Hadron Collider: Start. The Large Hadron Collider nei? Riripiko?

History of akisarareta, izvo tinoziva nhasi sezvo Large Hadron Collider inotanga zvakawanda kubva 2007. Pakutanga zvakanga akatanga muronga akisarareta yacho cyclotron. The mudziyo waiva diki zano kuti nyore zvinonyatsoenderana patafura. Zvino nyaya accelerators kwakasimbiswa zvishoma nezvishoma. Chaioneka synchrotron uye synchrotron.

Munhau zvichida kupfuura kunakidza yaiva nguva kubva 1956 kusvika makore 1957. Panguva iyoyo, sainzi Soviet, kunyanya wefizikisi, haana lag shure hama vatorwa. Uchishandisa akaunganidza makore ruzivo, kuti yefizikisi Soviet ainzi Vladimir Veksler akaita budiriro sayenzi. Ndivo simba kupfuura synchrotron panguva akasikwa. Its tichishanda chinzvimbo yaiva 10 GeV (mabhiriyoni 10 Erekitironi volts). Shure kwaizvozvo kuwanikwa akatotanga akasika mienzaniso ve- accelerators: Large Erekitironi-Positron Collider, imwe akisarareta Swiss, Germany, United States. Vose vane chimwe chinangwa zvakafanana - kudzidza zvikuru tudonhwe quarks.

The Large Hadron Collider akasikwa rokutanga nzvimbo anoonga kuitwa rokuItari yefizikisi. Uye zita rake raiva Carlo Rubbia, Nobel Prize weNobel. Panguva kwayakaita Rubbia aishanda ari mutungamiriri panguva European Organization for Research Nuclear. Kwakasarudzwa kuvaka uye kumhanya LHC ari-nzvimbo tsvakurudzo centre.

Where Hadron Collider?

Collider akaisa pamuganhu pakati Switzerland uye France. Kureba kwayo sekamufarenzi ndiyo 27 makiromita, uye saizvozvo inonzi guru. akisarareta mhete odzokera 50 kusvika 175 metres. The magineti 1232 yakaiswa collider. Vari superconducting, izvo zvinoreva munhu anogona kuva kunonyanyisa munda kuti kumhanyisa, sezvo simba mari magnets a dzakadaro dzinenge vasipo. The zvachose kurema neimwe magineti iri matani 3,5 ari kureba 14.3 mamita.

Kufanana chero panyama chinhu, ari Large Hadron Collider zvinowanisa kupisa. Naizvozvo, zvinokosha kuti nguva dzose muchitonhorera. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, tembiricha anodzokororwa pa 1,7 K vachishandisa mamiriyoni 12 litres emura senitrogen. Uyezve, mvura nehelium (700,000 litres) rinoshandiswa kuti kutonhora, uye Chikurukuru - kumanikidza rinoshandiswa riri kagumi kudzika rinopfuura mumhepo kumanikidzwa.

Temperature 1,7 K chilis ndiyo -271 inegumi. tembiricha akadaro anenge pedyo kumhedziso razero. Mhedziso razero anonzi yepasisa zvinoita muganhu, izvo zvinogona kuva mumuviri.

The menzvimbo mugero haidereri kunakidza. Kune niobium-titanium superconducting wire pamwe kuita. kureba ravo 7600 makiromita. Vose kurema iri 1,200 matani netambo. Mukati menyika waya - a plexus pakati waya 6300 ane zvachose chinhambwe mabhiriyoni 1,5 makiromita. kureba ichi akaenzana 10 ezvemuchadenga dzakabatana. Somuenzaniso, daro kubva pasi kusvikira zuva iri 10 muzvikamu akadaro.

Kana isu nezvazvo ayo nzvimbo, zvinogona kunzi collider marin'i nhema pakati pamaguta Saint-Genis uye Forno Voltaire iri kudivi French, uyewo Marin uye Vessurat - pamwe kurutivi Swiss. Small mhete, rinonzi PS, runosvika pamwe muganhu dhayamita.

The raison d'être

Kuti tipindure mubvunzo "chii LHC", unofanira kuenda masayendisiti. Masayendisiti akawanda anoti kuti nokugadzirwa kukuru nguva yose kuvapo sayenzi, uye kuti sainzi pasina izvozvo, iro rinozivikanwa kwatiri nhasi, chete hazvina musoro. Kuvapo uye kushanda Large Hadron Collider anonakidza pakuti kudhumhana pakati inoramba iri LHC ari kuputika. All yakaisvonaka inoramba uparadzire kwakasiyana-siyana. Kuumba nezvimedu itsva, iyo inogona kutsanangura kuvapo uye zvinoreva zhinji.

Chinhu chokutanga kuti masayendisiti akaedza kutsvaka nezvimedu izvi yakadonha - iri hunonzi nezvacho yefizikisi Peter Higgs zvepakutanga PARTICIPLE anonzi "Higgs boson". Ichi PARTICIPLE hunoshamisa ndiye mutakuri mashoko, vanoonekwa. Asi zvinonzi, "PARTICIPLE Mwari". izvozvo Opening anozodzidza masayendisiti kunzwisisa zvose. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti muna 2012, musi waJuly 4, Hadron Collider (kutanga nayo zvishomanana vakabudirira) kubatsira kuwana zvakafanana PARTICIPLE. To musi, masayendisiti ari kuedza kudzidza zvizere.

Rinhiko kuda ...

Chokwadi, mubvunzo pakarepo unomuka, nei masayendisiti saka refu kudzidza nezvimedu izvi. Kana uine zano, unogona kumhanya naro, uye nguva dzose kupfura zvakawanda mashoko. Chokwadi chokuti basa LHC - icho mufaro inodhura. Mumwe kanda kunodyira wemuno. Somuenzaniso, gore negore simba rakawanda akaenzana. KW mamiriyoni 800 / h. uwandu Iri simba ukapedza guta rine vanhu vanenge 100 zviuru. Man, panguva avhareji nemitemo. Izvi hazvirevi zvinosanganisira yokuzvigadzirisa mari. Chimwe chikonzero - ndechokuti LHC kuputika anowanika kana pitting kuti protons akasungwa kubereka hombe Vhoriyamu date: kombiyuta-verengeka ruzivo kuitira kuti kubudiswa anotora nguva yakawanda. Kunyange pasinei nokuti simba makombiyuta kuti vanogamuchira mashoko, kunyange guru nemitemo vanhasi.

Chimwe chikonzero - hachisi zvishoma vakakurumbira rima nyaya. Masayendisiti uchishanda collider mune mirayiridzo iyi, nechokwadi kuti anooneka siyana zvakasikwa ndiyo 4 chete%. Zvinofungirwa kuti vamwe - nerima nyaya uye rima simba. Experimentally kuedza kuratidza kuti akarurama dzidziso iyi.

Hadron Collider nokuti kana

Isa mberi Pfungwa yacho yerima inonzi kupinda mubvunzo kuchengeteka kuvapo LHC. The mubvunzo akasimuka: "Hadron Collider nokuti kana pamusoro?" Akanga ainetseka masayendisiti akawanda. All pfungwa huru munyika vanokamurwa muzvikamu zviviri. "Vavengi" ndaisa mberi inonakidza dzidziso kuti kana nyaya yakadaro iripo, ipapo anofanira kwayo pakatarisana PARTICIPLE. Zvino kudhumhana kuti inoramba iri akisarareta anooneka zvasviba chikamu. Paiva nengozi kuti rima chikamu uye chikamu kuti isu chiso. Ipapo kungaita kuti rufu wezvose. Zvisinei, pashure wokutanga kutanga LHC dzidziso iyi zvave pamwe haungatani kuputsika.

Next kukosha kunouya kuputika zvakasikwa, kana panzvimbo - aberekwa. Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti kudhumhana inogona kuchengetwa sei zvose vakaita ari masekonzi chokuvapo rokutanga. Nzira iye akatarira shure kwakabva Big Bang. Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti PARTICIPLE kudhumhana muitiro zvikuru chakafanana umwe waiva pakutanga yokuberekwa wezvose.

Kanenge mumwe nakisisa pfungwa iyo masayendisiti akaongorora - zviri zvekumwe yokutevedzera. Zvinoratidzika Zvinoshamisa, asi kune dzidziso zvingareva kuti pane zvimwe kukura uye universes sesu vanhu. Uye oddly zvakakwana, iyo akisarareta uye vanokwanisa kubatsira.

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, chinangwa chokuvapo akisarareta ndiko kunzwisisa chii wezvose zvakasikwa, sei akasikwa, kuratidza kana kusaratidza chero huripo dzidziso nezvimedu uye anoenderana mananara. Chokwadi, zvaizotora makore asi nerimwe kutanga zvinhu zvitsva kuti akapidigura nyika nesayenzi.

Facts pamusoro akisarareta

Munhu wose anoziva kuti akisarareta Inowedzera nezvimedu kusvika 99% kumhanya chiedza, asi kwete vanhu vakawanda vanoziva kuti chikamu yakaenzana 99,9999991% of kumhanya chiedza. Nhamba iyi zvinoshamisa zvine musoro nokuti akakwana zvakagadzirwa uye magnets a simba mhanyisa. Tinofanirawo kuziva zvimwe zvishoma nezvaanoziva.

Nhamba anogadzirwa kudhumhana pamusoro nezvimedu panguva kumhanyisa

Kuwanda protons mune neboka	kusvika 100 Bln. (1011)
Nhamba Masvinga	kusvika 2,808
Kuwanda kupfuura hwepurotoni nematanda iri detector mapazi	kusvika mamiriyoni 31. wechipiri zvikamu 4
Kuwanda PARTICIPLE kwemotokari panguva mharadzano	20
Volume pa kudhumhana Data	anenge 1.5 MB
Kwazvo nezvimedu Higgs	1 dzikaruma ose 2,5 mumasekonzi (pa zvizere kusimba danda uye maererano nedzimwe zvekungofungira pamusoro ehupfumi ari nezvimedu Higgs)

Vanenge mamiriyoni 100. Nehova date kunobva nechimwe maviri michina huru inogona panyaya mumasekonzi kupedza zvinopfuura 100,000 maCD. Mune imwe chete mumwedzi nhamba discs zvasvika kureba zvokuti apo akarara pamurwi, zvingava zvakakwana kumwedzi. Saka kwakasarudzwa kwete kuunganidza zvose mashoko anobva michina, asi avo chete vanobvumirwa kushandisa mashoko muunganidzwa hurongwa, izvo chokwadi anoita somunhu Sefa nokuda mashoko. Kwakasarudzwa kunyora zviitiko 100 chete kuti chakaitika panguva kuputika. Yakanyorwa zviitiko izvi zvichava kuti Archive humboo pakati LHC ino, riri European Laboratory nokuda PARTICIPLE Physics, ndiye zvakare nzvimbo akisarareta chinzvimbo. Vachapiwa kunyorwa zviitiko kuti zvakanyorwa, uye vanomirira vezvesayenzi kufarirwa mukurusa.

aftertreatment

Pashure Pakunyora kilobytes zana Data kuti kupatsanurwa. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, makombiyuta anopfuura mamiriyoni maviri yaiva CERN. Chinangwa makombiyuta aya ndiwo kubudiswa yakatsvuka Data uye paumbwe kwavaiwanzogara, izvo zvichava dzinobatsira mamwe kuongorora. Uyezve vanowanika date Rwizi kuchabudirira kuti kombiyuta Network Grid. Izvi paIndaneti rezvebonde richibatanidza zviuru makombiyuta kuti dziri munzvimbo dzakasiyana masangano munyika yose, runokusunganidzai zvikuru kupfuura rimwe zana nzvimbo, izvo riri mumakondinendi matatu. pfungwa All yakadaro chokuita CERN vachishandisa Manyiminya fibers - nokuti kunonyanyisa date unodiwa.

Achitaura chokwadi, zvakakodzera kutaura uyewo nemamiriro rwomuviri zviratidzo. Tanera akisarareta ari kutsaudzira kuti 1,4% kubva chinjikira ndege. Izvi zvakaitwa munzvimbo yokutanga kuisa dzakawanda akisarareta kumugero padombo monolithic. Saka kudzika placement pakatarisana mativi akasiyana. Kana taifunga kubva mugungwa, iro riri pedo Geneva, kudzika ndiyo 50 mamita. The pakatarisana Chikamu ane kudzika 175 metres.

The dzinonakidza ndechokuti womudenga maitikiro chokuita akisarareta. Zvingaita sokuti rakaita chinhu kure anogona kuita kure. Asi rinozivikanwa kuti munguva yakazara mwedzi, kana paine sefungu nyika munharaunda Geneva, achifumira nokuda sezvinobvumirwa 25 masendimita. Izvi zvinokanganisa Kureba collider. Length pakudaro incremented 1 millimeter, uye danda simba hunochinja 0.02%. Sezvo simba pamusoro danda kuzvidzora inofanira kuitwa kusvika 0,002%, vatsvakurudzi vanofanira kufunga chiitiko ichi.

Uyewo dzinonakidza ndechokuti collider mugero ane chimiro ane Zimbabwe Educational pane denderedzwa, sezvo vazhinji vari. Pamakona vakaumba kuti zvikamu pfupi. Vari vakaronga wakaiswa michina uye hurongwa kuti Rinotarisira wakakurumidza PARTICIPLE danda.

mamiriro

Hadron Collider, kushanda uko chokuita zvakawanda mashoko uye nokufarisa masayendisiti - ane mudziyo zvinoshamisa. akisarareta All une zvindori zviviri. mhete Small inonzi hwepurotoni synchrotron kana, kushandisa abbreviations - PIS. mhete Large - Super Purotoni Synchrotron, kana SPS. Pamwechete zvindori zviviri kubvumira parara mugove kuna 99.9% kumhanya chiedza. Saka collider kunowedzera uye nesimba protons, kuwedzera zvachose simba ravo ka16. Kunoitawo zvacho dhumhana nemumwe anenge 30 Mill. Time / s. kwemaawa 10. 4 zvikuru michina inotengwa dzakawanda 100 terabytes ose digitaalinen Data por wechipiri. Kugamuchira mashoko nokuda mumwe zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, vanogona kuzviona zvokutanga nezvimedu, vane kunaka magetsi nokuchengeta, uye tine nehafu-kuruka. Sezvo nezvimedu izvi dzinotsauka, zvino kutungamirira vasabatwa zvavo zvisingaiti kunobvira kuona simba ravo chete kuti chaibwinya pane imwe yorusvingo kusvikira danda akabatana. danho iri rinonzi yokutanga rukungiso pamwero. danho ichi chinotevererwa nechinoteverwa chinokosha mashoko makadhi anopfuura 100, izvo revatema mune pfungwa Implementation. Chikamu ichi kunoratidzwa muna kuti panguva kutambira mashoko ari kusarudzwa vanopfuura 100 tysyach Data kutigumbura mune imwe wechipiri. Zvadaro, mashoko aya anoshandiswa pachisara kunoitika kushandisa chepamusoro-pamwero mashandiro.

Next Level Systems, Ukuwo, vanogamuchira mashoko kubva ose detector dziriko. Software detector unoshanda pemambure. Ikoko kushandisa vazhinji makombiyuta ribude unozotevera umboo kutigumbura, paavhareji nguva pakati namatombo - 10 microseconds. Zvirongwa vanofanira kuumba mucherechedzo nezvimedu, unoenderana chepakutanga pfungwa. Zvinoguma date yakatarwa vakaumba rinoumbwa tichimhanya, simba, uye dzimwe nzira kuti akamuka panguva imwe chiitiko.

akisarareta zvikamu

akisarareta All inogona kukamurwa 5 huru kumativi:

1) Erekitironi-positron akisarareta collider. Chikamu anenge 7 tysyach magnets a ne superconducting ehupfumi. Navo kunoitika kuburikidza annular achitungamirirwa danda mugero. Uyewo ivo pfungwa danda rimwe aibuda ane upamhi zvinoderedza kusvika noupamhi rimwe bvudzi.

2) Compact muon solenoid. detector iri rakagadzirirwa zvayo chinangwa. Mumamiriro detector vakadaro vari kutsvaka zvitsva mananara uye, somuenzaniso, kutsvaka Higgs PARTICIPLE.

3) Detector LHCb. Zvinorehwa mudziyo uyu kutsvaga quarks uye inoramba kuvapikisa - antiquarks.

4) The toroidal kugadzwa Atlas. detector ichi rakagadzirirwa Kuda kutamba pamusoro muons.

5) Alice. detector ichi rinoburitsa colliding vatungamirire ions, uye hwepurotoni-hwepurotoni kwemotokari.

Difficulties kutanga kuti LHC

Pasinei nokuti kuvapo soro michina anobvisa mukana zvikanganiso zvinoitwa zvose zvakasiyana. Panguva kunonoka, uyewo kukundikana nguva akisarareta gungano. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti izvi zvisingatarisirwi haana. The mudziyo rine nuances zhinji uye kunoda zvakarurama zvokuti masayendisiti anotarisira nemigumisiro yakafanana. Somuenzaniso, mumwe matambudziko akatarisana masayendisiti munguva kanda - havashiviriri of magineti, iyo pfungwa Matanda protons pakarepo pamberi kudhumhana. Izvi tsaona yakaipisisa kwakakonzerwa nokuparadzwa pagomo nokuda kurasikirwa superconducting magineti.

akasimuka dambudziko iri muna 2007. Nokuda kwayo, kushanda ari collider Akamboramba kakawanda, uye muna June ari pakuparurwa kwakaitika, vanenge Collider gore asi atanga.

The wokupedzisira kushanda collider rakabudirira, awana terabytes dzakawanda mashoko.

Hadron Collider, kushanda yakaitika musi April 5, 2015, vakabudirira inoshanda. Mumwedzi matanda angazotidzingirira vakakomba mhete, kuwedzera simba zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvinangwa chidzidzo sezvo rwakadai. kudhumhana simba matanda achawedzerwa. Kukosha vachasimudza kubva TEV TEV 7 kusvika 13. kuwedzera uku kuchaita kuti kuona mikana chitsva kudhumhana kuti inoramba.

Muna 2013 uye 2014. vakanga zvakakomba hwokugadzira inspections pamusoro tunnels, accelerators, michina nezvimwe zvokushandisa. Zvakaguma 18 magnets a nedambudziko vari superconducting ushande. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti uwandu wavo 1232 zvidimbu. Zvisinei, magnets a vasara vasina kuonekwa. Zvikasadaro isu kutsiva gadziriro kudzivirira kutonhora pasi, kuisa nani. Uyewo akavandudza kutonhora ezvinhu magnets a. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti varambe yakaderera tembiricha pamwe kunonyanyisa simba.

Kana zvose zvikafamba zvakanaka, inotevera kushanda akisarareta kuchaitika mushure kwemakore matatu. Kuburikidza iyi dzakarongwa akaronga basa kuvandudza, ivo hwokugadzira kuzviongorora collider.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti rokugadzirisa kunodyira sendi, pasina kufunga mutengo. Hadron Collider, vachimuenzanisa 2010 ane ukoshi akaenzana 7.5 bln. Euro. Nhamba iyi anoratidza chirongwa yose pakutanga ari mazita kupfuura zvinodhura mabasa munhoroondo nesayenzi.

Recent nhau

Hadron Collider, kushanda iyo kwakaitika pashure yokuzorora, akabudirira. Interesting Data dzakatorwa. Somuenzaniso, uchapupu chaipiwa kuti ano pfungwa zvakarurama zvacho. Izvi zvakakodzera nokushanda CMS uye LHCb michina zvichibvira kuvonga. Izvi zvinoratidza kuora BS dzakabatwa maviri meson, riri Direct uchapupu kuvimbika ano pfungwa.

Zvakakodzera kubvunza mubvunzo, sei uchapupu dzidziso iyi. Imwe nzira - ndiro kubatwa zviri nezvimedu matsva. Kureva, kana padheshibhodhi achava zvitsva zvacho zvokutanga, izvo zvinoreva kuti ano dzidziso dzinofanira kudzokororwa.

Masayendisiti Akanyanyosimbisa PARTICIPLE nokuti anogona kuratidza, kana kanenge kuzarura musuo yakananga supersymmetry. Ichi kutanga chakanaka mberi pakudzidza uye basa iri Center kuti Scientific Research kuGeneva.

Chii chakazoitika?

Pashure zvichazoitika inotevera mazuvaano pamusoro collider achaiswa tasked mimwe kudzidza inoramba. Zvikurukuru, zvichaita zvakafanira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro Higgs boson. Pasinei chokwadi kuti ichi chakawanikwa paakavapa Nobel Prize, kwete ose zvivako zvayo aizvinzwisisa nekusimba. Naizvozvo, masayendisiti ane refu uye zvakaoma basa kudzidza ichi zvinoshamisa inoramba.

Uyezve, unofanira kuramba kushanda kuratidza kana kusaratidza dzidziso supersymmetry. Kunyange zvinoita zvishoma naka, asi ane kodzero iripo. Musafunga kuti zvose pfungwa kunopiwa chete kune nyaya yokutanga kukosha rimwe chirongwa ane pachake chikwata chacho masayendisiti vanoshanda mumunda uyu.

Chokwadi, izvi hazvisi zvose mabasa zvinofanira kugadziriswa kuti masayendisiti. Mumwe mutsva terabyte mashoko akapiwa mazita mibvunzo nguva vaisanganisa, uye mhinduro dzavo kunogona akatarira kwemakore.