History of Ancient Greece: unorema kwevanhu itsika. Greek polis somunhu socio-enyika muviri

Ancient Greece agara akarova hwomoyo kunyange vomunyika, tisingatauri Vanyori nguva yedu. budiriro yavo, rwakatanga kubva nyore varedzi uye nevafudzi, nokukurumidza akava mumwe kupfuura simba munyika yekare. VaGiriki airemekedzwa sezvo kunoshamisa (uye runonyengera kwazvo) enyika, vakwasvi akanaka uye masoja.

Zvikuru miti Vakazosvika mune hurongwa: vamwe mano avo kunzwisisa havasi muduku zvemaziso dzokurinda remakore rechi19. VaGiriki vaiva vatariri hwemvura simba, akasika prototypes ari hwemvura injini rokutanga muchimiro zvokutambisa.

Zvisinei, vamwe kubudirira izvi uye vazhinji vose rungadai zvisingabviri pasina nokungwarira calibrated evanhu nemamiriro mamiriro, vaigona kupa ayo dzidzo vagari, kuvadzivirira pavavengi vavo. Sezvo mukuru "unotenderera" vekare vechiGiriki yebudiriro waiva mutemo, chiitiko ichi zvinofanira kukurukurwa yoga.

Chii rechiGiriki polis?

Kutaura zvazviri, mutemo inonzi yoga guta. Asi pano zvakafanira kuti chinokosha kunyatsotsanangura: pamakore iwayo, guta kazhinji vaitova nomumwe anoti. Chete Phoenician umambo yakanga iri ano pfungwa shoko, mumwe mubatanidzwa inoumbwa mumwe nyika, izvo abve kuna Group chero nguva. Mukuwedzera, unorema kwevanhu mutemo wakanga enyika kushingaira: munhu akasununguka aiona basa rake kutora chikamu mune vhoti, pakusarudza hurumende zvinokosha.

izvi zvose kazhinji yazova rinovava kukakavadzana uye kunyange kurwa mumigwagwa, nei vakararama akafunga vaGiriki "flighty uye kuti zvinhu vanhu." Saka, mutemo vanofanira kunzi ari oga, rinokosha sangano enyika uye magariro. Nharaunda dzidzo ichi haisi chete chete masvingo eguta, asiwo kune nyika kuti unorema kwevanhu negwaro (ndiko, vanhu muhurumende) aigona kudzivirira uye kukudziridza.

aigona chero guta-mamiriro Sei?

Policy yakasiyana nedzimwe pakuti wakauya panguva yakaoma munhau yekare, kuchinja kubva madzinza uye zvaiita gadziriro wokutanga "protogosudarstva". Mumakore iwayo epakuvamba, izvozvo dzakatanga stratification kwenzanga: unyanzvi vanhu vakasarudza kuva nyanzvi dzokugadzira nokutengesa mubasa ravo, pane kupa chipo chakanaka zvinoberekwa navo. Paiva vatengesi vanoziva sei kuti kutengesa rwokugadzira kune mamwe madzinza, zvakasimba vakamira kunze "vanhu vakaderera," varwi vakadzivirira kwazvo vatengesi uye mukuru zvakanaka nhengo dzose "kwezvapupu ose ehurumende."

Kazhinji, rinenge guta rose-inoti muGirisi yekare vaiva mauto yakanaka, uye nokudaro, kana zvakakodzera, aigona ndinovachengeta pachake.

Zvechokwadi, vose vanhu ava havadi kugara usina munda. Akakurumidza akatanga kuonekwa uye kukura maguta makuru. Nokuti mune kwemasvingo avo vaigara nyanzvi dzokugadzira uye varidzi, vatengesi uye masoja, masayendisiti uye vezvematongerwo enyika, vakanga zvachose andinenge. Uye chero mitemo.

Asi sei aiva anoshamisa kurongeka munzanga dzakadaro (nezvinodiwa ano) "Maguta"? Oddly zvakakwana, asi unorema chavagari wokuti rechiGiriki mharidzo Aimiririrwa vakasununguka uye vagari. Vaiitawo pagadzirwe zvose zvakafanira (vafudzi, varimi, nyanzvi dzokugadzira) uye kudzivirira nyika yavo. Military kuchamuka akadzivirira nzvimbo yokutyisidzira kwete nengozi, apo munguva kurwiswa muvengi kudzivirira masvingo mutemo kubva kuvagari vayo vose.

upfumi hwaro

The kiyi kubudirira zveupfumi waitsigira rinokosha, yekare chimiro munyika muridzi. Her chinhu - the duality mamiriro. Kudivi rimwe, nyika vaiva hurumende mirawo, asi panguva imwe chete, pachake pamusoro risingabereki akapikisana. Kunokosha! Kodzero mugove waro anazvo chete (!) National mutemo nokusarurama yokuzvarwa, aimbova munhu akasununguka. Saka guta-inoti kweGirisi yekare vakatsigira uchiratidza kuzvipira kunyika vomuUmambo yavo, uyewo kudzivirira kukanganiswa avatorwa munyaya dzomunyika yacho mamiriro.

Ndiani achiri aigara mutemo?

Sezvatakamboreva kare, vose kodzero vaigona kuva kwete akasununguka murume, asi ave mugari pakuzvarwa itsika. Kuwedzera "zvizere" vagari vari mutemo vaigara metic, perieki, reVakasununguka. Vakanga vakasununguka zvachose, anogona kuita chero basa rinenge, asi vakasagona kuvhota, asingagoni kuchengeta zvinzvimbo. Kazhinji, vakanga vaita kuduku zvokutengeserana uye ounyanzvi.

Varanda - wechitatu munzanga itsika. Vakanga vasina kodzero zvachose, asingagoni nhaka pfuma. Chero chinhu aita neunotengwa muranda zvaiva tenzi wake. Zvikurukuru, izvi uranda Greek uye Roman zvakasiyana yakafanana pfungwa panguva iyoyo VaFenikiya vakanga unfree vanhu vaigona vachiri vamwe pfuma.

Anotsemura mharidzo vomuAtene muvanhu

MuAtene, muenzaniso rechiGiriki polis, kwakavakirwa kupesana zvakajeka vagari vayo vose, Ainyanya raidudzwa. Sezvatinoziva, vanhu vakasununguka vakanga vakakamurwa kuva vagari uye metic.

Mugari chingava chete uyo ane vabereki vose vaiva vokuAtene. Vane uzere enyika kodzero. Ugari veAteni akapa kodzero dzose nehurumende uye mari. With makore 18, vanhu ava vaionekwa akafanirwa muchiuto, uye makore 20, vose vakomana vaiva fanira kudzidziswa basa rechiuto. With nenhoroondo iyi Greece yekare anoziva nguva apo vaGiriki kuti azvipe muvengi pasina kurwa.

Metic akadana vanhu vaigara pamusoro munharaunda veAteni kwenguva yakareba. Kakawanda, izvi vanhu nevamwe mitemo. Vaiva kwete chete kodzero kuvhota, asi vasingagoni kunyange kutenga zvivako muguta. Vagari uye metic vasingagoni kupinda vakaroorana zviri pamutemo, uye vana ukama hwavo vaionekwa rootless. Mumwe metic hako kuva murevereri, prostate, kwamakadarika vachifunga kuti kukurukurirana hurumende.

Saka, chikuru chikamu mutemo chavagari - the Demos, kureva, vanhu vakasununguka. Izvi zvakachinja chete okupedzisira makore ehurumende, kana varanda mumaguta akawanda vava chikuru munzanga stratum.

vanhu ava, nevamwewo vaiva pasi vakawanda mitero yakasiyana, izvo kazhinji akaenda nezvinodiwa zvechiuto. Mukuwedzera, vaifanira muchiuto. ReVakasununguka vakanga kwaenzaniswa kwavari, kuti kubhadhara mitero chete. The muenzaniso enyika rechiGiriki polis nemaune haana kubvumira mamiriro kudzora vanhu vakadaro, sezvo vaigona kukonzera kukuvara simba.

Varanda vakanga dzakavanzika uye paruzhinji. Ekupedzisira vaigona kuva nevatungamiri, nhengo mapurisa varindi, uye vanamabharani kuti vaurayi. Private varanda vakagara aparadzane pavanatenzi vavo. Munzira dzakawanda, chete chiratidzo yenzvimbo yavo yaiva rendi, zvavakanga waibhadharwa tenzi wake. The musungwa aigona kuwana uranda, mwana muranda, munhu kutengwa uyu chinangwa kunze. Uranda refu yakaguma pana Solon, unova Athens pamberi kushandiswa chaizvo nokushingaira. Sezvatakamboreva kare akati, pfuma varanda vaisagona kuva. Asi ichi hairevi varanda voruzhinji, vaigona kuva chinhu ndohwavo.

Zvairatidza vanhu ava vari mudare simba, asi chete nyaya apo navo akapiwa Mr. Aigona kuuraya muranda wake chero nguva, uye hazvina mhosva. Nokuti nokupondwa mumwe "pfuma" akavimba yakanaka.

Chii chakapa mutemo kuti vagari vemo?

In idzodzo dzakaoma, mutemo kunodiwa kupa vagari vayo munyika dzinovapa kodzero dzavo varanda. City, kuti ndiwo mamiriro, aifanira kutarisira kwerunyararo upfumi zvakanaka vagari vayo vose. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kodzero idzi mukudzidza chikuru kutungamirirwa vatorwa mutemo - kukura uye Colonisation, sezvo vagari vari kuramba zvinodiwa nenyika itsva. Nokuti aitaridzika ehurumende uye rechiuto mari muhoro yakanga yaitwa, iyo yakaumbwa kubva mari yakagamuchirwa muchimiro mitero uye uto kugadzirwa.

Kazhinji, nhoroondo Greece yekare iyi hapana vakasiyana nguva chete mune dzimwe anoti.

The chaizvo rechiuto

Ose mugari makore 17 kusvika 60 makore rechiuto vaiona (ona pamusoro). Rich varume akaumba vamabhiza, uye akapinda panhengo hoplites (inorema inifanduri). Vose vakanga chiedza inifanduri uye, mune zvimwe zviitiko, chiedza vamabhiza. The specificity munzanga ukama mukati mutemo waiva kuti basa iri hondo uye varwi haana zvinokudzwa chete, asiwo chinodiwa. Vagari vaitova patriots, sezvo achinyatsoziva kuti pose asi kwake mutemo, havana vaida, kuti upenyu hwavo, uyewo upenyu dzavo uye vadiwa, ndizvo zvakananga novimba zvakanaka uye kudzivirira zvavo mamiriro.

Zvinoumba political urongwa

Pasinei kuwanda maguta, urongwa hwavo enyika yaiva nekaupenyu chete. Chero zvazvingava, pane vamwe mitemo inowanzoshandiswa. Saka, namaguta ose Greece yekare vaiva zvinotevera legislatures:

• Vanhu Assembly (Apella, eklessiya).
• Collection izere vemo mukuru "honorary nhengo" (Gerousia, reAreyopago, Seneti).
• Yoga selectable mapurisa (vatongi).

The People zvaJehovha Assembly - zvikuru democratic chimiro upenyu enyika ari muvanhu panguva iyoyo - rakanga ose mutemo. Akafanirwa pakuvapo basa muviri kuziva zvakazara kodzero dzose mukuru mugari kubatanidzwa pachena mabasa.

Zvisinei, mumwe haafaniri kufunga kuti mukati mutemo waiva rugare uye. Various sectors munzanga aiva enyika vagare, kupa pachavo uye vamiririri vavo kufuta pamisika kusarudza vanhu avo yakakwirira. Maguta Ancient Greece aigona kunge oligarchic (Sparta) kana democratic (Athens).

Kwete nguva dzose predominance akatsanangura bedzi nezvinhu chivande: mu mutemo aigona kuva yakawanda Varidzi, varimi kana navapfuri vesimbi uye navatengesi. The simba dziwande Mapping yaiva zvikuru munzanga stratum, kukosha kwainzi zvinofungwa vamiririri vayo pamisangano. Saka, Korinde yaiva mureza zvokutengeserana uye raanoziva gwara, apo Sparta vaiva zvokurima mamiriro. Chokwadi, isu takatsunga pave muGirisi yekare, yakanga vatengesi muAthens, mukusiyana zvakafanana Sparta vagara panguva nechepakati upenyu enyika nguva, nguva dzose braking uye dzakabata kukura kwayo ngwizhingwi aikwikwidza.

Matambudziko socio-political urongwa

With ichiwedzera varanda uye kuwedzera zvevhiki akatarira basa varanda Greek guta-inoti tinoshandurirwa muchimiro evasingatombonamati nhapwa munzanga. Somugumisiro, varimi vazhinji private kungoti kuenda kusauka, kusakwanisa kutsungirira kukwikwidzana akasununguka muranda wechibharo. Antique muridzi akafumuka anenge zvachose uye kuparadzwa, mitemo kuuya munguva dzenhamo. Pasinei chokwadi kuti vakawanda muguta yaisangana rayo ichatonga zvine mbiri kunhivi V remakore BC, makore 100 chete akatanga kuora kwavo makuru uye tikaisa pasi kwose rouranda uye udzvinyiriri.

Saka, zvinokosha zvokukura kukura Greece yekare hapana zvakasiyana pane chinhu chinoshamisa: kutamira kubva chinyakare wedzinza mamiriro ezvinhu munharaunda, vaGiriki pakupedzisira akasvika muenzaniso kukura muranda vanhu. Kazhinji, izvi ndizvo akakonzera kwakaderera nyika yavo.

mutemo Dragon

Chimwe chinoratidza pezvaizoitika aiva "mutemo dhiragoni wacho." zita rayo riri pachena akawana kuti yokunyanyisa utsinye avo mitemo kuti yaisanganisira. Zvisinei, kuti zuva takaenda kunyanya chete mazita avo. Zvinozivikanwa kuti shato wakapinda zvinotevera:

• Vagari vose veguta aigona uye taisakwanisa kutakura zvombo, akagamuchira vose enyika uye kodzero dzevanhu.
• Anogadza pfumbamwe archons.
• Kubva zvino, vagari Council akasarudzwa nomujenya, kunogona kupinda 401 mugari.
• Zvakange akachengetedza ateteguru evanhu zvachose.
• Chero mugari zvikwereti zvino vaigona kuva muranda.
• Munhu wese anofanirwa kuva ropa daka.
• Board Cosmo uye ephebe akanzi.
• Hard pfuma zvinodiwa akanga legislated kuti kubvuma kuti muhurumende.

Izvi zviri rechiGiriki polis kuchinja ari mamiriro, makore ose tevera.

mitemo Solon

kuramba akatanga kuratidza dzakawanda kuzvipokanidza pamberi Solon kuti shanduko mune muvanhu. Muzana VII remakore Kristu asati, izvi zvose zvinotungamirira dzakajeka Varwisei kwamachinda. Mukuwedzera, dzokumaruwa vakakwirira kupindira zvakasimba mune vanhu vybivshimsya vamiririri vatengesi uye mhizha. Vaida kuti kutarisirwa "kusunda" ari vakakwirira, iyo kudziviswa zvikuru zvoupfumi kweGirisi.

Ndokusaka muna 594 BC, mukuru archon akasanangurwa Solon. Akaedza ndisakuvara pamagariro evanhu, uye saka rakaramba kwamachinda ropafadzo dzavo. Kazhinji, mune zvakawanda zviri echiGiriki polis iri ndechokuti utungamiri guta akaedza kufungawo zvinodiwa mapoka ose uye munzanga strata.

kuchinja Major

Chekutanga, Solon "refinanced" zvikwereti evanhu vawa nemhaka muuranda ichi. chikwereti All kwazvo chichiregwa. Mitemo panorambidza extradition yemutoo wezvikwereti richengetwe nokuda anokwereta kuti unhu vakashumira. Vakadzikinurwa kunze hurumende varanda vakanga vadzoka kunyika yokumusha kwavo, vakanga akadzorera kodzero dzevanhu.

Solon akaparadzanisa vagari vose Mapato mana. By vachiita mamiriro achibvumira chete nhengo navatatu vokutanga (ichi ndicho chikuru chikamu kwevanhu wokuti Greece yekare), uye nhengo reAreyopago archons aigona chete kuva vagari kirasi yokutanga. Vanhu vose vaiva muchikwata wechina, akanga chete kodzero dzokuvhota pamisangano paruzhinji.

Uyezve, sezvo pamwe neShato, iye akasarudzwa "Zano ina", asi kupinda zvinogona chete kuva vanhu nemakirasi matatu okutanga zvienzane mari kubva ose evanhu stratum. vatongi kutongwa rakaumbwa, uye vatongi kunge zvose vagari, zvisinei chinzvimbo chavo.

Kusvika makumi matatu emakore ose zvakagadzirwa Solon vakachengetedzwa zvakakwana, uye ipapo zvave omei kudzorwa.

The kuchinja zvinhu Cleisthenes

Cleisthenes vaitsigira kuziva wayo hondo kuzorwa noudzvinyiriri utongi pizistratidov. mambo wavo, Gipy somugumisiro akadzingwa, utsinye simba - aparadza, uye hurumende yaitonga hwakapiwa Klisfenu. Sezvo ake kusvika hunhu Greek mutemo kwave kuchiita kuchinja.

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechishanu BC, izvozvo anoita kuchinja zvainanga pakupedzisira kubviswa vakasara dzokumaruwa hurongwa. It Cleisthenes chabvisa weboka vagari muzvikamu zvina nokupinda ari miganhu Kusiyanisa. In zvachose paiva mumapoka gumi (phyla). Mumwe nomumwe wavo akanga asiri zvakajairika miganhu isangano, uye nguva dzose raiva nevamwe vatatu: chimwe muzvitatu muguta, mumwe-muzvitatu mumhenderekedzo yegungwa nzvimbo, chetatu yomukati nyika mamiriro. Saka, pane pachena anooneka 2/3 uye 1/3 wezvizvarwa zvenyika varimi dzokumaruwa. Tritium akatonga demarhi. Saka kushandura hunhu wechiGiriki polis.

Panzvimbo "Council mana" wakatangwa "The Council mashanu", iro raiva nevanhu 50 kubva mumwe phylum. Archons vakanga Akabvisa, nzvimbo yavo akatorwa Nyanzvi dzezvehondo bhodhi. Ifaniro kirasi pamusoro hurumende namagwatidziro akanga akachengetedzwa zvakazara. It Cleisthenes akazova tateguru dambudziko, "shards of Court." In vadzore, chero mugari uyo vanhu vaiona ngozi nokuda guta, aigona kudzingwa mutemo nokuda kwemakore gumi.

Tinovimba kuti nyaya munoziva, chii anoita unorema chavagari mutemo, chii basa maguta mukuru munhoroondo Ancient World.