Vanenge zvemukati muchangosangana? Chii chakanakira yomunyika muchangosangana?

Vanenge womukati fertilization, ndiwo iyi, uye chii chiri zvayo yomuzvarirwo kukosha? Izvi uye nemimwe mibvunzo yakawanda unokwanisa kupindura kuti zvichaita kusumwa kuti nyaya yedu.

Chii dzepabonde kubereka

Kubereka mumwe zvinoitwa zvose zvipenyu. Izvi chendangariro ari chamazuva zvizvarwa. Sexual kubereka pave mubatanidzwa mutsva kuvabereki zvinhu, uye saka zviratidzo zvipenyu. Izvi ndizvo hwaro yedzinza uye kushanduka.

Akadana pabonde kubereka umo gametes zvinobatanidzwa. Ava masero kushandiswa kuti ane haploid chromosome yakatarwa. Zvakasikwa, kukwanisa wayo zvose zvinomera nemhuka.

The nemamiriro gametes

Muitiro gamete Fusion - iri muchangosangana. Internal kana kwokunze muchangosangana rinoitwa utachiona masero chete. Kusiyanisa pakati vechirume gametes - dzisingaoneki uye mazai. Vane Misiyano marongerwo. Saka, hadzi utachiona masero havagoni kufamba uye kupa mukana wakakwana zvokudya zvinovaka muviri. Izvi imhaka yokuti inobva hadzi gamete ndiyo kukura yemberi muviri. Male pabonde masero zvinomera anewo asingakwanisi kufamba, saka muitiro wekusangana mune zvinenge izvi asati pollination.

Gametes - zvivako kuti vane chete, kana haploid yakatarwa okutodza. Uye chimiro chakadaro haasi masanga. Chokwadi chokuti muviri vakura vanofanira miviri (diploid) chromosome yakatarwa. Izvi zvinogoneka chete panguva confluence yacho haploid gametes.

External uye zvemukati muchangosangana

Rinoreva remubatanidzwa muchangosangana magene zvinhu gametes. Zvichienderana nzvimbo umo kwacho kunoitika, pane mhando dzakawanda nawo. External muchangosangana anotora nzvimbo kunze muviri munhukadzi wacho. Zvakasikwa, richiwanika munyika amphibians uye hove. Internal muchangosangana runozivisa randinenge pano mhuka: nezvinokambaira, shiri, mhuka.

Features zvekunze muchangosangana

Kunze kana kunze, muchangosangana pabonde maberekero rinotanga kunze masero. Naizvozvo, convergence ezvinhu zvipenyu apo hazvisi zvakakodzera. Pasinei neizvi, mune hunhu zvakafanana sumbu Breeders. Somuenzaniso, hove uye matatya zviri kukonzera.

Kunze fertilization, mukati kana zvenguva mhando pakutanga insemination rikurumidze. Chaizvoizvo Its uvete convergence zvepabonde masero. Masayendisiti akawana kuti kana kwokunze muchangosangana anenge pakarepo pashure muchitokisi kuonana kuchinja kupinda nemagetsi nomunhu zai anoshongwa. A 7 masekonzi gametes mukati kare hwakabatana, nokudaro ropedzisira zygote. It kakawanda yakakamurwa uye zvishoma nezvishoma akaumba zvipuka zvine masero akawanda mudumbu.

Vakadzi zvemhuka izvo kubudikidza zvokunze muchangosangana inozivikanwa panguva emit mumvura guru nhamba mazai. Somuenzaniso, hove kuita kuti pave mazai zviuru zvakawanda. chikamu chiduku vavo chete vachava nembeu uye uve yokupara. Vamwe vanova zvakatapwa mhuka hwemvura.

Chii chakanakira yomunyika muchangosangana

Internal muchangosangana mhuka kumbowanikwa nehadzi dzokubereka ducts. Uye pane wakaiswa zai. Urume kusvika nayo somugumisiro zvepabonde. It hwakatanga kuti kakawanda zai chinopinda fuma renyukireya chete murume gamete. cytoplasm awo anenge asina muzvirongwa paumbwe imwe nhengo itsva.

The chikuru mukana munyika muchangosangana ndechokuti embryo achiri vasingatungamirirwi ezvinhu ipa zvakatipoteredza. kukura kwayo kunoitika mukati imwe nguva rwaamai muviri. Iye rinopa embryo: kupisa, mwando, okisijeni, uye zvokudya. Uyezve, panguva pakusangana mukati muviri gamete Fusion mukana inowedzera zvikuru, izvo zvinoita kutsiga kubereka kwacho vanhu vakadaro. Nezvikonzero izvi, nhamba hadzi gametes vanokwanisa wekusangana, ndoda kana tichizvienzanisa mhuka secrete muvira zvakatipoteredza.

A chaiyo zai iri nourume nokuda dzisingaoneki mumwe. Asi nei mune zvinenge zhinji, chiedza anooneka mashoma vanhu, kana kunyange vemakumi? Izvi zvinogoneka nenzira mbiri. Muchiitiko chokutanga kuti isa fotereza OVA dziri akawanda, chimwe nechimwe anokurukura siyanei mukono gamete. Murume uyu nyaya vanozvarwa pamapatya akasiyana. Vanogona kuva vaviri mumwe uye nevanhukadzi siyana uye hapana zvakawanda zvakafanana kupfuura nevanun'una. Mapatya ndiwo mugumisiro weboka zygote kupinda akawanda nhengo. Muchiitiko chino, munhu akaberekerwa vana chete munhurume, rakafanana mumwe rakaita samadonhwe maviri emvura.

Sexual kubereka zvinomera

In maruva miriwo, uye muchangosangana kuchiitika - mukati. Vamiriri ichi hurongwa dzakabatana vane uwandu zvinhu anozviratidza pabonde muitiro. It anoita vanhu rokubereka zvomukati - ruva. Pfungwa gamete Fusion kunotangira pollination. Chaizvoizvo Its iri kuchinjwa mukono utachiona masero ari rusarura nemhepo, tumbuyu, mvura kana munhu.

kaviri muchangosangana

Uyezve, vaviri urume pamwe Kutumbuka utachiona chubhu pasi pasi mugove wakashamira of pistil - ovary. Pano uye pane dzinobatana pakati urume pamwe nehadzi gamete, mumwe - pamwe nechepakati utachiona masero. Naizvozvo, ichi anonzi kaviri muchangosangana. Mugumisiro chinhu mudumbu takapoteredzwa kuchengeterwa inotonhorera endosperm uye Hull. Nemamwe mashoko, mbeu.

Izvi akagovera ano maruva miti hune nzvimbo panyika. Zai embryo kunodzivirirwa madziro ovary, uye mbeu rine zvakakodzera kupiwa nezvinovaka muviri uye mvura, zvinodiwa kuti kukura ari mukuru chirimwa.

The mhando wekusangana uye mhuka dzinogarisana

Zviri nyore kuti kuronda ari kuvimba kuti zvinenge uye dzinogarisana mhando muchangosangana. Saka, Fusion pamusoro gametes mu kwezvakatipoteredza kunoitika mumvura, uye apo embryo hwapedyo pakutanga zvipenyu pamwe kwokunze muchangosangana. Uyezve, iyi ndiyo zvinogoneka chete mune zvematongerwo enyika kana alkaline unosvikirwa, uye ari asidhi zvisisakwanisiki.

The chidzoke yomunyika pakusangana mubishi yemhindumupindu Rinobatanidzwa ne kusunungurwa chordate mhuka panyika. Life vamiriri kwakadai mvura chinoitwa kuti ichi chinhu zvichibvira kuvonga. Zvinokambaira womukati muchangosangana kunoitika mukati hadzi muviri, uko chepakutanga uye kukura mudumbu. It ari zai, iyo ine norubatsiro runopiwa zvokuvakisa uye ruzhinji chakafukidzwa pedyo batana nevamwe. Kuwedzera mondo compensates nokuti asipo ari larval padanho ontogeny nezvinokambaira. Uye chitarisiko gobvu membranes zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuva mazai avo panyika uye kunodzivirira kuomesa uye zvokuimba kukuvara.

The ontogeny yemhuka zvipuka zvine masero akawanda

The zygote, iyo yakaumbwa somugumisiro fertilization, anotanga kugovera kakawanda. Kwapera nguva aiva nhengo nhamba masero - blastomeres. Zvadaro anotanga padariro gastrula, iyo inozivikanwa nokuva kuripisa utachiona akaturikidzana. Pfungwa Kugadzirwa embryo Anoumba nhengo dzavo nehurongwa.

kukura munhu mhuka zvipuka zvine masero akawanda uye zvinosanganisira embryo poslezarodyshevy nguva. In zvinenge pamwe munyika fertilization, okutanga kunoitika mumuviri raamai kana mukati zai. Izvi zvinopa wakakwirira pamwero mhuka kukura, uyewo avo vanokwanisa kuzviraramira upenyu pashure pokuberekwa. Sezvo kuberekwa ayo anotanga Postnatal kumwedzi. Muchangosangana nechomukati kana kwokunze, anosarudza mhando remangwana kukura zvipenyu. Muchiitiko chokutanga, zvinotora nzvimbo pasina larval pachikuva. Saka achangoberekwa chiratidzazvizhinji siyanei kubva vakura. Izvi mhando okukura anonzi zvakananga. Asi hove uye amphibians ndiwo larval pachikuva, panguva iyo yakatanga mberi, kusvika padanho sangano vamiririri vakuru.

Saka, womukati muchangosangana - ndiwo muitiro kubatanidzwa nomumwe pamusoro gametes mukati munhukadzi muviri. Zvichienzaniswa kunze, ine nhamba zvinokosha zvakanakira: wakakwirira ndingangokuvara Fusion pamusoro gametes, avo rusununguko kubva kwokunze ezvinhu uye kuona remangwana chinhanho mhuka kwirirei.