Epochal makore. Ushe Ivan ari Anotyisa

Munhoroondo Russia panguva 1547-1583 zvinoita basa rinokosha. Makore aya (ushe Ivana Groznogo) chokuita voruzhinji, kunyanya nomukurumbira oprichnina. Uye iye akanga inokosha kukanganisa enyika, zveupfumi pakuzadzisa Moscow zvechokwadi mamiriro. Zvisinei, dzimwe Zvakakosha kuziva pamwero transformations zvakaitika mumakore aya. Ushe Ivan ari Anotyisa Akaperekedzwa siyana nokuchinja kuchaitwa Hurumende imwe mhando nguva yake - kuti vasanangurwa Batsirai. Zvikurukuru, zvose kuchinja vakanga zvainanga centralizing neHurumende uye zvimwe zvisikwa Chokwadi, zvakafanana runyararo uye zvivako munyika. Mupfungwa iyi, hapana chakasiyana pane chinhu chinokosha makore aya. Ivana Groznogo ushe zvakanaka mukati mugango-European kuitika kune mhedziso umambo, iro rakatanga kare High Middle Ages. Pano tinofanira kutaura chimwe chikonzero, izvo zvichida raireva Ivan Grozny. Paitonga baba vake uye nowakautangira, Vasily III, kwakaratidzwa pamwero mukuru nevakawanda rokumukira. Uye muna muna 1547 mhomho kunyange akamboda kuuraya mumiririri mhuri youmambo, achigumburwa nehanya of boyars. Zvaiva pachena kuti hurumende inoda kuchinja. Chokutanga, matare uye okutarisira.

Reform basa akasarudzwa kufara

rudzi ndibatsireiwo hurumende namambo wakasikwa kuti kuzadziswa zvinangwa zvayo, izvo kushanda kubva muna 1547 kusvika 1560. Zvose zvokuchinja vakanga zvainanga dzichiumbwa chokwadi munhu Qualitative bureaucratic mamiriro ezvinhu ari Muscovy, achitora kudzora mamiriro ezvinhu munyika, ari centralization simba, kubviswa zvisaririra feudal kukakavara, uye zvichingodaro. The Kuronga zvisina hurumende vaisanganisira kwamachinda, ivo boyars, vatungamiriri pakunamata. Huru kuchinja vaiva zvinotevera:

1. Zvaakatonga kuchinja. Boyarsky dare vasisagoni kutonga pachavo boyars, kodzero iyi hwakatamisirwa chete chepasi wedare wamambo. The itsva Code muMutemo, yakatanga Batsirai, yaipotsa wandei nezvakatongwa neropafadzo feudal nemadzishe uye akamutsa kukosha nechepakati nhumbi. Kokutanga chikuru uye chete tsime mutemo rakaparidzirwa mutemo. Izvozvo liquidated kodzero netsika, zvorudzi boyar nehanya.
2. Zemstvo kuchinja anotamisa kuti matunhu neminisiparati dhipatimendi kana Township nzanga kuzvidzora utariri: kuunganidza mitero uye kuramba kwavo padzoro. Uyezve, kurima munharaunda kwave kuchizivikanwa zvakaenzana kodzero guta. Zvino sarudzo yake zvose - musha vaiva vatungamiriri, Dvorsky - vaiona vashandi veHurumende.
3. Defence kuchinja - zvichida chinonyanya kukosha, yaiitwa panguva yaitonga Ivana Groznogo. It vakazivisa musimboti hwebasa rokumanikidza kwamachinda. Muna 1550 wacho akanga akasika strelets hondo, kokutanga munyika Russian. Kwaikosha mutemo hwokubvisa ari gavhuna munguva utsinye.

oprichnina

Zvisinei, pasinei basa, ivo boyars, zvainanga centralizing mamiriro nokuti pasina vakauya makore inotyisa. Ushe Ivan vanotyisa yake yokupedzisira nguva pakataurwa zvachose kutya pamusoro vakakwirira. Mambo akafunga kuti zvinhu zviri kunonoka, kuti nhengo hurumende nemaune kunonoka nemhedziso simba rake. Mukutanga Kuma1960, mambo asarudza kana takabatana. It unoitisa rakapfava kwazvo muviri rwisana Varindi anongoda vanotanga panyama kuparadza vamiririri kwamachinda.