Military nadzurudzo Paul 1

Reform naPauro 1 (1796-1801) akawanazve kare nharo. Chikonzero iri kuvhiringidzika uye kuzvipokanidza mupfungwa mufananidzo mambo. By zvakasikwa zvikuru munhu anokwanisa anenge dzidzo yakanaka, Paul I, akava mambo, vaiita seshumba wakabirwa brat kuti pasinei amai frostbitten nzeve. Zvechokwadi, iye nokukurumidza akarasikirwa baba vake (Peter III), uye aiva nechikonzero vazondifungira amai munyaya rufu rwake. The mai, zvakare, ukama hazvina kushanda kunze pakarepo - mwanakomana Catherine II rakatorwa pakarepo pashure pokuberekwa, Paul muduku naamai vake akapotsa haana kutaura. Catherine pachake haana kumuda uye vakatya sezvo vanokwanisa mukwikwidzi chigaro.

Somugumisiro, Emperor Paul 1 akaita zvose zvaanogona kuti ave nechokwadi kuti mamiriro kuvaka chaiwo pakatarisana pachinhu chokuti kwaiva munguva Catherine. Akakwanisa kubvisa zvimwe "mwero" akenda Empress, asi somugumisiro akatsiva navo avo, kakawanda kunyange kuipa. zvinhu Major Pauro 1 zvichakurukurwa kune dzako munyaya ino.

Ideas pamwero mukuru

Paul I pachena aisatarisira kuti kwake ichagara nemakore 4 chete wekare (panguva accession pachigaro akanga 42 - zera panguva yakasimba, asi akanga achiri kurarama uye kurarama). Naizvozvo pakarepo akatora yakawanda muzvirongwa, uye vamwe vavo akasvika pakuziva.

The chepamusorosoro kukosha mambo akapa simba rake uye simbisa muchiuto nesimba munyika (pfungwa dzisina kufanana asi ukama). Naizvozvo, vazhinji aishingaira iteererwe dzika nemauto kuchinja Paul 1 (zvishomanana nezvazvo ichakurukurwa munyaya), ane dzidziso iri midzi tsika Prussian (pamusoro zvisingachashandi panguva iyoyo). Asi paivawo yakawanda anobatsira zvakagadzirwa changed zvaidiwa navatariri, kuwedzera kodzero masoja, pane mhando mauto matsva, nani kudzidziswa dzimwe nzvimbo (zvikurukuru, vemauto medics).

Kusimbisa zviremera vanofanira kutanga zvose zvakanga kusimudzira mutemo mutsva ari kutevedzana pachigaro, hwokubvisa chinosimbiswa Peter zvandinoita kuzviremekedza kugamuchirwa mambo chisarudzo pamusoro mutsivi mumiriri. Uyewo yekudyidzana kunoderedza uwandu neropafadzo kwamachinda, akasimbisa bureaucratic vakuru. Kuti uvandudze basa rakatsaurirwa kodzero magavhuna, kwakaderedza nhamba enyika, akadzorera wepakoreji akabvisa kwokutanga.

Paul zvakaipisisa kutya mumuzinda the uye kumukira uye vakaedza kundorwa "aimukira" Kusuma zvachose kusenza. Check pasi kunyange nziyo dzakawanda.

Muchiitiko chino, kana Catherine II aiva "mai" pakati kwamachinda, Paul Ndakaedza nechinzvimbo choga se "baba rwacho." Iye zvinganaka zvimwe zvachinja nezvenzvimbo varimi. Zvisinei, kunzwisisa murimi mudiki "akanaka" mambo yepakutanga - Somuenzaniso, zvinofungidzirwa kuti munhare nani zvikuru pane akasununguka.

Paul akanga akakodzera mamiriro mitemo kwakakwana uye chirango (pamusoro pakanyorwa zvetsika Russian hanya yakanaka kutarisa zvikuru kukwezva kupfuura ungafunga). Akadzidza pfungwa iyi kubva vokuGermany (uye havana kuona chero pakukakavara izvi, kunyange zvazvo aivengwa mai vake, Catherine, waiva mukadzi purebred German!).

Chigaro nemurairo

Reform pakati kutsivana kuti chigaro Paul 1 aiva mumwe sarudzo yake yokutanga mushure accession chigaro. Mutemo mutsva repealed ari Petrine chirevo naro namambo ushe rusununguko kodzero vakazvimirira kusarudza aizomutsiva. Zvino nhaka inofanira haro mwanakomana wedangwe; ayo ndisipo - hama chepamusoro soro kana mambo muzukuru varume mutsetse; mukadzi aigona vagamuchirwe choumambo chete tisina varume evamiriri.

Zvinonzwisisika kuti Pauro aizova todzivisa nezvevashumiri aizviwana - ainzwa aifanira nhaka baba vake pakarepo pashure porufu rwake, uye kwete kumirira kwemakore 34 kusvikira mitemo mai. Asi mugumo dzimwe nguva anofarira majee zvakaipa. Pauro afa chigaro hwakatamisirwa zvichinyatso enderana mutemo mwanakomana wake wedangwe, Alexander (zviya, Catherine aida muzukuru, uye iye akasimuka pamwe zvakanaka naambuya vake). Ndizvo chete chepamutemo naslednichek pamberi "akapa chiedza munyoro" kuti dzipa baba ...

Against rusununguko kwamachinda

Reform of kwamachinda 1 Pauro akanga zvainanga kurwisa hwechido yavo. Shamwari mai (pakati pavo pakanga manomano sycophants uye vanoba mari, asi pakanga paine vaikwanisa, chakakodzera vanhu) akasimbisa vakadzinganiswa hurumende dzose, vakanga pakarepo akarembedzwa. Asi panguva imwe chete, "nendege" zvakagadzirwa Catherine dzose "kuti rusununguko kwamachinda."

Paul chikwereti chirevo kuita revatongi rechiuto hako. Kwenguva refu zororo (kunonyanyisa aigona kuva mazuva 30 pagore) Zvakarambidzwa. Vakuru vaisagona kunyange kufamba kubva muchiuto kusvika zvavo pachavo - zvaida shoma mvumo remutungamiriri. It airambidzwa chokunyunyuta pakarepo kuna mambo - chete kuburikidza nemagavhuna chete.

Uye kwete kuti ndicho zvose - vakuru vaisungirwa mutero, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko kubvumirwa kushandisa kwavari koporo chirango!

Pasi vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata greenhorns

Panguva iyoyowo zvasarudzwa yakapedza Paul I uye vamwe here dzakashata nokuratidzwa "madiro". Zvino jendurumani aisagona kungoenda nhamba basa - zvakanga zvakakodzera chaizvo kutakura. Hondo yakanga asunungurwa vose vanokudzwa "greenhorns", iro rakanyorwa musi isiri basa mukuru munzvimbo kubva pakuberekwa (verenga "yaKaputeni Mwanasikana" ziva kuti Petrusha Grinev akanga akanyorwa Guards sajeni asati aberekwa uye kutanga nyaya ine "nguva-zvakafa" riri basa - ichi hakusi kuwedzerera). Vamwe vakuru kubva Catherine hatina kumbova weSeneti - Paul anomiswa.

nyaya itsva

Panguva iyoyowo Paul kuti ape mitemo kuti vakararama vachinzwisisa sezvo zvinokosha tobvuma kuti miduku yokuruwa. A harbinger kwaaizoita murimi mudiki kuchinja kwainzi kwairayirwa mambo mutsva kuti Castle vakauya kwaari mhiko (yaimbonzi vavo muridzi womunda).

Uyezve, muna 1797, Paul akasarudza Manifesto wairambidza kutevedzerwa basa musi weSvondo uye mazuva mazororo echitendero.

Uyewo mbiri pakati political mudzimba zvisarudzo nyasha abolition zvezviyo varimi zvinosanganisira mitero (nayo chikatsiviwa yakamisirwa mari muripo) uye koporo chirango vakwegura (kunyange varimi anopfuura 70 makore mhiri kudaro kakawanda). Uyewo, kurambidzwa ikakwiridzirwa ikwidzwe Kunyunyutira utsinye ari landlords uye kuti zvehurumende kutengeswa vanhuwo zvavo pasina nyika.

Strange "kubudirira"

Asi dzinopikisana hunhu Pauro zvakajeka mumatauriro murimi mudiki mubvunzo. kakawanda mambo akati anotenda varimi kunyanya munda munyika, asi iye kirasi ... nokushingaira akapa zvarinoroora vemamwe matunhu. Kuti Paul I pamutemo kubvumidzwa kutenga nedvoryanam kuvanhuwo zvavo (vatengesi serfs vanoshanda mafekitari), uye haana kuona kuti chisarudzo ichi zvinopesana chirevo irambidzwe rokutengesa pasina nyika.

Mambo kutendwa kuti aburuka vanhuwo zvavo akaronga "nherera" zviri nani mamiriro. Somugumisiro, mumwe wemitemo yaakatanga (mu December 1796) azowedzera serfdom kune kusvikira vakasununguka munyika Don Cossacks uye New Russia. Kwemakore 4 Makore kwake, Pauro akaita 600 zviuru serfs. State vanhuwo zvavo. mai vake chakavambwa kuparadzira 840 zviuru., asi kuti zvakatora makore 34 uye kuti wake airemekedzwa utsinye krepostnitsey.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti kufunga kuti murayiro 1797, kwete chete akarambidza serfs kushanda musi weSvondo, asi asinganyatsogoni kwayo nguva 3 Mazuva pavhiki. Hapana zvakadai - rinoti chete kuti 6 Mazuva zvakakwana murimi uye akashanda nokuda muridzi, uye nokuda pachavo.

Zvinofanira hurongwa

Kuwedzera murimi mudiki mubvunzo mudzimai enyika Pauro aifarira dambudziko inoshanda utariri uye "nyika kuchengeteka." Mugore administrative kuchinja Paul 1 magavhuna masimba ikawanda (sezvataurwa pamusoro apa) uye panguva imwecheteyo kwakaderedza nhamba enyika (50 kusvika 41). Paul I akatangazve vamwe vamwe vangu, kare kuregwa. Provincial Assembly of kwamachinda akarasikirwa chikamu kwavo administrative masimba (vakatamira kumagavhuna). Panguva iyoyo yave rakadzorerwa kodzero kuzvitonga mune dzimwe kumatunhu hwacho (kunyanya Ukraine). Yakanga isiri kuzvionera wakakwana, asiwo nezvaanogona kuti nharaunda idzi yavo kuzvimirira chisarudzo mudziyo nyaya kwakawedzera zvikuru.

бюрократия очень укрепилась (хотя он всегда говорил, что с нею борется). Pauro mudzimba mitemo kuchinja 1 kwakatungamirira ndechokuti muboka revatungamiriri kunosimbiswa chaizvo (kunyange aigara akati unorwa naye). Panguva iyoyo paiva siyana bureaucratic departmental yunifomu.

Internal kuchinja Paul 1

Paul aitya conspiracies uye nokumukirana, uye kubviswa "bongozozo" waikudza chinokosha basa mudzimba negwaro. Zvisinei, nokukurumidza pashure kuuya simba akaregererwa anoverengeka "dambudziko-Maker" (kusanganisira Radishcheva Kosciuszko), asi chete kuti pasinei amai - nzvimbo yavo mhedziso nokukurumidza kubatikana nezvimwe "Voltairiens".

Kuti Pauro ndiye pakusikwa Empire zvachose kusenza of Institute. Mukuwedzera, mambo akanga chaizvo inonyatsoziva kwokunze kuratidzwa ruremekedzo uye kuteerera. At Travel zvayo zvose vaifanira kukotamira (kusanganisira chakanaka Vakadzi) ndokusunungura musoro wake. Dzimwe nguva Paul I akaratidza Kumurerutsira kuti Vanotyora mutemo kutonga ichi (Pushkin akaita taura namambo yakamutsiura kuti nanny - harina kuita chinhu, chete kumanikidzwa kubvisa chivharo wake mukomana muduku). Asi wakaziva nyaya uye kutumira kubatana kuti vapera basa kare mudzimai rheumatism - hazvaikwanisa zvakanaka kunamata ...

Prussian usingaperi

Asi kupfuura zvose aifarira Emperor Paul 1 zvehondo, uye pano aiva kupfuura chinzvimbo zvirongwa.

Kunyange sezvo mugari wenhaka pachigaro, munzvimbo Castle yake Gatchina Paul akanga coached pachake murindi, mushtruya pamusoro Prussian nenzira. akanyatsokodzera ake (kufanana nababa vake, nenzira) raiva Frederick II Prussia, uye Crown Prince havana hanya kuti pfungwa iyi (chaizvoizvo kunoshamisa) mutongi panguva accession yake choumambo dating zvishoma. Ndiyo mitemo hwakasimbiswa Prussian hondo Friedrich nguva, akasarudza kutora sezvikonzero nokuda kuchinja weHondo Russian.

Down Potemkin uye Suvorov!

Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika kare ano vanodavira kuti uto kuchinja kwakaita Pauro 1 mauto Russian vakarongeka, kurangwa uye kurwa-vakagadzirira. Naizvozvo, vanoti, zvinogona ipapo Kukurirwa Napoleon. Izvi Zviripachena handizvo. Uto Russian Combat-vakagadzirira Aingoita vemauto Catherine kuti nguva - Suvorov, Rumyantsev, Potemkin, uye varwi Russian pasi zvavo murayiro mauto makuru uye kunyange kurova chete Frederick. Asi ichi ndicho zvinokonzerwa Pauro akakanda zvakasimba - iye akavenga vose vaya akasimudzira amai.

Masoja kurovedza here inoitwa vanyatsohuongorora. Asi pane kutora kurovedzwa Suvorov dzinongoitika uye akagadzirwa zvipingamupinyi uye bhayoneti kurwa vakatanga vyshagivaniya maawa akawanda ari kwakawanda pasi mabasa dzokuzvinatsa pfuti nzira (chinhu chakafanana chinogona kuonekwa nhasi pamwe ndima Kremlin rwavarindi, asi munguva yaitonga Paul I, rakamanikidzwa kubata hondo yose).

Varwi zvakare akapfeka corsets pamwe akasungirirwa nebhanhire, yakamanikana dzamira majombo uye weupfu wigs pamwe curls. Hapana kuziva, kuti yakatetepa yunifomu kufenda kunokonzerwa nokushayiwa mhepo uye kudiwa akaisa yakakodzera kugadzirwa musoro pamwe upfu akasasiya nguva yokurara. Dried svuura wigs (vari woupfu pamwe hwakatsetseka, uye kugamuchira panofunuka mukanyiwa) kunokonzera kutemwa nemusoro uye kwazvo nzvimbo dzisina utsanana.

Paiva nezvimwe "kuvamba". Somuenzaniso, Mambo Paul 1 akarayira kuti mumwe hondo aiva zana halberdiers ...! De facto, izvi zvaireva kuti mune chehondo akaonekwa zana unarmed.

Zvisinei, zhinji ruzivo mapurisa uye vemauto vachirwa zvakagadzirwa pasina vakakutangirai urongwa. Saka, Suvorov panguva yake Italian nhimbe zvakananga "kwete kuona" kuti masoja ake anongoti povybrasyvali pasingadiwi kumativi ose yunifomu, uye halberdier regai "zvombo" dzavo ... huni.

Kwete zvakaipa

Asi tinofanira kuramba chinangwa - the kuchinja wehondo Paul 1 aiva kubatsirawo. Zvikurukuru, ivo mhando itsva mauto vakasikwa - kukurukura (Courier Service) uye ouinjiniya zviyero (Pionerny hondo). In guru, rakarongwa yachiremba College (zvino - Military Medical Academy). The Emperor akatorawo kuchengetedzwa kudzidziswa emauto mepu akasika dhepoti makadhi.

Musoja akatanga kugadzirisa mumatumba, kwete quartered mudzimba - uye ichi kwakadzikira mamiriro ezvinhu mukirasi nepakati, uye vakabatsira kuwedzera chirango. Izwi nokushumira vaiendeswa hwakagadzwa chaizvo makore 25 (pane nokusingaperi kana kusvikira unfitness). Musoja akanga kodzero kusiya (mazuva 28 pagore) uye kunyunyuta pamusoro kusiri pamutemo zviito nezviremera.

Yunifomu vava kuti ndirege chezvipo, uye kwete kutenga navatariri (sezvo isu aiti nhasi, uori zano rakanga ichi chakakundikana). Mukuru akava mhosva upenyu uye dzigadziridzwe varwi vayo (kusvika mhosva kusunga). Nezvikepe izvo kuitwa hwokuvaka apiwa zvokushandisa, uye vamwe vakanga akadzima tichivenga chirango (semuenzaniso, kudhirowa pasi keel).

Pakupedzisira, kusagadzikana yunifomu vaisanganisa uye vamwe Amenities - Paul kutanga kwakamboitwa Russian mauto yechando zvipfeko chimiro. Paiva mbava vanamajasi, makobvu majasi, overcoats. Guard yechando pamutemo akabvumira kumira kungwarira vanamajasi uye majombo (mutemo uyu achiri kushanda), uye akapawo ose anodiwa papfuma.

Officers kusagutsikana

Zvinozivikanwa kuti unoranganawo uyo vakauraya Emperor Paul I, kwaiva mapurisa akawanda. Vaiva vose noruremekedzo uye malouvazhitelnye zvikonzero kusagutsikana. Mambo zvikuru vachida kuwana mhosva vakuru, kunyanya mu vaipemberera - ndapota Chat aine achimisa vari kubatana, mune zvakanga, vachidhakwa.

Asi mapurisa akawanda ashatirwa uye kurayira mambo - zvino vakasazogonazve "chiedza" panguva evanhu zviitiko, uye kuita pamwe nemasoja. With vakuru here zvachose vanoenderana ezvinhu muzvikamu zvavo, pasina kutarisa kwamachinda akwanise. Zvisinei, vanhuwo zvavo pakati navatariri Pavlovian nguva yasara - Mambo akarayira kudzingwa vose vakuru nedvoryan uye vakarambidza kupa alle nedvoryanskyh kirasi pamisara ikozvino.

Somugumisiro, vasingafari nezvaiitika mukurumbira zvikuru mugari wenhaka, Alexander. Chokwadi, aiziva chii kuna baba vake nenzira ipi "nyengetedza" chokusunungura chigaro. Alexander I nokutendeseka akabhadhara unoranganawo - kuzivisa accession ake, akatanga ati: "Kana ini ndichava zvose sokunge naambuya vangu."

Emperor Paul 1 haasi mumwe wevatongi makuru, vaifanira kuremekedza kukuru. Akatonga refu, uye chaizvoizvo kwake akabereka ane rupawo pane despotism. Asi kuti hapana chikonzero varege kuona zvakanaka kuchinja hwakatangwa mambo ichi muupenyu paruzhinji. Vaivawo, uye achiri kuchinja zvinhu Paul 1 (zvishoma pamusoro ndivo zvamakadzidza pane nyaya) vakaita basa iri pakuzadzisa munyika.