Mikhail Bulgakov: anoshanda. List nemabasa ne misi

Nhasi tiri kukuudzai pamusoro upenyu uye basa Nyanduri akakurumbira uye munyori wemitambo Mikhail Bulgakov, mazita mishonga iyo uchawana pakuguma nyaya.

Uyu murume akaberekwa May 3, 1891 muKiev. Vabereki vake vakanga vakadzidza uye vakangwara. mai vake vaishanda somudzidzisi preschools, uye kudzidza kubva Theological Academy baba vakadzidziswa panguva dzakasiyana-siyana masangano edzidzo. Pakupera 1893 akatanga kuita mabasa Kyiv remunharaunda aongororwe, pakati yaiva kusenza mabhuku, kwete chete Russian, asiwo mune mimwe mitauro. Asi mhuri Michael aiva nevana vashanu.

kudzidza

Bulgakov akadzidza ari First Alexander jimunasiyamu, yakanga yakakwirira azvipire dzidzo, uye muna 1909 akapinda Kiev University zvokurapa chikoro. Zvadaro, muna 1914, World War First. Muna 1916, pashure chikoro, munyori ramangwana vaishanda musango muchipatara muna Cherepovets uye Kamenetz-Podolsk. Muna September wegore iroro akanga akayeuka kubva mberi uye akatuma kudzokera muchipatara vokumaruwa riri muruwa Smolensk.

Vyazemskij kumwedzi

Muna 1917, Bulgakov akachinjirwa Vyazma. upenyu huno hupfupi zvinoratidzwa vanowanika kwezvisikwa, "Notes chiremba wechiduku" muna 1926. Mabasa Bulgakov, ndandanda dzakapiwa pazasi, hazvibviri kufungidzira pasina kutaurwa basa iri. The protagonist yake - chiremba unyanzvi, mushandi akavimbika, kazhinji rokuponesa vanhu raiita tariro ezvinhu, anonyatsoziva nenhamo kuvanhuwo zvavo vasina kudzidza kubva Smolensk misha matsi uye anonzwa simba rokushandura chinhu nani.

chimurenga

The Revolution vakatyora vanongogara nzira youpenyu. Muna rondedzero "Kyiv-City" (1923), munyori anotaura maonero ake pamusoro pazvo. Iye anoti pamwe echimurenga kuchinja vanotyisa uye pakarepo "yakauya nyaya." Bulgakov asingachaiti muchiuto pashure October Revolution, akadzokera Kiev, iyo nokukurumidza aitoita nemauto German. Pano munyori Kunyudzwa maelstrom of Civil War akatanga. Mabasa Bulgakov, ndandanda dzakapiwa pazasi, zvinosanganisira kusikwa makore aya.

Bulgakov - chiremba

Sezvo Mr Mikhail aiva chiremba akanaka, rubatsiro rwake rwaidiwa, uye iye nevamwe anorwisana mapato. Kunyange zvazvo ari chero mamiriro ezvinhu akaramba akatendeka kuna humanist nevatambi mumwoyo make zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga kuwedzera kusafarira utsinye nevachena uye Petlurites zvadaro mumatauriro nyaya "Night panguva nhamba yechitatu" uye "dzibhururuke" iri yokufungidzira "The White Guard" uye mitambo "Kumhanya" uye "Mazuva turbines." Nokutendeseka achiita zvokurapa basa, Bulgakov mukupera 1919, akatanga unwitting uchapupu noutsinye mhosva muna Vladikavkaz. Pokuramba kubatanidzwa muhondo iyi, kumavambo 1920, iye akasiya hondo Denikin Bulgakov. Works, pakarongwa iyo uchaona munyaya ino, imwe nzira kana imwe kuratidza izvi uye zvimwe oupenyu mashoko.

mabhuku basa

Mr Mikhail nokusingaperi angasarudza kuenda zvidzidzo ake mukurapa kutanga kunyora basa nokunyorera nyaya mapepanhau uye. nyaya yake yokutanga, apedza mumatsutso 1919. Muchando 1919-1920 zvakanyorwa chinosetsa anecdotes anoverengeka uye nyaya. Mune mumwe wavo, "Tribute kuti pakuyemura," inotiudza mumugwagwa musazonetsanazve kuti kwakaitika munguva Civil War uye Revolution muKiev.

chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo Mitambo

Bulgakov nguva pfupi asati White akarega Vladikavkaz, vachirwara zvikuru relapsing fivha. Akapora muchirimo 1920, apo Red Army akanga mundokunda guta. Kubvira ipapo, munyori akatanga pamwe echimurenga komiti, mumwe tumisoro pakati hwemashiripiti, achinyora kuti Ingush uye Ossetian troupes kutamba, uchiratidza maonero ake pamusoro chimurenga. Vakanga chete chete-zuva kugadzikana uye zvakasikwa kunyanya kuti vararame munguva dzakaoma. Vladikavkaz Bulgakov nemaonero akanga yairatidza yake yakakurumbira yokufungidzira "Notes pamusoro hand cuffs."

Kutamira kuMoscow

Chokutanga Tbilisi uye ipapo Batumi Bulgakov mukana kutama. Asi aiziva aifanira pedyo vanhu panguva ino yakaoma kuti nyika. Naizvozvo, muna 1921, Bulgakov vakatamira Moscow. Sezvo Muchirimo 1922, nyaya pasi rakanyorwa ake anooneka nguva muMoscow mumagazini nemapepanhau. The satirical essays netumabhuku akaratidza chikuru zviri pambiru-echimurenga munzanga. The chikuru chinhu mabhuku satire vari nouveaux pfuma-nepmen, zvaakanga inonzi "the scum of NEP" (pfupi nyaya "Cup Roupenyu" uye "Trillioner"), uyewo ane pasi azvipire tsika nhengo yevagari: bhazaa vatengesi, vagari Moscow zvaiita, bureaucrats vashandi uye nevamwe. Mr Mikhail anoti uye zvaidiwa nguva itsva. Mune rimwe essays ake ikoko mukomana ane mudzidzi (sechiratidzo dzinokura itsva), vachifamba mumugwagwa ane knapsack itsva.

"The Mitambo Ine Eggs"

"The Mitambo Ine Eggs" rakabudiswa muna 1924, Bulgakov. Works, ndandanda dzakapiwa pazasi, hazvibviri kufungidzira pasina kutaurwa nyaya iyi. Chiito racho kumbosiyiwa kupinda kure zvekufungidzira ramangwana, kutaura zvazviri, muna 1928. Zvadaro NEP zvabuda pachena, kusanganisira simba achamuka mararamire vemo. Peaches, chikuru gamba nyaya, akaita zvakawanikwa makuru kwaigona kubatsira zvikuru chavanhu. Asi mumaoko vanozvikudza, Semi-kuverenga vanhu, pamwechete nascent muboka revatungamiriri, maruva munguva yehondo komiyunizimu uye mberi akasimbiswa makore NEP nzvimbo yayo, nokugadzirwa idambudziko. Kwete chete mapichisi, asiwo anenge magamba ose enganonyorwa Bulgakov 20s zvinokundika. In mabasa Bulgakov akatsvaka kuratidza muverengi pfungwa unavailability nzanga dzemazuva ano kuti nhungamiro itsva ukama hunobva kuremekedza basa, ruzivo netsika.

"Kumhanya" uye "Mazuva turbines"

Munguva Mitambo "Flight" uye "Mazuva turbines" (Makore 1925-1928), munyori anoratidzwa ndechokuti zvose zviremera anotevedzana muna Civil War vari vaipikisa vakadzidza. Vacho mabasa aya anowanzoramba vamiririri vanonzi "vakadzidza matsva" vakagamuchira chimurenga chekutanga, kana nokungwarira kana pachena naro. Mr Mikhail anoonekwa amene marongera idzva, sezvo nokusetsa, akanyora mubhuku rake chine nyaya "Capital mukabhuku."

Nokutambudzikira munyori

Vanoteerera zvemagariro, ndakanzwa nokusaruramisira, akapokana kudiwa matanho, asi havana kurega kutenda vanhu, nevanhu Bulgakov. Works, pakarongwa iyo tinopa, zvinoratidzwa. Vakabvunzana naye uye ruzivo vacho pamabasa ake, ayo akasangana nokutsoropodzwa nehasha. The kurwisa pazuva munyori muna 1929 kwakawedzera. Vakanga kubviswa panzvimbo dzose Mitambo ake: "Shava Island," "Mazuva turbines" uye "Zoyka mufurati". Kuva mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, munyori anosarudza kunyora tsamba kuti Hurumende, iyo akakumbira mvumo kubva munyika. Nguva pfupi pashure kukurukura pamwe Stalin, pashure iyo Bulgakov akagadzwa mukuru Moscow Art Theater somunhu mubatsiri. Re-akazviratidza pamusoro nzendo Pfungwa kuti Bulgakov kuti mitambo, uye pashure penguva - uye apiwa enactment kuti "Vakafa Mweya" (Bulgakov).

Mabasa ose, mazita iyo chinopiwa pazasi, akarongwa munyaya ino, mune kurongwa, kubva apo unogona kuona kuti pashure 1927 kudhindwa hariwaniki zvimwe akarongwa munyori, sezvo aiva nhengo mazita akarambidzwa. Pasinei neizvi, Mr Mikhail akanga asina kusiya musha. Zviri munyika yedu akasika zvose mabasa Bulgakov. List makore kunyora uye mazita avo vanotaura kumagumo nyaya.

"Tenzi uye Margarita"

Muna 1933, munyori kuedza kubudisa yokufungidzira kwakaitwa "Upenyu Monsieur of Moliere" dzinoti "Lives Yemisi People", asi kutarisira kukundikana zvakare. Up kusvikira parufu rwake, Mr Mikhail haachisiri kuedza kubudisa mabasa avo. nguva ino chose basa iri zvibereko "Tenzi Margarita" yokufungidzira, rwakazokura mumwe mukuru kubudirira munyika prose remakore rechi20. To basa akatora makore 12 oupenyu Bulgakov.

shanduro chigadzirwa Early sokuti insufficiently kubudirira, saka mumakore mashoma akadzokera zvakare uye zvakare kuna vatambi vake, kurwisana uye kukwira itsva mifananidzo. Chete muna 1932, asi yokufungidzira vawana nyaya kukwana.

Mumakore achangopfuura, Bulgakov Zvisinei, uye akaramba kushanda, achiri asina rakabudiswa. It akaputsa, uye zvakaita kuti pave exacerbation chirwere uye nekutambira mangwanani rufu. Bulgakov akafa musi March 10, 1940, uye akavigwa muMoscow, Novodevichy kumakuva.

List nemabasa Bulgakov pamwe yemichindwe

nyaya:

- "Notes on hand cuffs":

• 1922 - "The hunoshamisa Adventures pamusoro Dr.", "Red Korona", "usiku panguva nhamba yechitatu";
• 1923 - Chinese nhoroondo "," bvuta "," Notes pamusoro hand cuffs ";
• 1924 - "La Boheme."

- "Notes chiremba wechiduku":

• 1925 - "Rubhabhatidzo dzokai", "Egyptian rima";
• 1926 - "Towel ne jongwe", "blizzard", "Chitima Eye", "hondo mapundu", uyewo yakabatana kutenderera nyaya, "Ndakauraya";
• 1927 - yakabatana kutenderera ngano "Morphine".

Mikhail Bulgakov akanyora mabasa akasiyana. The pamazita nyaya ratakambonunurwa kare dzakanyorwa, chinamatidzwa enganonyorwa uye mitambo.

enganonyorwa:

• 1924 - "The White Guard";
• 1962 - "The Life of Monsieur of Moliere";
• 1965 - "Notes yomufi";
• 1967 - "Tenzi Margarita".

anotamba:

• 1925 - "Zoyka furati";
• 1925 - "nekurangarira chibhakera";
• 1926 - "Mazuva turbines";
• 1930 - "The Cabal pamusoro Vanyengeri";
• 1955 - "Alexander Pushkin";
• 1962 - "Mhanyai";
• 1965 - "Ivan";
• 1965 - "Crazy Jourdain";
• 1966 - "Bliss";
• 1977 - "Batum";
• 1986 - "Hondo uye Rugare";
• 1986 - "Dead Mweya".

Ndivo mukuru zvaakasika kuti akasika Bulgakov. Works, pakarongwa iyo chaipiwa kwamuri hakugumiri pamusoro. Pano hatina zvaisanganisira satires, nyaya, essays, uye vamwe mabasa, tinyatsoziva kuti zvingavawo chinobatsira.

Mafirimu inobva mabasa Bulgakov, ndandanda iyo yave wainyatsotaura apa, akasika chaizvo mudzimba uye dzimwe vaburitsi. The yakakurumbira firimu kwadzakabva kuti "Tenzi Margarita" - Alexander Petrovich, George Curry uye Vladimir Bortko, akasikwa Russia.