Leszek Balcerowicz, Polish economist: biography, basa

Anenge makore makumi matatu akapfuura, Poland yakakwanisa kuchinja hupfumi hwayo. Pasina ivo, nyika yaisazombokwanisa kuva imwechete neEuropean states. Uye izvi zvinoshandurwa zvine baba vaviri. Wokutanga wavo ndeLeszek Balcerowicz. Iyi nyanzvi yezvemari yakangotanga urongwa hwekushandura hupfumi. Wechipiri ndiLech Walesa. Akazivisa kuchinja munguva yehutungamiri hwake. Pasina idzi mbiri dzakakurumbira, Poland, iyo yatinoziva iye zvino, yakange isingagoni kuvepo. Vakabudirira mune izvo zvisiri vezvematongerwe enyika venzvimbo yeSoviet-post, avo vaida zvikuru kuchinja misika uye kuEurope mazano, vakakwanisa kuita. Iye zvino munda webasa raBalcerowicz ndiUkraine. Poland yakave nhengo yeU.U., asi inotyisa "therapy" inobatsira nguva ino here?

Biography

Yemberi yePoland yezvematongerwo enyika yakaberekerwa muguta duku re Lipno, iro riri pakati peWroclaw naPoznan, muna 1947. Kubvira achiri muduku, akaratidza unyanzvi hwakanaka hwokudzidza. Muna 1970, Leszek Balcerowicz akapedza kudzidza kubva kune imwe nyika yeDhipatimendi reMabhizimisi kuWarsaw School of Planning uye Statistics nekukudza. Gare gare, akapfuurira mberi dzidzo yake kunze. Muna 1974, Balcerowicz akagamuchira chikamu chedzidzisi paSt. John's University, iri muNew York. Mushure maizvozvo, akadzokera kuWarsaw. Ikoko, muna 1975, akadzivirira chiremba chake chechiremba. Mukutanga kwema1980, Balcerowicz akabatana neSolidarity. Izvi zvinopesana neKomisheni sangano raisanganisira vazhinji vekuSweden vadzidzisi-technocrats yechizvarwa chake. Balcerowicz haana kuita basa rakakurumbira muSolidarity, asi aifarira kubatana neChina, iyo yekupedzisira kuva kubatana kwebhizimisi dzakabatanidzwa pasi pemakambani emutambo.Iyo ndiyo yakabva pfungwa ye "kushamiswa kwechirwere" kwePoland, iyo yaidiwa kuitira kuchinja zvakarongwa Economy mumusika.

Basa rekutanga

Semumwe wevatungamiri veSolidarity akanyora mubhuku rake, Balcerowicz chete aigona kunge ane pfungwa pamusoro pechirongwa chake pachake chekuchinja kwehupfumi panguva apo nyama yakapiwa pamakadhi munyika. Muna 1989, sangano rekutonga kweCommunist pamwe nevanopikisa vakagara patafura yekukurukurirana. Mukukurukurirana uku, kugadziridza ramangwana kwaingova mumwe wevatori vechikamu. Zvisinei, mumwedzi mishomanana, Rakovsky neKomonisiti vanorega. Solidarity inouya simba. Uye mumakore 42 Leszek Balcerowicz anova vatsiriri vehutungamiri hwehupfumi.

Mune simba

Chinokosha chakakosha chakapiwa kumudzidzi wezvemari muhofisi yekutanga isina cheku communist, yakatungamirirwa naTadeusz Mazowiecki. Mutungamiri weSolidarity, Lech Walesa, akabata vakatsva gumi pamusana wechinyorwa-guru guru rezvemari. Vakawanda vakakurumbira vezvematongerwo enyika vakaramba izvi. Asi Balcerowicz akabvuma uye haana kurasikirwa.

Poland mu1980-1990

Iyi inguva yakaoma zvikuru muupenyu hwemunyika. Nhepfenyuro yezvemari yakatsakatiswa zvachose, pakanga pane kukanganisa kwakawanda muhupfumi, mutengo wakanga uchikura, uye kunyange zvinhu zvakakosha zvakagadziriswa. Pasina kuumbwa kwemisika yemakambani haikwanisi kuparidzirwa ne. Iyi ndiyo nzira chete yekuita kuti mari uye mari dzigadzikane. Balcerowicz akawana nguva dzakaoma. Pakanga pasina nzira yekushandura kubva kumabhizimisi kusvika kumakambani emari. Zvose zvaifanira kutanga kubva pakutanga. Pashure pokunge Balcerovich asiya hurumende, akadzokera kusayenzi. Akadzidzisa muWarsaw, yakadzidzwa kuYunivhesiti yeEurope uye yeAmerica, yakanyora mabhuku akawanda pamusoro pechiitiko chePoland chekuchinja. Zvisinei, haana kumbove akakwana zvakananga, zvaive zvakakodzera kuedza zvose zvidzidzo mukuita.

Kudzoka muhurumende

Muna 1994, nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika akabatana nesimba neveimboimbova Solidarity nhamba uye akaumba Freedom Alliance, iyo yaakatungamirira. Nokufamba kwenguva, bato idzva rakava rakawanda kwazvo muPoland. Mukusarudzwa kweparamende muna 1997, akatora nzvimbo yechitatu. Saka Leszek Balcerowicz akadzokera kumasimba. Akatora zvakare nhengo yehurumende-vona-guru uye mushumiri wezvemari. Muna 2000, Baltserovich, achitarisa kupera nokukurumidza kwesangano, akasiya hurumende, akakwanisa kushanyira mazano aShevardnadze, uye muna 2001 akava mutevedzeri weNational Bank yenyika. Akasiyira chiitiko ichi muna 2007. Mugore rimwechete iye akapiwa zita re "guru rekuvandudza muEuropean Union" neBrussels analytical centre. Muna 2008, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi akava mumwe wevanhu vasere veboka rezvenzvi rakashanda mukugadzirisa migumisiro yemigumisiro yenhamo yemari yenyika yose. Muna 2016, Balcerowicz akagadzwa mumiririri weMutungamiri weUkraine muHarare yeVatariri venyika.

Chinokosha chekuchinja

Mukutanga kwema1990, Poland yakanga iri munharaunda yekudzika kwemamiriro ezvinhu. Munyika, zviitiko zvakadai sekuderera kwehuwandu hwehupenyu hwehupenyu, hyperinflation uye kuperesa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwakaonekwa. Nzira yekukurira dambudziko iri inoreva kuchinja kune dzimwe nzira dzekutengesa, kuchinja kwehuwandu hwehumba, kudonongodza kwehupfumi, nekugadziridza mune zvese. Urongwa hwaBalcerowicz hwaisanganisira:

• Kutora mhirizhonga yakaoma yemari yemari. Yakafunga kuderedza kubudiswa kwemari uye kuwedzera kwezvibereko zvekuda.
• Kuchengetedzwa kwechikwata chebhajheji. Mazhinji emitero yakabhadhara yakazobviswa, sezvakanga zvakaita rubatsiro rwekudya, simba, zvigadzirwa, nezvimwewo.
• Kusununguka kwematengo. Kunongedzera simba, mishonga, kukwereta uye kutakura kwekutakura zvinoramba zviri pasi pekutonga kwehurumende.
• Kugadziriswa kwekutendeuka kwechikamu che zloty.
• Imwe mitemo yakasimba yokugadzirisa mari. Icho chaisanganisira kubviswa kwehuwandu hwekutsvaga kwemari uye kugadzirwa kwemazinga akakwirira ekubhadhara mutero.

Mhinduro

Muna 1990, hurumende yakatanga "chirwere chinotyisa". Kuzviriritira kune zvekurima kwakabviswa. Hurumende yakakwanisa kusimbisa zloty. Zvisinei, mumabhizimisi pakanga pane kushayikwa kwemari, zvikwereti zvebhengi hazvina kusvika. Saka, kupera kwekugadzirwa kwakatanga. Vanhu vacho vakakurumidza kuva varombo. Uye kushaiwa kwemabasa kwakawedzera zvikuru. Nokudaro, "kutyisidzira therapy", kunyange zvazvo yakarongedza bhajeti uye yakabatsira kukunda hyperinflation, asi yakava chinhu chinoita pakuwedzera dambudziko racho. Saka, zvakasarudzwa kuzvideredza. Kugadziriswa kwehupfumi hwehupfumi, pakati payo kwaiva nehupfumi, kwakaiswa panzvimbo yekutanga. Zvatove muna 1992, zvakaunza zvibereko zvekutanga.

Balcerowicz neUkraine

Poland yakakunda kukunda nhaka yehupfumi hwakarongwa uye hutungamiri uye kunyange kupinda muEuropean Union. Asi chiitiko ichi chingabatsira Ukraine here? Kuchinja kwezvehupfumi muPoland kwakabudirira, ikozvino vari kuedza kugadzirisa zvinhu zvitsva. "Kutyisa therapy" muUkraine yakatanga hurumende yeYatsenyuk. Maererano naBalcerowicz, izvi zvakabatsira kudzivisa nguva dzakaoma. Anotenda kuti kutanga kwezvose, zvakakosha kuti titeerere kukura kwebazi rega. Uye izvi zvinoreva kudiwa kwekuregererwa kwekukura kukuru. Uori hunokosha zvakare. Miviri inofanirwa inofanirwa kubhadharwa yakazara. Panzvimbo inotevera, Balcerovich inokurudzira kugadzirisa iyo hryvnia uye kuderedza kusara kwebhajheji. UUkraine inodziviswa nehukama hwepedyo pakati pezviremera uye oligarchs. Uye izvi zvinoda kuda zvematongerwo enyika. Chimwe chikamu chekuvandudzwa ndechekusarudzira. Kukurudzira kushandiswa kune dzimwe nyika, kuchinja kunodiwa, kwete kuonekwa kwavo. Izvi ndizvo zvaive zvichiita kukwezva mari kuPoland. Nokudaro, Ukraine inongoshanda chete pamusoro pehupfumi hwenyika uye inoratidza zviratidzo zvechokwadi. Iwe haugoni kururamisa kukanganisa kwako nemaitiro ehondo uye nguva dzakaoma. Vashandi vanoda zvikwereti, kwete kuvimbiswa kwekuonekwa kwavo munguva yemberi. Pangosvika ivo, Ukraine inogamuchira kudiwa kwakadaro kwekuda mari kune dzimwe nyika.