Milestones kuti zvinowanikwa nesayenzi - the Pauli musimboti

Rinonyatsooneka nebudiriro kare yefizikisi kushanda mumunda sechivako peshoko iri padanho Erekitironi-zvenyukireya maonero, vanotaura pakutanga rokupedzisira remakore. Mumwe Zvinhu izvi vari kudzidza microworld anozivikanwa munhoroondo nesayenzi rinonzi "Pauli musimboti." Pakazosvika nguva zvakava pachena kuti quantum hunhu mananara kuitika mukati atomu, zvinoshamisa kuchinja pfungwa dzakawanda pamusoro chaizvoizvo ari Microcosm. Uye chii - the quantum? mhando iyi chaiyo yakawanda kuyera dzaishandiswa muchimiro "mugove" yawo yakadzikira pazasi usingagoni kuva. Somuenzaniso, nharaunda rokutanga Erekitironi muchadenga haagoni kuva zvishoma pane 5.29 · 10-11 M madaro isingasviki ukoshi ichi kwakarasika kutaura -. Vangadai zvisipo.

Quantum vanoziva mumuviri pfungwa, izvo mukanyiwa, simba, simba, anowedzera kunzwisisa hunhu maerekitironi nezvimwe zvacho anoumba atomu. Uye, chokwadi, pasi kutaura pamusoro 'Dzokuvaka Yose ", zvakasikwa nematurusi kurondedzera navo. Kubvira ipapo, mamiriro ari Erekitironi kunoratidzwa nhamba mana, inonzi quantum. Various mubatanidzwa nhamba idzi akatsunga chete izere uye rakasiyana chitarisiko chipi Erekitironi. Kamwe zvakakwanisika kundorondedzera simba, nzvimbo uye munyika anoti ari Erekitironi, pamusoro wenyaya akanzwisisa zvinotevera mubvunzo - uye sei maerekitironi nomumwe atomu anogona kuva mazhinji, dziri kumativi musimboti? Haiwa, vanoparadzwa 'yakazara "? Kudzidza nyaya iyi zvakakonzera Pfungwa mutemo, ava kunzi Pauli chokudzingwa musimboti. Chii chiri chaizvo?

A shoma kuzvidzora dzidzo

1. atomu ayo nyore chimiro ane chikuru zvinoriumba - chinoumba uye maerekitironi vari dzinongoda azvaitwa pakati uye pairi ichitenderera musimboti. The radii pakati kutenderera (runotaurwa n) kutora tsika integers kutangira mumwe quantum - shoma zvichibvira "migove" kure. Nokuti nyaya apo n = 1, tine yepasisa "pasi" muchadenga, panguva iyo Erekitironi Muruoko rwake anobata chirukiso pamwe rakadzika simba. The simba pamwero mukuru Erekitironi iri pakutsvaga quantum nhamba N, rinonziwo wechikoro. Cherechedza kuti nokuda kupiwa nharaunda ine N anogona compute nhamba maerekitironi ari muchadenga ino nzira N = 2 (n • n). Izvi nyore vakaverenga muganhu uwandu maerekitironi pamusoro muchadenga chero nhamba N: wokutanga - maviri, ari wechipiri - masere ari wechitatu - gumi, etc. mhedziso iyi kuzadza anoshongwa mune mari maerekitironi isingadariki N, - kunokosha zvokuti rine Pauli chokudzingwa musimboti.

2. Electronic simba uye anogona kuva sublayers mumwe chikuru chechetere. Vari runotaurwa L, rinonzi divi (kana orbital) quantum nhamba uye anogona kuva ukoshi kubva L 0 kusvika 4. Kukosha L anosarudza mashoko spatial Maumbirwe Erekitironi gore: idenderedzwa, dumbbell, etc.

3. kwebasa Erekitironi, mune mamwe mazwi, kuitika kubuda zvinotungamirira nokuumba raundi remagineti. Asi ichi zvazvingava, Erekitironi orbital ndiye ari rinobva nguva, iyo inozivikanwa wechitatu, ari quantum nhamba Rine mamiririta nerimwe,. Inonzi rinobva quantum nhamba uye fungidziro pamusoro orbital tichimhanya ane Erekitironi ari remagineti negwara. Tsika dzinogona kutora uwandu Rine mamiririta, nhema vari kuwanda kubva -l kusvikira + Jehovha, pamwechete razero kukosha, uye vose vanogona kuva (2l + 1).

4. Pakupedzisira, vokupedzisira hunhu quantum Erekitironi - kuruka. It unotora maviri chete kuchiitwa MS = + 1/2 uye MS = -1 / 2. The Chaizvoizvo zvokunyama kuruka - zvokuimba nguva tichimhanya pamusoro Erekitironi, usina chokuita sangano rayo muchadenga.

Kukurukurirana of Pauli nheyo uye periodic hurongwa Di Mendeleev

Muna 1925 kuwanikwa muna wefizikisi inokosha zvivako zviri microworld yakaitwa akafanana kukosha chete Mendeleev tafura. It vakagamuchira zita rake "GODFATHER" uye yave kuzivikanwa sezvo Pauli chokudzingwa musimboti. Chemistry sezvo sayenzi nezvinhu uye mukukurukurirana dzavo mugadziriro periodic ino vasingagoni kutsanangura zvakawanda zvenhengo ose pezvakaitwa kuitika panguva kushamwaridzana kwemaatomu, mamorekuru, uye dzidzo, etc. Chikonzero chikuru chaiva chokuti padanho zvakadzama pamusoro atomu, tichitarisa wekemisitiri akatanga atomu pfungwa Erekitironi core. Izvi mabhomba-samolecular pfungwa kunge yakabuda uye pachavo yakasimbiswa anenge 150 apfuura - negore regumi namapfumbamwe remakore. Papera chinguva, NDIRI Butlerof vakatanga dzidziso makemikari, uye ipapo yakawanikwa murairo nguva nenguva. Izvi akatibvumira kupa kuberekwa mamorekuru kubva maatomu uye kupa kunzwisisa maatomu "upfumi" ari mudziyo.

Kunzwisisa musimboti wenyika quantum zvechadenga Erekitironi womuenzaniso vakava zvinogoneka pashure pokunge akagadzira pedyo Pauli nheyo. Narwo akagamuchira tsanangudzo pamufananidzo goko urongwa uye hurongwa rokuzadza maerekitironi. Musimboti nheyo ndechokuti maerekitironi vanogona chero wemishonga pamusoro zvina quantum zvinhu atomu asi hazvigoni rinoumbwa maerekitironi mbiri, zvakakura zvose quantum maitiro.

The chikuru Nemhaka kuwanikwa mabhomba maumbirwo mitemo, rine Pauli chokudzingwa musimboti - wefizikisi, kureva, yezvakaita Chiitiko randinogara mune richizadza goko maerekitironi. Uye ichi, uyewo, akapa mabviro kutsigira mutemo nguva nenguva. Nokudaro, "makemikari" zviri vakawanda mamiriro kwemaatomu uye mamorekuru mitemo vakagamuchira zvinotaura yayo inokosha iri wefizikisi nokuvaka nechomukati "mapurani" yacho atomu.