Kutapwa Karachai vanhu - kare. The nedambudziko Karachai vanhu

Gore negore, vagari Karachay-Cherkessia zvokuvhoterwa vakapemberera rinokosha ─ May 3, Zuva Revival Karachay vanhu. Izvi yezororo musha yakaitika ndangariro yokuwana rusununguko uye kudzoka zviuru akadzingwa vanhu kubva North Caucasus vanoitirwa mhosva mitemo pamusoro Stalin, vakabva kuzivikanwa sezvo kwedzinza. Zvipupuriro nevaya vakararama kuburikidza zvinosuwisa makore iwayo hazvisi chete chinoratidza ayo utsinye hunhu, asiwo senyevero kune zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi.

The kubatwa of Caucasus uye activation mauto Anti-Soviet

In pakati paJuly 1942 zviumbu German motorized vakakwanisa kushandisa budiriro simba, uye pamusoro yakafara pamberi, akafukidza vanenge 500 makiromita, uye ndokumhanyira eCaucasus. Advance zvokuti kare 21 August mureza Nazi Germany t pamusoro Elbrus uye vakagarapo kusvikira pamugumo February 1943, kusvikira zvisingaiti havana yanzwa nemauto eSoviet. Panguva iyoyowo vokuGermany yapamba nharaunda yose Karachai zvionera Region.

Asvike vokuGermany uye kugadzwa itsva kuitira zvakasimbisa kukurudzira chiito ichocho vokuparidzira yakanga vaipikisa hurumende yeSoviet uye akanga akamirira mukana zvimuparadze. Kushandisa mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, vanhu ava vaungana kuvapanduki uye nokushingaira pamwe vokuGermany. Mumwe wavo akaumba anonzi Karachai National makomiti, ane basa rakanga kuramba basa hurumende pasi.

Uwandu vagere nharaunda, vanhu ava vakanga chaizvo chikamu chiduku, kunyanya sezvo vazhinji hono yevanhu yakanga iri pamberi, asi mutoro amutengesa wakapiwa rudzi rwacho rwose. Zvaizobuda chiitiko chaiva kutapwa Karachai vanhu, rwakazokura nokusingaperi peji unonyadzisa munhoroondo yacho.

Vanhu vakatambura nemhaka tsama vatengesi

Kudzosera pokubudiswa munyika Karachai riri pakati zhinji mhosva yacho utongi hwechiKomonisiti hwakasimbiswa munyika ropa mudzvinyiriri. Zvinozivikanwa kuti kunyange pakati shamwari dzake dzapedyo zvakajeka zvemasanga evoked zvakasiyana siyana. Zvikurukuru, AI Mikoyan, uyo panguva iyoyo nhengo Politburo pakati ari CPSU Central Committee, anoyeuka kuti zvakava penga kupomerwa yokusavimbika ane vanhu vaakanga pakati vaiva vaKomonisiti zhinji, vamiririri Soviet intelligentsia uye kushanda miduku yokuruwa. Uyezve, vanenge vose varume vakawanda yakanga vanounganidzwa kuhondo, uye pamwe zvose akarwa nevaFascist. Kusavimbika kuri yakazoona yanyura mumadhaka chete boka duku vapanduki. Zvisinei, Stalin ukaomeswa uye vakasimbirira naye.

Kutapwa Karachai vanhu yakaitwa mumatanho dzakawanda. Yakanga mavambo nomurayiro musi 15 April 1943, runoumbwa USSR Muchuchisi Hofisi, pamwechete NKVD. Yakabuda pakarepo pashure kusunungurwa muna January 1943 nemauto eSoviet Karachai, izvozvo yaiva sezvakarayirwa kumanikidzwa kwemahofisi iri pakati Kirghiz SSR uye Kazakhstan vanhu 573 vakanga nhengo vemhuri vaya collaborated pamwe vokuGermany. Kutumira pasi zvose kuhama dzavo, kusanganisira vacheche uye kunetseka vakwegura.

Nokukurumidza nhamba vakabudiswa munyika airarama 472, sezvo 67 nhengo vapanduki vakanga vabvuma kuti zviremera zvemo. Zvisinei, sezvo zvakazoitika akaratidza, zvakanga bedzi mashoko famba, yaiva yakawanda zvakaipa, nekuti October wegore iroro chirevo pamusoro Presidium Supreme Soviet of USSR, pachishandiswa iyo kumanikidzwa kutama (pokutapwa) vakanga pasi zvose pasina chakasara, Karachai, mu uwandu 62 843 vanhu.

Nokuti kukwana, tinoona kuti, maererano iripo data, 53,7% vakanga vana; 28,3% ─ vakadzi% ─ varume 18 chete, vazhinji vacho hondo vakwegura kana kuti vakaremara, nokuti vamwe panguva ino vakarwa mberi, tichidzivirira kuti chete simba kuti akaita pokugara uye vakatongerwa rinoshamisa kutambura dzavo.

By chete chirevo October 12, 1943 akanga ushandiswe kubviswa pakati Karachai zvionera Region, uye zvose ndezvake kunharaunda yake yakakamurwa pakati pedyo yeUnited masangano uye pasi kufamba "nekusimba Mapato evashandi» ─ ari chaizvo zvave akati ichi, zvinosuruvarisa risingakanganwiki, gwaro.

Tanga neshungu nzira

Kwemahofisi Karachai vanhu, uye kutaura zvimwe ─ Achivadzinga kwemazana emakore kugarwa nyika, kubudisa nokukurumidza pandaida uye akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze munguva kubva 2 kusvika 5 November 1943. Kuti kutyaira kupinda aishandiswa kutakura kuzvidzivirira nevakwegura, vakadzi uye navana, vave dzinounzwa "simba inonzi oparesheni" chokuita NKVD pamusoro 53 zviuru. Man vemauto dzakabatana (ndiyo yepamutemo Data). Panguva pfuti, vakadzingwa kubva mudzimba dzavo kana vanhu vasina mhosva uye akaperekedza kunzvimbo yekubva. It kubvumidzwa kutora chete chiduku zvokudya uye zvokupfeka. All vamwe pfuma, vawana kwemakore akawanda, vakabudiswa munyika dzakamanikidzwa kusiya kuti mugumo wavo.

vagari vose vari chabvisa Karachai zvionera Region kunge vakatuma itsva dzokugara muna 34 nhanho, imwe neimwe inogona kutakura 2 zviuru. People uye yaiva neavhareji 40 mota. Sezvo akazotaura nezvenguva vechikamu zviitiko nemotokari neimwe yaiva anenge 50 vanhu, uyo pamusoro 20 Mazuva akatevera dzakamanikidzwa, kudzipwa wakatetepa uye nzvimbo dzisina utsanana, Ndinoda, nenzara uye kufa nezvirwere. About avari ported runoratidzwa chokuti munguva rwendo, maererano pamutemo mishumo, 654 vanhu vakafa.

Patakasvika, vose Karachai anyudzwa mumapoka maduku 480 mumisha, rukabata pamusoro mundima huru ndichisveerera kusvikira mezvikomo of Pamir. Izvi zvinoratidza pachena kuti kutapwa Karachai muna USSR vakatevera nechinangwa wakakwana kuitwa pakati pamarudzi uye Kutsakatika somunhu dzinza yakazvimirira.

The zvemupiro vakabudiswa munyika

Muna March 1944, iye NKVD akasikwa anonzi anokosha namagariro dhipatimendi ─ ichi vakadanwa mumaonero magwaro panzvimbo dzokugara vaya, wakati wava munhu wacho ainge atadzirwa nehurumende utsinye akadzingwa kubva munyika yavo uye nechisimba akatuma zviuru makiromita kure. Wenharaunda yaitongwa mamiriro ichi vaiva 489 chaiwo commandant muKazakhstan uye 96 vari Kyrgyzstan.

Maererano nomurayiro, zvakabuda vanhu commissar pamusoro Internal Affairs L. P. Beriya, ose munyika vachiendeswa vaifanira kuva pasi inokosha mitemo. Ivo categorically rambidzwa pasina mvumo chaiyo yakasainwa nokuda commandant, kusiya misha raitungamirwa commandant of NKVD. Kutadza kuita kudaro akanga kwaenzaniswa kutiza kubva mujeri uye kurohwa zvakaoma kuti izwi kwemakore 20.

Uyezve kugara vakarayirwa mumazuva matatu zvapinda mudonzvo commandant rufu vomumhuri dzavo, kana kuzvarwa vana. Vakanga aidawo kushuma pamusoro mabukira, uye kwete chete kuita, asi kuuya. Zvikasadaro, vaishungurudza vari kusungirwa sezvo pakuuraya ari mhosva.

Pasinei nemishumo vatungamiri dzinokosha misha yacho anobudirira placement misha mhuri itsva munzvimbo dzavo kubatanidzwa munzanga uye kushanda upenyu nharaunda Chokwadi, chete chikamu chiduku vavo vakanga zvakawanda kana zvishoma zvinotonzi nderemagariro. Unorema kwenguva refu vave kunyimwa pokugara uye akagonya ari shacks kudzidzinga vakagogodza pamwe kubva tsvina zvinhu, uye kunyange dugouts.

Unopfuurira zvakaita simba idzva kugara. Zvapupu zviitiko akayeuka kuti, isingambokwanisi romugove-yakasimbiswa, vanongogara nzara. zvakaitika kakawanda kuti kuisa nyanzvi zvakanyanyisa kuneta vanhu vaidya midzi, keke, yorukato, morzly mbatatisi, chemombe uye kunyange ganda zvasakara shangu. Somugumisiro, maererano pamutemo umboo kusunungurwa perestroika makore, mwero wokufa kwevanhu pakati misha yavo yakasvika 23.6% muna kutanga munguva.

Zvikuru nokutambura chokuita kutapwa Karachai vanhu, pamwe akwanise ne kusangana zvakanaka uye rubatsiro kubva kuvavakidzani ─ Russian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, uyewo vamiririri vedzimwe nyika, vangave vakasiya dzavo yokusafa vanhu, pasinei nemiedzo yose muchiuto. Kunyanya kushingaira raiva basa rapprochement pamwe Kazakhs vatama, ane ndangariro rakanga richiri kutsva pamusoro Holodomor zvinotyisa zvavakanga mukutanga 30s.

Udzvanyiriri pamusoro mamwe marudzi USSR

Karachai asangova vanonetswa paitonga Stalin vanodzvinyirirwa. No zvishoma nenjodzi njodzi nezvimwe zvizvarwa zvemo of North Caucasus, uye pamwechete navo, uye madzinza vaigara kune dzimwe nyika. Maererano nemashoko ari ruzhinji vatsvakurudzi kumanikidzwa pokutapwa wevamiriri vemarudzi 10, pakati iyo, pamwechete Karachai, vakapinda Crimean Tatars, Ingush, ivo Kalmyks, Finns, Ingrian Finns, vokuKorea, Meskhetian vokuTurkey, Balkars, Chechens uye Volga vokuGermany.

Pasina chaakasiya zvose vakaburitswa vanhu kugarazve munzvimbo yaiva yakawanda kure dzavo nzvimbo munhau dzokugara, uye akapinda kujairika, uye dzimwe nguva chokuita ngozi upenyu mamiriro ezvinhu. A zvakafanana chinhu vakaperekedza kubudiswa kubvumira vakafungidzira dzavo mugove vakawanda udzvanyiriri paitonga Stalin nguva, ndiyo yavo asiri atongwe uye zvinongoerekana zvinotungamirira kukuru kubvongodzwa makore kuva imwe dzinza. Tinoona kuti uchingopfuura kuti munhau USSR kunosanganisirawo pokutapwa vanoverengeka mumagariro uye vemadzinza uye mapoka ezvitendero dzakadai Cossacks, kulaks, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Wavarindi ravo vanhu

Issues chokuita pokutapwa nedzimwe vanhu, vaionekwa pachiyero mukuru webato uye kutungamira mamiriro enyika. Pasinei vakanga anosarudza miviri OGPU, NKVD, uye gare gare, sarudzo yavo yakanga kunze kugona roruvanze. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti munguva yehondo, uyewo haizopereri munguva basa rakakura riri Implementation pakati kumanikidzwa relocations dzemadzinza yose mapoka vairidza musoro Commissariat pakati Affairs Internal L. P. Beriya. Kuti akapa Stalin memoranda, ane zvinhu chokuita tevera udzvanyiriri.

Maererano nemishumo, panguva Stalin afa muna 1953, paiva vanenge mamiriyoni 3 vakabudiswa munyika vemarudzi ose huri chaidzo yawo. Bazi Internal Affairs of USSR 51 dhipatimendi akasikwa kushandisa masimba pamusoro vanobva vachibatsirwa commandant 2916, kushanda mundima yavo. Kudzivisa zvichibvira kupunyuka uye kutsvaka vatizi 31 vaiita operative-rwokutsvakurudza kupesana.

The refu kumba

Dzokera of Karachay vanhu kunyika yavo, sezvo munyika yake kwakaitika mumatanho dzakawanda. Chiratidzo zvichauya wekutanga kwaiva kusunungurwa rimwe gore afa Stalin nezvomurau gurukota Internal Affairs of USSR mubve nhoroondo dzinokosha namagariro commandant kuti mahofisi vana vakaberekwa vari mhuri munyika vachiendeswa gare gare muna 1937. Ndiko, kubva panguva iyoyo nguva dzairambidzwa vanhu kufamba hurumende harishandi avo vane zera hakuiti pfuura makore 16.

Mukuwedzera, pahwaro chete kuti vakomana nevasikana vakuru kupfuura yakanatsa zera vakagamuchira kodzero kusiya chero nyika mutaundi kubvuma kuti masangano edzidzo. Kana nemadzinza avo, ivo starred pamwe rokuzvidavirira naMia.

Danho rinotevera munzira kudzokera kumba marudzi mazhinji zvisiri pamutemo munyika kwakaitwa Hurumende yeSoviet Union muna 1956. The zvakasimbisa nokuti waiva kutaura N. S. Hruschova panguva XX Congress of CPSU, umo akashora Stalin kuti kunamatwa unhu uye inopedzwa paanenge hwake wokuti vakawanda udzvanyiriri.

Maererano nechirevo 16 July, musi chaiwo kugarwa kurambidzwa zvakabudiswa vakadzingwa munguva yehondo, ivo Ingush, Chechens uye Karachai, uyewo zvose nhengo dzavo. Vamiririri dzimwe vaidzvinyirirwa ndudzi pasi chirevo ichi havana nomungoro uye vakakwanisa kudzokera kutora imwe nguva kudzimba dzavo dzakare. Gare gare, utongi matanho ose akanga aparadza nekuda madzinza eGermany ari Volga nharaunda. Chete muna 1964 wehurumende pamusoro pavo vakanga kwakadonha zvachose groundless kupomerwa kuti rakabatanidzwawo pamwe nevaNazi, uye aparadza kurambidzwa zvose pamusoro rusununguko.

Debunk "magamba"

Munguva imwe chete paivawo mumwe, zvakafanana chaizvo nokuti iyoyo gwaro. Raiva wehurumende pamusoro kugumiswa chirevo yaMarch 8, 1944, wakasainwa M. I. Kalininym, umo "-zvose mubatanidzwa mukuru" yaimirirwa kuti paakavapa mukuru hurumende mibayiro 714 chibatiso vakuru uye veuto vakanga musiyano vakazvigarisa chokupika "anokosha mabasa".

Under ichi kujeka mashoko akareva kubatanidzwa kwavo pokutapwa nevakadzi kuzvidzivirira uye vakwegura. Ndandanda "magamba" aiva Beria. Tichifunga unopinza kuchinja nzira yebato, anokonzerwa kwezvakazarurwa, paiva pachikuva pakati XX Party Congress, vakanga kunyimwa kare vakapiwa mutongo. The initiator chiito ichi chakanga, mumashoko ake pachake, Politburo A. I. Mikoyan.

Zuva Revival Karachay vanhu

MVD magwaro declassified ari perestroika makore, zviri pachena kuti panguva ino chirevo nhamba vakabudiswa munyika ungaderedza yekudyidzana somugumisiro nokubviswa kubva mazita munguva yapfuura makore maviri, vana pasi pemakore 16, vadzidzi, uyewo mamwe mapoka vanhu vakaremara. Saka, muna July 1956, rusununguko vakapiwa vanhu 30100.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti chirevo pamusoro kudzingwa ose Karachai akasunungurwa muna July 1956, chokupedzisira kudzoka yakanga pashure refu nguva yakawanda siyana sokunonoka. 3 May gore rakatevera chete, kuti trainload wavo wokutanga akauya kumba. Musi uyu anonzi kuti Zuva Revival Karachay vanhu. Mumakore mwedzi nokuda chinokosha namagariro vamwe vaidzvinyirirwa adzoka. Maererano Mia, nhamba yavo vakasvika vanhu 81405.

In mangwanani 1957 hurumende yakabudisa mutemo waibvumira pamusoro pokudzorerwa National kuzvionera Karachai, asi kwete somunhu yakazvimirira anotongwa Federation, sezvo zvakanga pamberi pokutapwa, uye maererano ndima yavo Circassian vadyi wemari kambani uye nokusika saizvozvo Karachay-Cherkess zvionera Region. In chete inoona nezvenjodzi administrative marongerwo vari Uyezve yaisanganisira Kluhorsky, Ust Dzhkgutinsky Zelenchuk uye kumatunhu, uyewo nzvimbo inokosha mugove Psebayskogo uye Suburban nzvimbo Kislovodska.

Paaienda zvizere vapore

Vaongorori ona kuti ichi uye zvose mutemo hwakazotevera hwokubvisa rinokosha hurumende yevasungwa pakati vaidzvinyirirwa avanhu, vakabatanidzwa unhu hwakafanana ─ havasi kunyange zvine zvechokwadi kure kutsoropodzwa mutemo vakawanda kubudiswa. In zvose zvinyorwa yaiti kwemahofisi yose vanhu vainzi "hondo-nguva ezvinhu," uye panguva iyi vaifanira kugara vanhu vari chaiyo misha akanyangarika.

Mubvunzo vapore pakati Karachai vanhu, sezvo zvimwe zvose vakaurayiwa vakawanda kubudiswa, haana kunyange kukwirako. Vose vakaramba kuonekwa zvikara marudzi akaregererwa anoonga vanhu nehurumende yeSoviet.

Saka, pane achiri akatarisana kungotamburira nokuda rakakwana vapore pemarudzi ose vanoitirwa paitonga Stalin vanodzvinyirirwa. Panguva inonzi Khrushchev nyungudika, kana pachena, vazhinji simbi zvokuvakisa, akasimbisa zvakaipa chakaitwa Stalin wake boka racho, aitarisira, uye hutungamiri bato akatanga romuromo vaimbova zvivi. tsvakai kururamisira zvakanga zvisingaiti ari ezvinhu ichi. Zvinhu zvakachinja chete pakutanga perestroika pane asina unononoka kushandisa vamiririri vaidzvinyirirwa avanhu pamberi.

kururamisira

At chikumbiro chavo mukupera 80s panguva CPSU Central Committee Commission, ubate chinoziviswa hwakagadzwa pamusoro zvizere kunaya vanhu vose Soviet Union, pasi makore Stalinism kumanikidzwa munyika. Muna 1989, gwaro iri rave akaongororwa uye aifarirwa reSupreme Soviet of USSR. Mariri kutapwa Karachai vanhu, uyewo vamiririri mamwe madzinza vakanga zvikuru mhosva uye inozivikanwa se zvisiri pamutemo uye wemhosva chiito.

Makore maviri gare gare vakaona chiedza Mutongo USSR Council of Vashumiri, hurumende anobva audza zvose sarudzo yaivapo panyaya zvakanga vaidzvinyirirwa dzakawanda vanhu vanogara munyika yedu, uye kunozivisa dzavo rokumanikidzirwa kwemahofisi kwedzinza. The chete Gwaro akarayirwa kuti kufunga chero kuedza kugadzikana pamusoro rokuchinjwa vaidzvinyirirwa avanhu sezvo zviito pamutemo uye kuunza vaishungurudza kuti kururamisira.

Muna 1997, mutemo chaiye musoro Karachay-Cherkessia zvokuvhoterwa rakavambwa May 3 ─ yezororo Zuva Revival Karachay vanhu. Zviri kuitwa mutero kuna vose avo kwemakore 14 rakamanikidzwa kutsungirira vose matambudziko nhapwa, uye vaya vasina kurarama kuona zuva yorusununguko uye kudzoka kumisha azvo. Netsika, kunoratidzwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana paruzhinji zviitiko, zvakadai chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo zvesimba, Concerts, Equestrian Sports uye motokari dzemabhiza.