Development uye maumbirwo gametes

The nemamiriro munhurume, nehadzi gametes anotungamirira kuzadzika yavo inokosha nerevane - pakutevedzera rokubereka kubereka. Zviri yaingowanikwa vamiririri vose nemhuka. Structural zviri utachiona masero ichakurukurwa munyaya yedu.

Gametes: ukama mamiriro uye mashandiro

Masero kushandiswa kwawo muitiro rokubereka kubereka vanonzi gametes. Mukono nehadzi kurara masero - dzisingaoneki uye mazai - vari haploid, kureva kuroora yakatarwa okutodza ... chivakwa kwakadaro kunopa gametes genotype ane muviri, izvo chakaumbwa batanidzo yavo. Iye diploid, kana kaviri. Saka, hafu majini mashoko ane muviri anogamuchira kubva mai vayo, uye chimwe chikamu - kubva baba vake.

Pasinei zvakafanana, sechivako zvepabonde masero Zvirimwa nemhuka nenzira dzakawanda dzakasiyana mumwe. Izvi zvinoshandawo zvikurukuru dzimwe nzvimbo inotungamirwa yavo. Saka, muna angiosperms dzisingaoneki riri Mukume pakati Stamens, apo zai - mu ovary pamusoro pistil. mhuka zvipuka zvine masero akawanda vane chinokosha miviri - kweprostate, unova paumbwe gametes: OVA - ari ovaries uye dzisingaoneki masero - ari testes.

Muitiro nokuumba gametes

Marongerwo uye kukura utachiona masero ari pakutsvaga nzira gametogenesis - chirongwa inotungamirwa zvavo, izvo kunoitika mumatanho dzakawanda. Panguva rutoto chokutambudzika chikuru gametes vakakamurwa kakawanda nokuda mitosis. Nepo tichiramba miviri vanochengeta okutodza. In nevanhu Vanhurume nevanhukadzi siyana, Danho iyi kusawirirana ayo. Saka, muna varume mhuka, anotanga pakatanga kuyaruka uye rinovapo ndakwegura. In hadzi weboka primordial utachiona masero kunoitika chete panguva fetus ari mudumbu. Kusvikira pakuyaruka, vanoramba wakaderera.

The kukura danho iri zvinotevera. Iyi chikuru gametes vachikura kukura, kuberekana kunoitika (doubling) DNA. An chinokosha muitiro ndiyo kuchengetera zvinokurisa, nokuti vachange zvaidikanwa kupesana tevera.

The wokupedzisira pavaipfuura gametogenesis inonzi kukura danho. In vadzore kugovera meiosis chikuru kurara masero - meiotic. Its mugumisiro mana haploid masero zvinobva chikuru diploid.

spermatogenesis

Somugumisiro, paumbwe varume gametes, t. E. Spermatogenesis akaumba mana akafanana uye azere marongerwo. Vane kukwanisa isa fotereza. Sechivako ngakuite nemasero embeu, zvakawanda chaizvo, ayo inoti ndiyo zvakafanana chaizvo adaptations. Kunyanya, flagellum, iyo inodzora kufamba murume gametes. Izvi zvinoitika muna okupedzisira chokutambudzika kweimwe inotungamirwa, izvo zvinoita chete nedanho spermatogenesis.

ovogenesis

Mamiriro munhukadzi utachiona masero, uyewo pakupfuura inotungamirwa kwavo (oogenesis) ane vanoverengeka noruzhinji zvinhu. With kuibvisa pamusoro oocytes panguva meiotic cytoplasm ramangwana vanoiswa richiparadzirwa pakati masero. Chete mumwe wavo semubairo kuwana zai anogona kukonzera upenyu mune ramangwana. Vamwe vatatu kutendeukira mhuru mutungamiriri uye mugumisiro raparadzwa. The zvipenyu zvinorehwa izvi ndiko kuti kuderedza uwandu akura, vaigona isa fotereza mukadzi gametes. Chete pasi ichi, chete zai kuwana zvinodiwa uwandu zvinovaka muviri kunokosha neramangwana kukura nhengo. Somugumisiro, panguva apo mumwe mukadzi anokwanisa kuva nevana, vachikwanisa aumbe dzinokwana dzepabonde masero vanenge 400. Paaiva varume nhamba anoverengeka mamiriyoni zana.

The nemamiriro hono utachiona masero

Dzisingaoneki masero ndiwo makamuri chaizvo duku. saizi yavo nepaburi munhu micrometers shoma. Hunhu kukura kwakadaro, Chokwadi, ndanyarara hangu nokuwanda. Nemamiriro vanhurume mumasero omuviri ine maitiro ayo.

Spermatozoon rine musoro, mutsipa uye muswe. Mumwe nomumwe zvikamu izvi anoita chaizvo mabasa. Musoro wechigarire cellular organelle pamusoro eukaryotes - the tsanga. Ndicho mutakuri mashoko majini zviri DNA mamorekuru. Rinotibatsira chinoumba nokupfuuridzirwa uye kuchengetera enhaka zvinhu. The chezvinonhuwira urume musoro rwechipiri acrosome. Chivako ichi chakagadziridzwa Golgi yakaoma uye allocates dzakananga makemikari anogona Kuparadzwa kuti goko ari zai. Pasina izvozvo, muitiro wekusangana hazvibviri. Mutsipa organelles vari mitochondria, izvo zvinopa kwebasa muswe. Muchikamu ichi urume uye vari centrioles. organelles izvi zvinoita basa rinokosha chokurukisa inotungamirwa panguva cleavage ane zai. The muswe kuti dzisingaoneki aumbwa microtubules kuti kushandisa simba mitochondria zvinopa kufamba kwevarume gametes.

The nemamiriro zai

Female utachiona masero akakura zvikuru kupfuura dzisingaoneki. dhayamita yavo mhuka zviri 0.2 mm. Asi chete munhoroondo Crossopterygii ari masendimita 10, nepo porbeagle -. To 23 masendimita vakasiyana vanhurume zai masero vari wakaiswa. Vane kumativi chimiro. Mune cytoplasm masero aya rine yakawanda zvakachengetwa reserves muviri muchimiro zai mondo. Kuwedzera makirisito DNA akatakura majini ruzivo, pane imwe asidhi nucleic - RNA. Rine mashoko nemamiriro mikuru mapuroteni zveramangwana muviri. The mondo of zai anogona kuiswa gogonera. Somuenzaniso, zviri Amphioxus ari pakati, uye nehove rinotangira rinenge pepasi, kungoita musimboti uye cytoplasm mumwe matanda sero. Kunze zai anoshongwa kunodzivirirwa: mondo, uye kuruvanze segirazi. Kuti wokuparadza acrosome pakati urume musoro kuita chirongwa muchangosangana.

muchangosangana mhando

Marongerwo uye basa utachiona masero ndivo mhosva Implementation of muchangosangana kwacho - kwemapazi gametes. In iyi, majini yokunyorera gametes machira kune rimwe chinoumba, uye chakaumbwa zygote. Iye sero rimwe muviri mutsva rokutanga.

Zvichienderana panzvimbo ndima muitiro Munokudzwa yokunze (kwokunze) uye zvemukati muchangosangana. Chokutanga mhando rinoitwa mumuviri mune mukadzi mbeva. Izvi zvinowanzoitika munzvimbo hwemvura zvakatipoteredza. Mienzaniso zvipenyu uko zvokunze fertilization, muri nhengo dzekirasi hove. vanhukadzi vavo mazai avo mumvura apo yaro munhurume akamwisa seminal mvura. Kuwanda mazai mhuka dzakadaro kusvikira zviuru zvinoverengeka, izvo kuramba huchikura kwete vanhu zvikuru. Vazhinji vavo kudyiwa nemhuka hwemvura. Asi nokuti mhuka dzose kunoratidzwa munyika fertilization, kunoitika achibatsirwa unyanzvi munhurume copulative nhengo mukati munhukadzi muviri. Kuwanda mazai vakagadzirira fertilization, ishoma.

Sechivako mukono nehadzi dzokubereka masero dzokubereka nadzo zvinomera zviri akasiyana mhuka. Naizvozvo gametes batanidza muitiro yakasiyana. Male pabonde masero miti havana muswe uye havasi kukwanisa kufamba. Naizvozvo, muchangosangana kunotangira pollination. muitiro uyu tama mukume kubva anther kuti rusarura Stamens. It zvinoitwa nemhepo, tumbuyu kana vanhu. Rakabatwa saizvozvo pamusoro rusarura, vazodzikisa dzisingaoneki utachiona chubhu racho unoratidzwa dzakaderera chikamu - ovary. Pane zai. At confluence gametes kuumbwa mbeu mudumbu.

Pfungwa parthenogenesis

Sechivako utachiona masero, zvikurukuru vakadzi, inoita zvinogoneka chimwe chezvinhu kujairika siyana rokubereka kubereka. Zvakanyorwa kunzi parthenogenesis. Its yomuzvarirwo Chaizvoizvo iri akura kukura ane unfertilized zai. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti muupenyu kutenderera crustaceans Daphnia umo humwewo pabonde uye parthenogenetic chizvarwa. Sero Female dzokubereka rine zvinovaka muviri zvakakwana kupa pave upenyu hutsva. Zvisinei, kana pasina parthenogenesis kuti mubatanidzwa itsva kuvabereki ruzivo, uye naizvozvo, pakuonekwa vatambi vatsva sezvinobvira. Zvisinei parthenogenesis ane zvoutachiona kukosha nokuti zvinoita muitiro zvepabonde kubereka zvichibvira kunyange pasina kuvapo vanhu vanhukadzi.

Danho kumwedzi

In hadzi utachiona masero vasina kugadzirira fertilization, asi chete mune vamwe nguva dzose maitikiro kumwedzi. Panguva iyi vasiri muitiro mumuviri kuitika cyclically dzose kuchinja mashandiro dzokubereka nadzo. Izvi zviri nokudzorwa humoral hurongwa. Ya ichi kutenderera mazuva 21-36 pamwe paavhareji 28. Nguva inogona kukamurwa zvikamu zvitatu. In wokutanga (kumwedzi) iro kunosvika anenge 5 mazuva okutanga, kuti endometrium parinorambwa. Izvi zvinoteverwa atsamwira zviduku tsinga. 6-14 zuva pasi pokudzora pituitary follicle inomira apo zai dzinokura. Lining of dumbu panguva iyi inotanga apore. Izvi ndiwo poslemenstrualnoy danho. Kubva 15 fung kusvika 28 zuva fung pakati paumbwe zvakakora connective zvinyama - the corpus luteum mbeu. It anoshumira kwenguva pfupi kwemakemikari anobudiswa shwanu kuti secretes mahormone kuti tunodzivisa kuibvisa pamusoro follicles. Munguva kubva 17 ndipo kusvika 21 fung zuva mukana wekusangana ndiyo soro. Kana izvi zvikasaitika, zvepabonde sero raparadzwa uye mucous Kamudzira iri akasvuura shure.

Chii ovulation

Pazuva rechi14 kumwedzi nemamiriro munhukadzi nemasero embeu Kuchinja zvishoma. Zai goko rinopatsanurwa follicular uye vasunungurwa kubva ovary kusvika fallopian chubhu. Zvaiva imomo rinopedzisa kuibvisa kwayo. Izvi zvinonzi ovulation. Ichi chinhu chakakosha kwazvo nguva, umo dumbu anowana anokwanisa kugamuchira zai.

Mashoko okutodza akagadzirwa gametes

Mazai uye urume vane chete iine magene mashoko. Somuenzaniso, munhu pabonde masero ane 23 okutodza, uye zygote - 46. Panguva confluence pamusoro gametes hafu kwemajini ane muviri anogamuchira kubva mai vayo, uye chechipiri - kubva baba vake. Izvi zvinoshandawo pasi. Pakati anokudzwa okutodza autosomes uye mumwe peya pabonde. Vari akasarudzwa nemabhii Latin. Muvanhu, masero hadzi ane mbiri dzakafanana pabonde okutodza, apo vanhu - siyana. Camadas Masero ane mumwe wavo. Saka, zvepabonde kwemwana kunobva pachido mukono muviri uye mhando okutodza kuti anotakura dzisingaoneki.

Basa utachiona masero

Nemamiriro munhukadzi nemasero embeu, uyewo varume, iri interconnected pamwe mabasa yavanobata. Senzira dzokubereka nadzo, yavanobata rokubereka kubereka chaitika. Kusiyana asexual, izvo anochengeta kuvimbika majini mashoko ane muviri, kurara kubereka anobvumira kusikwa chitsva zvinhu. Uyu inodiwa zvimiso panowanikwa kwadzakabva, uye saka yose kuvapo zvipenyu.