European Monetary System

Kubvira pakutanga kwayo, European Monetary System (EMS) haana pfungwa zvikuru sezvo chivakwa ekufambisa enyika pabonde.

Vapererwa tariro yose mari maitiro ayo zvinoyangarara mwero dzakavamba dzamadzibaba EBU vakasimuka kuti umutse nyika yakatarwa asi chinjika Exchange dzakawanda yeEuropean Communities. Hurongwa rakadaro zvigoneke kuti adzivirire hombe zvemukati European dzaishandiswa Rwako kubva unopinza nokuchinja makwikwi. Rinotaurawo kuti tizvidzore siyana munyika mitengo, vachibvumira tikaisa zvishoma kugadzikana mitengo uye zvoita kuti "mapazi usapinde pakusimba".

Panguva iyo European Monetary System akanga dzinoongororwa somunhu chinzvimbo chaizvo chirongwa, sezvo iye odzokera European mari utariri mune dzimwe nyika, vakawanda zvikurukuru France uye Italy, akaramba kure akapfuura kuedza pa kubatana.

The hurongwa dzakwidzwa vakashanduka, achisiya mhiri yavo chinangwa chepakutanga: achitaura kudzora mashandiro mari iri European Economic Community (EEC) akava stiffer kwemashoko mari gwara tsanangudzo, ari kufamba pamusoro guru riri kupfuura zvakanga mumakore EMU okutanga.

Zvose nyika interconnected, kunyanya mune mari ukama munyika yose. Naizvozvo zvakafanira kuti kutaura mashoko mashomanana pamusoro nyika mari ezvinhu seboka, vokupedzisira zvokukura budiriro:

· Paris mari maitiro (Makore 1816-1914), inobva yemandorokwati.

· Gold Gráfica mureza (1914-1941), uyo akapa Exchange bepa mari nokuda mbariro nendarama yairema kwete asingasviki 12,5 makirogiramu.

Pamwe nendarama pamusoro nguva vachibhadhara dzakawanda dzava kugamuchirwa US madhora uye nepondo hwakakwirira.

· Muna 1922, musangano wakaitwa muna kuGenoa, izvo vakauya pamwe chete vamiririri venyika 34, kukurukura zvine chokuita monetarism pashure First World War, yavaipora nzira muCentral uye Eastern Europe uye chibvumirano pakati European capitalist upfumi uye itsva nehurumende yeSoviet.

Zvadaro Genoese mari maitiro akanga akagadzira (1922-1944), uyo akanga achishandisa ndarama Exchange mureza.

· Sezvo Second World War vakaedza kuramba takatsiga pakati makuru dzeEurope panguva chaiyo zvazvingava gadziriro, yainzi Bretton Woods chibvumirano, icho kuparara mukutanga kwema1970.

Kunyange zvakadaro, vatungamiriri European vakatsvaka nheyo akatsiga rates, kusiya mutemo zvinoyangarara Exchange, yakakurumbira muUnited States.

nyika Most vakabvuma muna 1972 kutsigira currency ukama. Uye mari ezvinhu, vaimudana "Nyoka mugero" chaiva kudzivisa nokufamba zvinopfuura 2.25 muzana.

Yaiva kuedza wokutanga pamwe mumunda mari noukama uye, chokwadi, iwo anosunga zvose EEC dzeEurope mumwe nomumwe. Kunyange zvazvo hurumende zvakawanda kana zvishoma akapukunyuka kusvikira 1979, iye akatanga isaparara muna 1973, maererano vakasununguka oscillation yacho dhora.

The European Monetary System hwakagadzwa muna 1979 kuti kudzikamisa mwero zvoupfumi munzanga vanobatanidzwa European Union. Zvino paiva European mari unit (ECU), kunobva tswanda National dzeEurope. ECU aiva mugadzi of Euro.

Mukutanga zvokukura sangano haana kubudirira zvachose, aivapo akawanda rwokugadzira matambudziko. Periodic kugadzirisa kwakawedzera kukosha simba dzeEurope uye akakotamisa simba.

Zvisinei, pashure 1986 kuchinja Pakuurayiwa zvido prices zvinoshandiswa kuramba currency mukati rakamanikana siyana (kubva nechepakati zvazvingava namazano). Countries pokuita acho, aifanira kuita hwakagadzwa Unit, inova mupiro inokosha pakurwisa mitengo.

Kuti usimbise yakarurama Gengi mashandiro (ERM) vose States Mapato kuna 1990 United Kingdom haana kubatana. Akanga kumanikidzwa kupa zvakare muna 1992, nokuti vakatadza kuramba mukati ERM nemiganhu.

Zvisinei, The chirongwa, vakaramba kuva zvakafanira kuna Maastricht Treaty, akadzokorora kukosha seboka mamiriro.

Muna 1999, apo paiva Euro, European mari hurongwa akarega kuvapo, pasinei nokuti Gengi mashandiro kuramba kumhanya.