Kwehondo muna Afghanistan, ari 1979-1989

The uto kupesana Afghanistan, iro rakatanga anopfuura makore makumi matatu apfuura, uye nhasi anoramba repakona kuchengeteka munyika yose. simba Hegemonic mukutsvaga vavariro dzavo, kwete chete vakaparadza yapfuura mudanga mamiriro asiwo zvaitika zviuru zvirema.

Afghanistan isati hondo

Vazhinji vanoongorora, richitsanangura hondo muna Afghanistan, achiti pamberi kukonana zvakanga shure zvikuru mamiriro, asi zvimwe zvinhu vari akanyarara. Afghanistan kunetsana munzvimbo dzakawanda asati akaramba feudal nyika, asi mumaguta makuru akadai Kabul, Herat, Kandahar, uye vamwe vazhinji, ane tsime kunyatsobudirira kwezvivako, rakanga rizere tsika uye socio-ezvoupfumi nzvimbo.

Hurumende kwakasimbiswa uye mberi. Pakanga vakasununguka kurapwa uye dzidzo. The nyika inobereka Jersey zvakanaka. Radio uye terevhizheni kutepfenyura mapurogiramu dzavatorwa. Vanhu yaisangana mabhaisikopu uye raibhurari. Mukadzi anogona kuwana pachake muupenyu paruzhinji, kana kumhanya bhizimisi.

Fashion boutiques, muzvitoro, zvitoro, mumaresitorendi uye zvakawanda nemagariro mabasa zviri mumaguta munzvimbo. Kwehondo muna Afghanistan, riri zuva iri bhuku iri kubatwa zvakasiyana, hwogumisa kubudirira uye isimbe. Nyika iri pakarepo kuva musimboti nyonganyonga uye kuparadza. Nhasi, simba munyika akatora kukuru Islamist nemapoka vanobatsirwa kwerunyararo mhirizhonga yose.

Zvikonzero yatanga hondo Afghanistan

Kuti tinzwisise zvinangwa ari Afghan dambudziko wechokwadi, zvinokosha kuyeuka nhoroondo. Muna July 1973, zvakanga sapakuparadzwa poumambo. Pokupidigura hurumende nechisimba akatakura hama King Muhhamed Daud. General akazivisa pakaparadzwa poumambo uye akagadza pachake purezidhendi Republic of Afghanistan. The chimurenga kwakaitika pamwe kubatsirwa vanhu Democratic Party. Gengi kuchinja pakaziviswa mune zvoupfumi uye munzanga bhora.

Chaizvoizvo, President Daoud haana basa kuchinja, asi chete kuparadza vavengi vavo, kusanganisira vatungamiriri venyika PDPA. Sezvingatarisirwa, Kusagutsikana Communist yeChina uye PDPA rakura, vari kuramba pasi udzvanyiriri uye chisimba.

Evanhu, ezvoupfumi, kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika munyika vava mhosva Civil War, uye kwokunze kupindira of USSR uye United States chamuita kuti kunyange kupfuura hombe ropa.

Saur chimurenga

Mamiriro acho ezvinhu ari kuramba nerongo, uye kare 27 April 1987 The April kwakaitika (Saur) chimurenga, akaronga zviumbu uto munyika, iyo PDPA uye vaKomonisiti. Vakauya simba vatungamiriri vatsva - N. M. Taraki, Amin, Babrak Karmal. Vakabva rakazivisa feudal uye democratic kuchinja. Akatanga kuvapo Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Pakarepo shure mufaro vokutanga kukunda yakabatana mubatanidzwa zvakava pachena kuti pane vagadzirisane pakati vatungamiri. Amin haana kuwirirana Karmal uye Taraki kutendeuka sevasingaoni.

USSR kukunda reDemocratic chimurenga zvakandishamisa chaizvo. Kremlin akamirira, chii chichaitika inotevera, asi vazhinji akangwara vemauto uye apparatchiks pamusoro vokuSoviet vaiziva kuti haana kure kutanga hondo Afghanistan.

Nhengo uto kunetsana

Mumwedzi mumwe mushure reropa pakuputsa hurumende Daud itsva mauto enyika vari yakazoona yanyura mumadhaka kunetsana. Groupings "Khalq" uye "Parcham" sezvo dzematongerwe wavo haawaniki zvakafanana pakati pavo. Muna August 1978, pane kubviswa "Parcham" wakakwana kubva pasimba. Karmal pamwe dzakafanana kufamba kunze.

Chimwe chipingamupinyi hurumende itsva - rinopikisa wakabata akamedura kuchinja. Mauto Islamist vakabatanidzwa mune bato uye sangano. Muna June, mumaruwa Badakhshan, Bamyan, Kunar, Paktia uye Nangarhar vatange nezvombo zviito kurwisa hurumende. Kunyange zvazvo zviri pamutemo musi vakashongera kurwa kare vanodana 1979, akavhiyiwa uto akatanga ipapa. Gore pakutanga hondo Afghanistan - 1978. The Civil War yakava nokuva gombedzero kuti akasunda nyika kune dzimwe kupindira. Mumwe nomumwe megaderzhav yakatevera yayo geopolitical zvarwo.

Islamists vavo chinangwa

Back mukutanga 70s muna Afghanistan akaumba sangano "uduku vaMuslim." Nhengo munharaunda iyi vaiva pedyo Islamic fundamentalist pfungwa "Ukama Muslim" Arab, nzira yavo kurwisa simba, kusvikira nokutyisa enyika. The ndiro rine chokwadi Islamic netsika jihad uye kudzvinyirira siyana zvinhu zviri zvinopesana Korani - nderei zvokudya masangano aya.

Muna 1975, "Muslim Youth" richaguma kuvapo. Rakanga takabatikana nemamwe fundamentalists - vechiIslam Party pamusoro Afghanistan (IPA) uye Jamiat-e Islami (IOA). Anotungamirira masero aya G. Hekmatyar uye Rabbani. Nhengo sangano akadzidza kuitisa akavhiyiwa zvechiuto ari pedyo Pakistan uye anotsigirwa nehurumende dzokumwe. Mushure April Revolution kupikiswa kubatana kwenzanga. The kubvuta masimba munyika kwava mhando mureza zvechiuto chiito.

rutsigiro Foreign kune radicals

Haugoni kuona chokwadi chokuti mavambo hondo Afghanistan, musi iro panguva zvinyorwa -. The makore 1979-1989, ndiwo vakaronga masimba vatorwa kupindira NATO uye vamwe Islamic inoti. Kana pamberi political American vepamusoro waramba chero kubatanidzwa paumbwe uye mari yose mwero, remakore itsva akauyisa nyaya iyi varaidza chaizvo chokwadi. Vaimbove deginamajai machinda zvakasiya vakawanda netsamba, izvo akafumura mitemo yehurumende dzavo.

Kunyange asati Soviet nechisimba Afghanistan, ari deginamajai mari yacho Mujahideen, ndokugara yokudzidziswa kwavo zvigadziko pedyo Pakistan uye akapa maoko Islamists. Muna 1985, President Reagan pachake Mujahideen nhume kuna White House. Mupiro unonyanyokosha United States iri Afghan kurwisana kwakatanga vanopinza vanhu munyika dzechiArabhu.

Nhasi, pane ruzivo kuti hondo Afghanistan yakanga yakarongwa nokuda deginamajai sezvo musungo Soviet Union. Rakabatwa mairi, muUnion angadai akaona havazozvikwanisi zvayo mitemo, zvaimutambisira pfuma uye "kuparara". Sezvaunogona kuona, chii chakaitika. Muna 1979, hondo pakati Afghanistan, asi vachiisa shoma contingent pakati weSoviet Army, zvakava hakudzivisiki.

The USSR uye kutsigira PDPA

Pane mafungiro kuti April chimurenga Soviet Union yakanga achigadzirira kwemakore akawanda. I aitarisira oparesheni iyi pachake Andropov. Taraki aiva mutumwa Kremlin. Pakarepo shure kubvuta masimba vakatanga pamapatya rubatsiro ushamwari pakati vokuSoviet Afghanistan. Kumwewo utverzhadyut kuti Saur Revolution zvakandishamisa wakakwana kuna neSoviet, kunyange unofadza.

Mushure kubudirira yechimurenga Afghanistan hurumende yeSoviet vakatanga kunyatsotevera kuongorora zviitiko munyika. The utungamiriri mutsva chiso Taraki kuratidza kuvimbika shamwari Soviet Union. KGB njere nguva kuudzwa "mutungamiriri" pakati kusagadzikana mudunhu pedyo, asi kwakasarudzwa kumirira. Kwehondo muna Afghanistan, USSR mokumusunga zvakachengeteka, kuti Kremlin aiziva kutsigira rinopikisa States, mupe nzvimbo ndisingadi, asi kamwe Soviet-American dambudziko raiva Kremlin nechinhu. Asi vamire Soviet Union haana kuenda, mushure zvose, Afghanistan - nyika-muvakidzani.

Muna September 1979, Amin akaponda Taraki uye vakazivisa pachake mutungamiri. Vamwe mabhuku dzinoratidza kuti kwokupedzisira rekunyonganisa vaimbova shamwari zvaiitwa President Taraki Chinangwa kukumbira Soviet Union weuto contingent pangapindwapo. Amin nevatsigiri vake vakanga naro.

Nechisimba Soviet

zvinyorwa Soviet vanoti hurumende Afghanistan, akanga atuma zvikumbiro anenge 20 chikumbiro kutumira mauto. Facts vanoti nevakomana - President Amin aipikisa kupinda Russian contingent. Mugari muna Kabul akanga atuma mashoko pamusoro US oedza kuzochera Soviet Union kupinda imwe remunharaunda kusawirirana. Kunyange ipapo, utungamiriri Soviet aiziva kuti Taraki uye PDPA - nevagari States. Amin ndiye chete nationalist uyu kambani, asi pamwe Taraki, havapindi kuti $ mamiriyoni 40 vaibhadhara deginamajai nokuda April kubvuta masimba, raiva chikonzero chikuru rufu rwake.

Andropov uye Gromyko aisada kunzwa chinhu. Mukutanga December muna Kabul, nendege Paputin KGB mukuru basa kunyengetedza Amin kurudzira nevarwi USSR. Mutungamiri mutsva akanga akatsunga. Zvadaro musi December 22 chiitiko chakaitika Kabul. Vakabata "vezvourudzi" akaputsa mumba, apo vagari USSR, uye akagura misoro anoverengeka gumi vanhu vakararama. Akaaisa mapfumo, nezvombo "Islamists" vakaita navo mumigwagwa chikuru Kabul. The mapurisa akasvika panzvimbo uye akazarura moto, asi matsotsi vakapukunyuka. December 23, Hurumende yeSoviet wakatuma Hurumende shoko Afghanistan, uyo akaisa wenyika mukurumbira, kuti mauto eSoviet nokukurumidza kuva Afghanistan kudzivirira vagari dzavo. Apo Amin izvozvo sei kunyengetedza mauto "shamwari" kuti nechisimba, vakaita asvika pamusoro imwe nyika dzendege musi 24 December. Musi kutanga kwakaita hondo Afghanistan - makore 1979-1989. - usvinudze chimwe chezvinhu zvinosuwisa mapeji munhoroondo yacho USSR.

Operation "Storm"

Part of 105 Saint kuenda neherikoputa Division varindi tikamira 50 chete kubva Kabul, uye rinokosha chairema KGB "Delta" vakakomba vemutungamiri mumuzinda musi wa27 December. Somugumisiro ari kubatwa Amin uye ake vachengetedzi vakaurayiwa. Nyika munharaunda, "gasped," uye vose puppeteers pfungwa iyi kutongokwizwa maoko ake. USSR akanga apindwa muropa. paratroopers Soviet akabata zvose huru kwezvivako zvemapazi iri mumaguta makuru. Makore 10 ari Afghanistan, vakarwa vanopfuura 600 zviuru. Varwi Soviet. Gore pakutanga hondo Afghanistan aiva mavambo kuparara Soviet Union.

Usiku, December nderechi 27 kubva Moscow akasvika Babrak Karmal uye redhiyo yakazivisa padariro wechipiri chimurenga. Saka, kutanga hondo Afghanistan - 1979.

Events 1979-1985 biennium.

Pashure kubudirira kushanda "Storm", mauto eSoviet vakabata ose makuru maindasitiri nzvimbo. Chinangwa chaiva kusimbisa hurumende iri Kremlin raMwari rechiKomonisiti pedyo Afghanistan, uye vanosundira dushmans, uyo vaidzora kumaruwa.

Constant Kusanzwisisana pakati Islamists uye vamabhiza zvakatungamirira vakawanda vanobatwa pakati rehurumende vakawanda, asi munzvimbo dzine makomo kuvhiringika masoja zvachose. Muna April 1980, mairi vachinzi yayo yokutanga guru-pamwero kushanda muna Panjshir. Muna June iroro riri Kremlin akarayira yokubva zvimwe tangi uye chombo mativi Afghanistan. Muna August wegore iroro raiva kuparapatika Mashhadskom kuzvimbirwa. SA mauto akanga ambushed, akauraya varwi 48 uye 49 - vakakuvadzwa. Muna 1982, vanhu kuedza wechishanu nemauto eSoviet akakwanisa kutora Panjshir.

Mumakore mashanu apfuura ehondo mamiriro yokutanga kwakasimbiswa richidzoka. SA Akarumbidza, ipapo ndokuwira vavandire. Islamists akavhiyiwa azere haana mabasa, akarwisa chikafu mbiru uye zvikamu mauto. CA akaedza amusundire kure nemaguta makuru.

Munguva iyi kwave misangano dzakati Pakistani President Andropov uye United States. Mumiririri USSR akati Kremlin akanga akagadzirira enyika kugarwa yokurwisana nokuda kuUnited States uye Pakistan runovimbisa kugumiswa nemari nokushorwa.

1985-1989 gg.

Muna 1985, munyori USSR Mikhail Gorbachev rokutanga vakava. Akanga akatsunga zvinovaka, aida kuchinja maitiro, makaisa mutemo "perestroika". The kuramba tichishanda kunetsana muna Afghanistan yave kudziviswa chirongwa normalization ukama chete US uye Europe. Active akavhiyiwa zvechiuto zvaisaitwa zvaitwa, asi vachiri ndima Afghan yave nguva akauraya varwi Soviet. Muna 1986, Gorbachev rakazivisa mutemo phased kushaya wamapoka kubva Afghanistan. Zvegore, B. Karmal chikatsiviwa M. Najibullah. Muna 1986 akasvika pakugumisa kuti hondo kuti utungamiriri SA vanhu veAfghan akarasikirwa sezvo kudzora nharaunda yose CA vasingagoni Afghanistan. January 23-26 mauto eSoviet akabata kushanda kwayo okupedzisira "Dutu" muna Afghanistan muna Kunduz province. February 15, 1989 wakasuduruka ose nevarwi Soviet Army.

Zvakaitwa kwemasimba enyika

All dzakawanda pashure vezvenhau payakazivisa kubatwa ari wenyika palace Afghanistan uye kuurayiwa Amin vachingotya nehana. The Soviet Union pakarepo akatanga kuonekwa zvachose uye zvakaipa murwisi nyika. Kutanga hondo Afghanistan (1979-1989 gg.) Nokuti masimba European yaiva mureza kutanga voga pakati Kremlin. French President uye German chanzera pachake akasangana Brezhnev uye ainyengetedza kuti kurega mauto, Leonid Ilyich akanga akatsunga.

Muna April 1980, hurumende US anga mvumo kubatsira nokushorwa mauto ari Afghanistan ari uwandu $ 15 miriyoni.

United States uye nyika dzokuEurope akadana dzakawanda kufuratira yeOlympic-80, yakaitirwa Moscow, asi nokuda pamberi Asian uye African nyika, ichi zvemitambo chiitiko richiri inoitwa.

"Carter Doctrine" yakanyorwa panguva iyi kusvinwa ukama. Third nyika nyika vane mhosva chakaitwa vazhinji achipokana of USSR. February 15, 1989, hurumende yeSoviet, pasi zvibvumirano pamwe United Nations nyika akabva mauto ayo kubva Afghanistan.

Mugumisiro makakatanwa

Mavambo nomugumo hondo Afghanistan zvimiso, nekuti Afghanistan - ndiye Hive nokusingaperi, akati munyika yake mambo waro wokupedzisira. Muna 1989, shoma contingent revarwi Soviet "zvakarongeka" vakayambuka muganhu vachipinda Afghanistan - sezvo yakati mukuru utariri. Kutaura zvazviri, muna Afghanistan vaiva nezviuru vasungwa varwi vehondo CA akanganwa kambani uye kwekumaodzanyemba varindi, kufukidza shure kwezvinhu rechi40 chaizvo Army.

Afghanistan pashure gumi yehondo kwave mukusanzwisisa Mhedziso nenyonganyonga. Zviuru zvevapoteri vakatiza kunze kwenyika kuti vatize hondo.

Kunyange nhasi zvazvinosarira vasingazivikanwi nhamba chaiyo pakati veAfghan akafa. Vatsvakurudzi vataura dimikira mamiriyoni 2,5 vakafa uye akuvadzwa, zvikurukuru - vanhuwo zvavo.

SA kwemakore gumi yehondo, varasikirwa vanenge zviuru 26 varwi. Hondo Afghanistan, USSR vakarasika, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanoti zvimwe.

The mari kwoupfumi of USSR chokuita hondo Afghan vakanga nemafashamo. Kutsigira Kabul hurumende gore dzinounzwa $ 800 miriyoni, nokuda kwehondo - mabhiriyoni $ 3.

Kutanga hondo Afghanistan aiva kuguma Soviet Union, mumwe kwemasimba makuru enyika.