemazuva 23. The kudii kwakanga kwakaoma, asi ndinoonga kuti kurwa mweya, nziyo, uye vanoverengeka zvokudya hondo yakakwana tsvarakadenga, uye, naizvozvo, zvizere kurwisana akagadzirira. Pazuva 23 varwi vakauya pemahombekombe ari Seversky Donets.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Sharukan mapfumo pasina kurwa, uye nokukurumidza zvikuru - pazuva 5th zuva utsinye wakakombwa. Residents vakapa varwi waini uye hove - kufanana kusakosha chokwadi, asi iye anotaura kuti vanhu pano vakanga ndakagara. Uyewo NPGs Russian akapisa. Misha miviri kuti vakaparadzwa, aiva mazita khans. Aya ndiwo maguta maviri, izvo vakarwa hondo muna 1107, asi zvino Khan Sharukan vakatiza pachimiro hondo, uye NPGs akava musungwa hondo.

Nechekare musi March 24 aiva mbeu rokutanga hondo umo polovtsy paakapiwa simba rake rose. Kwakaitika pedyo Donets. The kukundwa of Polovtsy Vladimir Monomakh akanonoka, apo hondo kwakaitika musi Salnitsa rwizi. Sezvineiwo, mwedzi izere. Izvi zvakanga wechipiri Chikurukuru mativi maviri hondo iyo Russian akunda kumusoro.

The zvikuru kukundwa wokuRussia ratyami Polovtsy, musi iyo kare anozivikanwa akamutsa Kipchak rose vanhu, nekuti yokupedzisira yakanga yakakura kusanganiswa zvinobatsira pakurwa. Vakanga nechokwadi zvipararire Zvisinei, aisagona kudzivisa munhu anofunga uye Zvibhakera wehondo Russian. Nokuti vanhu uye masoja kukunda Polovtsy Vladimir Monomakh waifara chaizvo uye mafaro chiitiko, nekuti firimu akanaka yave ndawana, nokutapwa varanda vazhinji yemberi, uye Chikurukuru - kukunda yakanga akunda!

migumisiro

Migumisiro chiitiko ichi chikuru zvaiva zvakajeka. The kukundwa of Polovtsy (gore 1111) yakachinja munhau Russian-Polovtsian hondo. Pashure pehondo kamwe chete Polovtsy akasarudza amuka kune kumiganhu ukuru Russian. Sezvineiwo, vakazviita pashure kuva imwe nyika akabva Sviatopolk (makore maviri pashure hondo). Zvisinei Cumans akasimbisa kubatana itsva Prince Vladimir. Muna 1116 mauto eRussia akaita chimwe mamwe kurwisa Polovtsy uye anopamba maguta matatu. The yokupedzisira kukundwa of Polovtsy vakaputsa morale kwavo, uye ivo nokukurumidza wakapfuurira basa Georgian mambo Dhavhidhi Builder. Kipchak haana kupindura wokupedzisira pamushandirapamwe Russian pane kusimbisa yaro yokupedzisira kuderera.

Makore mashomanana gare gare iye akatuma Monomakh Polovtsian Jaropolk kutsvaka Don, asi hapana akanga aripo.

matura

yaMakoronike zhinji Russian kuudza nezvechiitiko ichi razova kiyi uye zvainoreva rudzi rwose. The Kukundwa Polovtsev Vladimirom akasimbisa simba rake, uyewo kutenda simba ravo uye muchinda wavo vanhu. Pasinei chokwadi kuti chikamu hondo Salnitsa akarondedzera zvinyorwa zvakawanda, zvikuru hwakadzama "mufananidzo" hondo anogona chete kuwanika Ipatiev Chronicle.

Nezvechiitiko zvikuru kwaiva kukundwa of Polovtsy. Russia kwaita zvinhu apinda batsira. Uye izvi zvose zvakaitwa kuti kuitwa Vladimira Monomaha zvichibvira kuvonga. simba uye akachenjera zvikuru sei iye paakapiwa mariri kuti aponese Russia kubva denda ichi! Sezvaakanga nokungwarira akafunga pamusoro nzira yose oparesheni! Aiziva kuti Russian agara akaita semunhu aitambura, nekuti Polovtsy vakarwisa pakutanga, uye vanhu Russia aigona chete vadzivirire. Monomah akanzwisisa kuti kurwisa vanofanira kutanga, nokuti anosika mugumisiro kushamisika, uyewo rinoshandurwa kubva masoja ari kuzvidzivirira wehurumende ezvinhu mberi, riri zvikuru nehasha uye zvakasimba mune zvachose uremu. Achiziva kuti muArabhu vanotanga nzendo dzavo muchirimo, sezvo tine chinenge hapana vaifamba namakumbo, akagadza Kukundwa Polovtsy pakupera yechando, kuti zvakavatorera huru simba. Mukuwedzera, kutama aiva nezvimwe zvakanaka. Ivo akarara ndechokuti ekunze Polovtsian kunyimwa maneuverability yavo, yakanga hazvitomboiti ari ezvinhu yechando akaona. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti hondo Salnitsa uye kukundwa Polovtsy muna 1111 - wokutanga kukunda guru uye kufunga Russia yekare, iyo yakaitwa zvibvire kunokwana inokosha tarenda Vladimira Monomaha.