Chechens uye Ingush - musiyano. Culture, tsika uye nhoroondo dzavanhu

The yepakutanga munharaunda dzavanhu maviri yakanyanya pakusabatana nzira ari Caucasian War of namapfumbamwe remakore uye mutemo wacho tsarist zviremera. Zvino chikamu vakawanda, unonzi vanhuwo zvikuru vakaita kuti kubatana, vachifunga kuti ndiyo chete vanhu - Chechens uye Ingush. Musiyano anosimbisa chete okusika intelligentsia, izvo anoona hapana dzinza chete.

mutauro

The Chechens mutauro Nakh-Dagestani divi, uye zviri pedyo Ingush. Zvisinei, chipo mutauro wakada kupesana kuri rakaoma zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, vamwe Chechen gomo tumitauro vari pedyo zvikuru Ingush pane kunyange chizvarwa Chechen. Uye pamusoro mutauro, izvo chokuita Chechens uye Ingush, musiyano iduku zvikuru pane kuti pakati yeRussia uye Ukrainian. Munhu wose achava kutaura nomutauro wavo, asi munzwisise mumwe pasina kuchangotanga chinetso.

Uye zvimwe Kuratidza tsika aratidze vomunharaunda. Vatakuri Ingush uye mutauro Chechen of njere stratum vanotenda kuti kunzwisisa kunokwanisika kwete zvinopfuura 80%, uye neimba zviri kunyange zvishoma pachena. Kunyange zvakadaro, nyanzvi, ethnographers kuona mbiri vanhu ava pedyo kuti zvinyorwa zvakawanda kuoneka pasi rimwe zita - Vainakh (veynahi) - Chechens uye Ingush. Musiyano Naizvozvo, iri chikamu kusvika chisingaoneki.

Vainakh mutauro chaiko rakaumbwa kwete kamwe. Kare, aiva obschenormirovannym uye akabva nyaya - illanchi. yaMakoronike mhuri vaivawo - teptari - Chechen, asi echiArabic. Ivo achiripo, kunyange mu chaizvo diki zvakawanda. Hwaro mutauro Chechen vanhu vanowanikwa pakati Papurazi tumitauro - Urus-Martan uye Shali. Ivo anazvo zvikuru. Chinhu pedyo chaizvo navo uye Gudermes podterechny tumitauro vakanga zvakare zvikuru kupararira. Hwaro Ingushetia Nazran aiva bazi remutauro chizvarwa kusvika makumi masere muzana, iyo zvokuvhoterwa rose Ingushetia akati zvakanga paari.

tsika

Ethnographers vanoti Chechen tsika varasikirwa zvikuru pfungwa dzemadzinza tsika pane Ingush. Chechens havarambi tosch yavo sapamazuva akare akanaka, unogona kufudza muto muenzi anoputsa tsika yemadzitateguru. Ingush kufanana yekare, vaeni vanopiwa rinokosha nyama dhishi - rinovimba gwayana, huku kana Turkey, uye pamwe toschami musaedza nazvo muupenyu hwezuva nezuva zvavo. Weddings uyewo zvikuru akasununguka rasai Chechens uye Ingush mwenga rekare tsika yose kupira iri pakona.

Zvisinei, Chechens, Ingush, musiyano pakati pavo pamusoro nguva vachiri kuumbwa, nezvechinhu kwavo dzinza ukama, uye ethnonym "Vainakh" hakusi chinhu inzwi kwavari. Vazhinji vavo sezvinoshamisa nezvokuti ichi izwi wakatangwa ichangopfuura uye zvakasikwa nomumwe munhu, haagari munhu rudzi kana mumwe. Vari vakawanda vanodavira kuti Kwemireniyamu nhoroondo zita iri.

marudzi maduku

Kurutivi parutivi rwechipo Chechens Dagestani - vaAvar, Kumyk, uye vanhu vazhinji vachiri kuderedza nhamba. In Kumyks zvikuru Arabized tsika, vakava wegumi navapfumbamwe remakore Chechen vanodzika mitemo nokuzvibata, uye akapotsa zvose vaparidzi vaibva zvavo nhamba. VaAvar vakakwanisa kumuka chete nguva Soviet, kana nhamba dzavo rakakura nokukurumidza. Kare, vakanga landless uye veawa kuti Chechens vafudzi.

Nhoroondo iri Chechens uye nevavakidzani vavo chokuti inenge zvose Chechen misha nharaunda yose apo vakagara vaAvar. Mubayiro basa - vanenge muranda, nokuti anozvikudza Chechens, aionekwa chaizvo vasiri nomukurumbira, uye vachiri kuremekedza yakakwana zvavo kufanira vaAvar kare. Asi haisati kukanganwika uye kuti pane dzimwe nguva muBosnia, muChechnya emakore vakateerera Avar madzishe. Chete kuti nemisere remakore Chechen tsika vakatanga kuwana rusununguko, uye ipapo chete nokuti nyika akagona kukanda kubvisa joko ichi.

Vainakh: Resettlement

Political daka nokukurumidza overlaps vezvitendero chinhu. Pedyo Dagestan nguva dzose uye zvakasimba akatuma kumavirira ayo tichimhanya rechiIslam nako Chechens uye Ingush kuwedzera ethnically kuzivikanwa. Sechivako vose vemadzinza Chechens chinoumba kunosanganisira kumbonyanya vazhinji Dagestanians kunyange kuumbwa Daghestanian matepi.

In bani Khasavyurt kudunhu Dagestan, akavapindurawo, akagadzirisa Akkin-Chechens, pane vanhu vanenge zana rimwe zvuru, vaiva kumusha Republic of Ingushetia uye muBosnia, muChechnya. It makomo, anenge mukuru weboka Vainakh, uyo akatamira kubva borderland pakati chinoda maviri. Pashure kubvuta Tamerlana Akkin pasi with hot uye kusiiwa kumabvazuva, pakusanganisirawo matepi siyana Chechens. Chero zvazvingava, ivo akaiswa pachavo sezvo Chechen munharaunda.

Vainakh Madzitateguru vaigara steppes uye North Caucasus, izvo yakabatana nharaunda kuitika pamusoro Chechen Republic. Muchiuru chemakore chokutanga iri maiva Khazar Khanate chitendero wehurumende, kure Islam - chiJudha. Chechen ethnography achiri anoramba zvimwe chokuita nenharaunda, achikusiyirai kuoneka mucherechedzo munhau paumbwe Vainakh, sezvo yavanopedza muupenyu enyika zviri Khazar Khanate akanga chaizvo. Vamwe matepi zvakananga vachikwidziridza rudzi yake mumwe wamadzibaba yechiJudha, iyo Khazar rapfuura nhoroondo Chechens uye Ingush zvitoro kupfuura pachena.

delimitation

Most ichangopfuura, kuti Chechens uye Ingush, musiyano pakati iri kunyange chiduku pane kuti pakati wokuRussia uye Belarusians, nharo pamusoro administrative miganhu. Izvi pamapatya vanhu - kana panzvimbo, kuti Vainakh mumwe vanhu, rakakamurwa masangano maviri, akasarudza dissociate. Sezvingatarisirwa, hapana zviri pamutemo nemigumisiro Mutongo Chechen Zviremera hazvina kugamuchira. Asi mamiriro acho ezvinhu putika. Kushandura muganhu pakati chinoda - kuvhura bhokisi Pandora vake, iva nechokwadi kutanga kurwisana, kwete chete Chechen-Ingush, asi Ossetian-Ingush, vane midzi zvakadzama.

Nhoroondo Ingush uye Ossetians foothill uye nokumapani mativi Ingushetia uye North Ossetia kunotora pamugumo nemanomwe remakore, nekuti pano vakararama murwi uye yakavhenganiswa zvokuti sezvo vakanga havagoni edza ndivanaani: kana munharaunda kana Vainakh Ossetian. Zvisinei, mumazana emakore idzi rinogarwa mumwe ipapo mumwe, uye kushumira nguva nenguva nokusanganisa mumwe muganhu buffer pakati zvikuru madzinza vaigara munzvimbo. Earth, vaiona Ossetian kuda panguva dzakasiyana ipapo Ingushetia, kubudikidza Ossetia uye marudzi aya zvishoma nezvishoma yakatsiva Kabardians akararama pano. Zvino zvakaitika mangwanani sezvo nemanomwe remakore.

Zvino, kana imi itai zvose "zvakanaka" pamusoro Chechen, kurwadziwa vachava marudzi akawanda anoremekedzwa. Nokutendeka nzira mazhinji, mumwe ane zvake. The disengagement achasika zvachose zvisingakoshi kukakavadzana uye zvichida posodeystvuet achikura kunetsana. Miganhu kutaura, uye kunyange asati mutemo yakadaro, zvino kupfuura kukodzera. Pandakamedurira akaridza runhare uchenjeri, uye paiva mhinduro pamusoro nei Chechens havadi kuti Ingush. Zvinobhowa uye mwoyo, kunyanya kana tikayeuka kuti Ingushetia vaipinda vapoteri mumakore maviri Chechen muhondo - mazana ezviuru zvevanhu vakaona nepokugara imomo.

Nei izvi zvichiitika

Chokwadi, demarcation okutanga 90 wacho rokupedzisira of facto. MuBosnia, muChechnya vakarwa uye Ingushetia akagara mukati wepamutemo yechinangwa yeRussian Federation, achitora chikamu referenda uye vakawanda musarudzo. With yatanga kumuganhu hondo pakati Ingushetia uye muBosnia, muChechnya yakaguma kuva zvimiso, izvozvo runochengetedzwa yeUnited mauto uye zvimwe kuchengeteka. izvi zvose atadze weboka - uye zvoupfumi uye yaiona.

Chokwadi, vaviri ava, ivo Chechens uye Ingush, musiyano pakati riri kupfuura ephemeral, pedyo chaizvo mumwe. Vanobvumirana nomukadzi emakore-kare, tsika, mutauro. Asi Ingush, chitendero izvo haabvumiri kuti vave spineless, usarega kwavari kumanikidza mumwe zvaidiwa. Kwete kunyange munhu havazobvumirwi. Low-kuchinyanya kupesana uye zvombo pasi pevhu, zvikuru pakunamata mumhino zvakare. Uye paunofunga nhamba yamarudzi ose zvombo, iyo zvino munharaunda, zviri zvechokwadi kukutyisa.

prehistory

Apo Russia akauya Caucasus, dzakawanda Ingush vakarasikirwa munyika dzavo, apo Cossacks anyudzwa muchinjikwa-pamuganhu akadzikama. Ndokusaka pakuenzanisa Civil War akatendeuka akabuda sezvizvi: Ossetians vaiva vasina kwavakarerekera, ivo Cossacks yaimirira White uye Ingush - nokuti Mavara nekuti vakanga vavimbisa kudzokera ndima yaigarwa Cossacks.

Pashure pokukunda of Terek Cossacks vaifanira kusiya inogarwa nzvimbo sezvo hurumende yeSoviet shoko raro nguva dzose. ASSR aiva mumwe - Highland - kusvikira 1924, ipapo paiva nokupesana North-Ossetian uye Ingush kuzvionera ndinoiitawo Sunzha muruwa. The kwakasvika yose - Vladikavkaz. Uye okuma30 paiva Chechen-Ingush zvionera Oblast kuti muna 1937 kuva Chi ASSR.

hondo

Operation Lentil muna 1944 kwakaita kuti chokwadi chokuti ASSR yakaguma. Akazviratidza Grozny nharaunda uye dzimwe ndima akapiwa Georgia, Dagestan uye North Ossetian ASSR. Zvikonzero vaipfuura zvakanaka: kukundikana kuunganidza uye kusiya vazhinji Vainakh, kusikwa mapoka zvombo, amutengesa, urwise paratroopers German, kushumira vaNazi - mazita ihuru. Huru Shoko pano - ruzhinji.

Kuti varege kutsikwa kumashure (zvakaitika izvo kazhinji), Vainakh vakaendeswa Central Asia. Zvino iyi, hazvisi inooneka, vakasiyana Chechens Ingush. Muna 1956 Vainakh akatanga hombe kudzokera kudzimba dzavo. ASSR rikaporeswa, asi vakawanda chikamu nharaunda (kunze wakapiwa kure Georgians) akanga kare dzine vanhu vakawanda. The chete Ossetians. Pasinei neizvi, zvinenge zvose vakatorwa Chechen uye Ingush nyika vadzoka. Zvisinei, nokuti vanhu vakawanda munzvimbo akatanga hondo dzomunharaunda.

eighties

The pakutanga eighties aizivikanwa unopinza mitengo kusawirirana mune zvakanaka vavakidzani ukama: kutamburira Prigorodny muruwa (Chermen Kambileevskoe waOctober), panguva iyo Ossetians aida kuti dzinga ose Ingush kubva zvokuvhoterwa. Bongozozo akatanga, aine pakatanga hondo vezvikwata kugadzwa kwoUmambo ine hurongwa nyika. Ingush kukunyimai dzokugara, zvavakanga zvakarurama vaiona rusaruro. Kuramba apesane kwoumhondi uye kurohwa.

izvi zvose akapfuurira ari '90s, pamwe Ingush vari vachiyeuchidzwa vavo mabasa panguva Second World War, vazhinji Links emakoronyera pamwe Wehrmacht, pokubatwa udzvanyiriri of Red Army. Muna 1991, vanhu Ingush zakonfliktovali Ossetian mapurisa zvokuti yakanga akatanga kuomerera yenjodzi, uye Supreme Council kunyange vakasarudza kuti tobvuma kuvanhu, kugumbuka munyika. Asi mugumo kwakatemwa zvimwe.

The Soviet Union yakaguma kuvapo, muBosnia, muChechnya akataura ayo rusununguko, Ingushetia uye akasarudza kugara Russian Federation. Muna 1992 Ingushetia zvakare akava zvokuvhoterwa mukati Russian Federation. Panguva iyoyo vari Prigorodny muruwa paiva yose nhevedzano paumhondi ose Ingush, pashure yavakanga vaita muganhu pakati Ingushetia uye North Ossetia, uye ruwa vachirwara-fated okupedzisira akarasika. Ossetians - zvakare inopisa vanhu: motokari mapurisa akatanga vapfure panguva Ingush, pashure yokupedzisira aibvumirwa kwete chete vanopfeka, asi kuti kushandisa pfuti. Hondo haadi kurega. Ingush akadzikatidza pambiru yomunyika mauto uye akabvunza kuti kushaya dzemauto yeRussian Federation kubva kundima. The vachirwisana.

Kana iwe musiye Russian Caucasus

Chii zvino? Zvichava reropa mhirizhonga, maererano vagari vemo, akadzidziswa zvinovava ruzivo. Vanoyeuka zvakaitika muBosnia, muChechnya mushure kwakakwana extrusion dzose Russian vokuparidzira: paiva tsotsi mutemo, vanhu vakanga kubiwa kwete chete muBosnia, muChechnya, asi munyika, uye ipapo paiva Wahhabis ake inobatanidza dzematongerwe, uye akapotsa pakarepo hondo ichangotanga.

Order uye norunyararo kuCaucasus kumbova, payo kazhinji havangagoni kuva simba ezvinhu dzinozivikanwa ikoko uye tora naye asiko. Vavakidzani vari nguva dzose zvishoma, kashoma vanoshingaira vauraya mumwe. Uye kunze, kuba mombe, achibira, kuba vakadzi, uye ipapo ichi zvose utsinye kutsiviwa. Ndipo apo paiva simba zvokunze kuzvidzora - mumwe, kunyange asiri murayiro yakazara achiri kucherekedza. Somuenzaniso, apo hutongi Russian Empire kana Soviet Union.

Pasina simba ruoko Ingush uye Chechens zvakare kuti aitofanira miganhu nharo nemumwe, uye nevavakidzani vayo vose. Kubatana haisi zvinobvira. Kwenguva ayananise anorwisana kazhinji kunobatsira Sharia uye adat (tsika). Asi kugadzirisa Caucasus, maererano Sharia, kana adat pedyo chete chaizvo "avo" - vamwe vomumusha, voukama, kana mune Muzviitiko, vamiririri rumwe. Nokuti nzvimbo iyi zhinji marudzi, chisarudzo angangotadza kuuya.

Mukuru mugoveri kuCaucasus - vabatsirwe. Uye simba. Chechens Ingush anogona kungoti kutenga: rubatsiro ari pogrom of Ossetians, somuenzaniso. Kana kuti kuvimbisa kuita remabasa "Chechen umambo." Chete iyi kubvuma simba Chechen Ingush, uye kunyange, zvichida, kunamata. Pasina bonuses, kusawirirana izvi zvose zviri kugadziriswa chete nechisimba. Zvinogara yave, uye hazvingaiti kuti zvinhu zvakachinja mumakumi emakore achangopfuura.