Mugumo Mongol-wechiTatar joko Russia: kare, zuva uye zvinonakidza zvinhu. Sezvo Russia akararama pasi Mongol-wechiTatar joko

Russia pasi Mongol-wechiTatar joko pakanga chaizvo kuzvinyadzisa. Akanga akaisa zvose zvematongerwo enyika uye zvoupfumi zvachose. Naizvozvo, kuguma Mongol-wechiTatar joko Russia, musi vakamira Ugra rwizi - muna 1480, anoonekwa sezvo chinokosha munhoroondo yedu. Kunyange Russia uye vakava enyika akazvimirira asi kubhadhara mutero kuti saizi diki kusvikira panguva Peter. Full okuguma Mongol-wechiTatar joko - Mugore 1700-vakasuwa apo Peter Mukuru chabvisa kuripwa Crimean khans.

Mongol mauto

Muzana XII remakore Mongolian muArabhu vakanga vakabatana pasi poutongi mutongi ane utsinye uye anokunyengedzera Temujin. zvipingamupinyi zvose inopiwa simba iye utsinye woutsinye uye zvakasikwa dzakasiyana hondo, izvo kunoita kukunda pashure kukunda. Ari kusika roumambo huru, ainzi namakurukota ake Genghis Khan. Akunda Asia, kuti Mongol mauto kusvika Caucasus uye Crimea. Vakaparadza Alans uye Polovtsy. Anoramba Polovtsian akateterera rubatsiro Russia.

Musangano wokutanga

Masoja 20 kana 30 zviuru vaiva muuto Mongolian, hazvinyatsozivikanwi. Vakatungamirwa Jebe uye Subedei. Dzakarega panguva Dnieper. Zvichakadai, kunyange zvazvo Polovtsian Khan akakurudzira Galich Prince Mstislav vanoda kutaura achipikisa nechisimba anotyisa vamabhiza. Akanga yabatana Mstislav Mstislav pamusoro Kiev uye Chernigov. Maererano mabhuku akasiyana-siyana, hondo yose Russian vakaverengwa kubvira vanhu 10 kusvika 100 zviuru. A kanzuru hondo vakabata pamahombekombe erwizi Kalka. A urongwa kwakabatana haana yakatanga. Mstislav ari Bold akaita chimwe. Akanga vachitsigirwa chete vakasara Polovtsy, asi muhondo, vakatiza. Haritsigiri muchinda Galician vachiri aifanira kurwisana ne vacho dzavo rakavakirirwa musasa pedyo eMongolia. Mazuva matatu rwakatora Battle. Chete neunyengeri uye nechipikirwa varege kutora munhu musungwa eMongolia akapinda mumusasa. Asi mashoko ake haana kuchengeta. gavhuna Russian uye muchinda Mongolians vaigara kusungwa uye akafukidza namapuranga uye vakagara pamusoro pazvo, uye akatanga mabiko kukunda, kunakidzwa moans rwounofa. Saka kutandadza vakauraya muchinda Kievan uye ake boka racho. Yakanga 1223. The eMongolia, pasina kupinda mashoko, vadzokera Asia. Makore gumi nematatu Kwapera vachiuya shure. Uye makore ose aya muRussia aiva chinovava kukakavara pakati machinda. Zvachose vasanyanya simba Southwest zvemisoro.

kubvuta

muzukuru Genghis Khan kwakaita Batu aine uto guru hafu yemiriyoni, vachidikanwa Volga Bulgaria kumabvazuva, uye Polovtsian nyika kumaodzanyemba, akaenda zvemisoro Russian muna December 1237. Zano rake haana kupa hondo huru uye kurwiswa nomumwe dzakabatana, nokuputsa zvose oga. Chikwiriso kumaodzanyemba kumuganhu Ryazan weutungamiriri, Tatars categorically vakakumbira mutero kwaari: chegumi mabhiza, vanhu namachinda. Ryazan padikidiki basa varwi zviuru zvitatu. Vakatumira kubatsirwa Vladimir, asi hapana rubatsiro akauya. Pashure mazuva kukombwa Ryazan matanhatu akabatwa. Residents dzabviswa, guta rakaparadzwa. Ndiko kutanga. Mugumo Mongol-wechiTatar joko kuitika kuburikidza makore mazana maviri namakumi mana zvakaoma. Kolomna akanga sezvinotevera. Kune mauto eRussia vakaurayiwa zvinenge zvose. Moscow nhema mumadota. Asi kuti munhu asati anoda kudzokera yechizvarigo yake, akavigwa musi Borovitsky Hill Mishmar zvesirivha kwezvishongo. Iye akawanikwa tsaona apo kuvaka yakanga akatakurwa ari Kremlin muna 90-ies ose XX remakore. Next aiva Vladimir. The eMongolia akaponesa kana vakadzi kana vana, uye vakaparadza guta. Ipapo Torzhok ndokuwa. Asi chitubu rinouya, uye, achitya mumigwagwa yakaipa, kuti eMongolia yakatamira kumaodzanyemba. North marshy Rus vakanga vasingafariri. Asi munzira akatanga ravane duku Kozelsk. Nokuti kusvika mwedzi miviri guta dzinotyisa kufurirwa. Asi eMongolia vakauya vavabatsire pamwe kurova-makondohwe, uye guta rakundwa. Zvose nevanozvitsigira vakabayiwa uye vakasiya guta ibwe. Saka, vose North-Eastern Russia muna 1238 angova matongo. Uye vangava nechokwadi kana Mongol-wechiTatar joko Russia? Kubva tsananguro pfupi kuti rwaishamisa vavakidzani ukama, handiti?

South-West Russia

chijana kwake muna 1239. Pereyaslavl, Chernigov kweutongi, Kiev, Vladimir-Volyn, Galich - zvose yakapwanyika, tisingatauri maguta maduku nemisha. Nekuguma iri kure Mongol-wechiTatar joko! Vangani chinokatyamadza uye kuparadza vakauya kutanga kwayo. The eMongolia vakasvika kuDharimatiya uye Croatia. Western Europe pakabvunda. Zvisinei, nhau kubva Mongolia kure rakamanikidzwa adzorere nechisimba. Uye pazuva rechipiri pamushandirapamwe akanga asina simba zvakakwana. Europe akaponeswa. Asi kumusha kwedu, angova matongo, akanga ropa, havana kuziva kana kuti kuguma Mongol-wechiTatar joko.

Russia mujoko

Ndiani dzakawanda sei kubudikidza nechisimba eMongolia? Varimi? Hungu, eMongolia havana tsitsi. Asi vakakoniwa mumasango. Vagari? Chokwadi. MuRussia, paiva 74 guta, uye 49 vavo vakaparadzwa Batu, 14 uye haana kuzovazve. Vavezi varanda wakatorwa. Regai kuva chamazuva unyanzvi mune rwokugadzira uye raanoziva yakapararawo. I vakakanganwa kudira Glassware, mota girazi nokuti mahwindo, kwete kuva multi-ruvara zvehari uye zvishongo pamwe cloisonné enamel. Gone navavaki, carvers, uye kwemakore 50 yamira kuvakwa ibwe. Asi kwakanyanya vose vakanga zvombo avo mumaoko vanoratidza kurwisa - the feudal nemadzishe uye retainers. 12 Machinda Ryazan vachiri vapenyu matatu, 3 Rostov - mumwe 9 Suzdal - 4. A kurasikirwa hapana vaverengwa squads. Uye kwakanga haidereri. Nyanzvi mune muchiuto chakatsiva vamwe vanhu vakanga vakajaira, kuti ivo akasundudzira kumativi. Dzakazova vatongi vane simba zvizere. Izvi Papera, kana zviri kuguma Mongol-wechiTatar joko, kudzamisa uye kutungamirira paMhedziso simba namambo.

machinda Russian uye Zolotaya Orda

Pashure 1242 Russia akauya pasi enyika uye zvoupfumi azere kudzvinyirirwa Horde. Kumuchinda aigona zviri pamutemo nhaka chigaro chake, aifanira kuenda zvipo "mambo freestyle", sezvo vakatumidza machinda yedu khans iri Horde guru. Iva ikoko kwenguva yakati nokusingaperi. Han zvishoma nezvishoma vaiona chikumbiro nokuzvininipisa zvikuru. Yose nzira ikava ngetani zvaizvidzwa, uye pashure kunyatsofunga zvikuru, mwedzi dzimwe nguva zhinji, Khan akapa "Chikwata", kureva mvumo mambo. Saka, mumwe wamachinda edu, akasvika Batu, aizviti muranda kuchengeta zvavo. Hazvo waiti mutero kuti zvichaita ngaitorwe hugota. Chero nguva, Khan angaita muchinda kuna Horde, uye kunyange kuuraya nayo kunaka. Horde vaiva machinda zvikurukuru policies nokungwarira fanning feuds dzavo. Dissociation amachinda avo zvemisoro rakanga ruoko eMongolia. Horde kwanga zvishoma nezvishoma kuva colossus pamakumbo dzevhu. In ayo kwakawedzera Centrifugal kumunetsawo. Asi achava zvikuru gare gare. A wokutanga kubatana kwayo zvakasimba. Pakafa Aleksandra Nevskogo vanakomana vake vanovenga dzinotyisa mumwe uye zvinotyisa atsigire choumambo Vladimir. Conventionally, ushe Prince Vladimir akapa yokutanga pamusoro pevamwe vose. Uyezve, iye anobatana yekutenga munda kune vaya vauye mari muchivigiro. Uye nokuti ushe guru Vladimir ari Horde aitambudza pakati machinda vanorwa zvakaitika rufu. Ndiwo sei Russia akararama pasi Mongol-wechiTatar joko. Horde Mauto mairi akapotsa haana kumira. Asi kokudherera vaigona kuuya kuri mauto uye kutanga kucheka uye nokupisa zvose.

Moscow kwakaita kukwidza

Ropa feuds pakati machinda Russian angasvikira kuti pakati 1275 muziviswe uye 1300 kuRussia 15 nguva Mongolian mauto akasvika. Kubva kukakavara zhinji zvemisoro yakabuda kusimba kubva kuvanhu ava akatizira ngozi nzvimbo. Saka akanyarara kaiva kwavabati kuMoscow. Ndakazosvika Mugove mwanakomana muduku Aleksandra Nevskogo Daniel. Akatonga kwemakore 15 uye akatungamirira kungwaririra mutemo, kuedza kwete kupopotedzana vavakidzani nekuti akanga simba. Vose Horde haana kumubhadhara kuteerera. Saka, imwe riwedzere kuti kukura wezvokutengeserana uye kuvandudza nhaka iyi. It yakayerera vanotama kubva rakabvongodzwa akakwirira. Daniel pakupedzisira akakwanisa batanidza Kolomna uye Pereslavl-Zaleski, ichiwedzera kwavabati ake. vanakomana vake pashure porufu rwake akaramba nekaupenyu yakanyarara wokuti baba vake. Chete machinda Tver vakavaona sevanogona vorongerwa uye edza kuti atsigire ushe guru Vladimir, Moscow zvakapambwa ukama Horde. ruvengo ichi yasvika pfungwa kuti kana muchinda muMoscow uye Tver Prince vakapinzwa vakadamwa Horde Dmitriy Tverskoy vakabayiwa Yuri Moscow. Nokuti nehanya kwakadaro, akaurayiwa ne Horde.

Ivan Kalita uye "runyararo kwazvo"

Mwanakomana chechina Prince Daniel, sokuti kuva mukana choushe. Asi vakoma vake vakafa, uye akatanga kutonga muMoscow. Sezvo dzidziso iyi inobva chirevo iye aivawo Grand Duke pamusoro Vladimir. Naye nevanakomana vake vakarega Mongol vachirwisa panyika Russian. Moscow akakura akapfuma, uye vanhu mairi. Cities akakura, kuwedzera kwevanhu vavo. Muna North-Eastern Russia rakura rudzi yose kuti akarega kudedera kwe eMongolia. Kwakanga kwava kuda kuguma Mongol-wechiTatar joko Russia.

Dmitry Donskoy

Moscow pakaberekwa Prince Dmitry Ivanovich muna 1350 kare yakava muzinda enyika, tsika uye zvechitendero upenyu kuchamhembe-mabvazuva. Muzukuru Ivan Kalita akararama pfupi, makore 39 okuberekwa, asi rakajeka upenyu. Iye akabata naye muhondo, asi ikozvino zvakakosha kugara pakurwa kukuru naAmai, kwakaitika muna 1380 pamusoro rwizi Nepryadva. Panguva ino, Prince Dmitry akakunda Mongolian kuri yokuzviparadzanisa pakati Ryazan uye Kolomna. Amai vakatanga kugadzirira itsva kurwisa Russia. Dmitry, kudzidza izvi, uyewo, akatanga kuunganidza simba rokudzivisa. Havasi vose machinda vakabvuma chikumbiro chake. Prince aifanira kukumbira kubatsirwa kuti St. Segiyo pamusoro Radonezh, kuunganidza varwi. Uye akagamuchira chikomborero remukuru dzvene uye mamongi maviri, akaita inounganidzwa mukupera muzhizha nevarwi uye vakafora vakananga uto guru Mamaia. On 8 September hondo huru mambakwedza. Dmitry akarwa pamberi mutsetse, akakuvadzwa, iye akawanikwa navo vachinetseka. Asi eMongolia vakakurirwa uye vakatiza. Dmitri vakadzoka kukunda. Asi nguva haisi kuibva, kana zviri kuguma Mongol-wechiTatar joko Russia. History inotiudza kuti ichaitwa pasi pejoko makore zana.

achisimbisa Russia

Moscow akava musimboti kubatana munyika Russian, asi kwete vose machinda vakabvumirana kugamuchira chokwadi ichi. Mwanakomana Dmitry, Basil I, mitemo kwenguva refu, makore 36 okuberekwa, uye vachiri kunyarara. Akatsigira nyika Russian kubva encroachments Lithuanians akabatana Suzdal uye Nizhny Novgorod kwavabati. Vakashaisa Horde, uye narwo vaionekwa zvishoma uye zvishoma. Basil upenyu hwake maviri chete kushanyira kuna Horde. Asi mukati Russia hapana kubatana. Nokusingaperi mhirizhonga yatanga. Kunyange pamuchato Prince Basil II wokupomera yakatanga. On rimwe vaeni akanga akapfeka goridhe bhandi Dmitry Donskoy. Apo iyi vakawana mwenga, ipapo ini akaibvarura pachena, zvichikonzera nokutuka. Asi bhandi aisangova chindori. Aiva chiratidzo zviremera Grand. Paitonga Basil II (1425-1453) vaiva feudal hondo. Moscow muchinda akabatwa rwakapofumadzwa, uye akakuvadzwa panguva imwecheteyo zvose pamusoro pechiso uye navamwe hwake iye akapfeka bhandeji pachiso chake uye akanga pakunzi "The Dark". Zvisinei, ichi muchinda simba kwake kwave akasunungurwa, uye ake co-regent aiva muduku Ivan, uyo achava pamusoro akasunungura nyika uye akapiwa zita remadunhurirwa Guru pashure pokufa kwababa vake.

Mugumo Mongol-wechiTatar joko Russia

Muna 1462 iri Moscow choushe akakodzera mutongi Ivan III, uyo uchava convert uye muvandudzi. Akanyatsoongorora uye nokungwara vakabatana Russian munyika. Akabatana Tver, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Perm, uye kunyange mitsipa Novgorod aiziva changamire kwake. Akaita Byzantine kaviri okushayiwa gondo maoko maoko, akatanga kuvaka Kremlin. Zviri ichi, uye tinozviziva. Kubvira 1476, Ivan III akarega kubhadhara mutero kuna Horde. Beautiful, asi nhema ngano inotaura sei zvakaitika. Yekutora Horde Embassy, Grand Duke basmu yakapwanyika uye akatuma kuna Horde kunyevera kuti zvakafanana zvaizoitika kwavari, kana asina murugare kunyika yake. Furious Han Ahmed akaunganidza hondo huru, akatamira kuMoscow, achida kuranga kwake wokusateerera. About 150? Km kubva Moscow muna Ugra River Kaluga nyika kwakatanga mumatsutso pamberi nemauto maviri. Russian rinotungamirirwa mwanakomana Basil, Ivan Young. Ivan III akadzokera Moscow uye vakatanga kuita vazvo kuti uto - zvokudya, zvokudya. Uye mauto vakamira vakatarisana mumwe, kusvikira vasvika mangwanani yechando pamwe nenzara uye havana kumuviga zvirongwa zvose Ahmed. The eMongolia akatendeuka uye vakasiya Horde, akabvuma kukundwa. Saka pakanga pasina kuisira ropa kuguma Mongol-wechiTatar joko. Musi ake - muna 1480 - chiitiko chikuru munhoroondo yedu.

Zvichireva joko kuwa

Zvachose kumbomira enyika, zvoupfumi uye zvetsika pave Russia, vakasundidzira joko nyika pamusoro varikumahombekombe kuEurope nhoroondo. Apo Western Europe akatanga uye maruva Renaissance muminda yose, apo yemamiriro National kuziva, kana nyika akakura vapfumi uye kutumbuka zvokutengeserana, akatumira ngarava rengarava achitsvaka munyika itsva, muRussia rima. Columbus atova muna 1492 wawanikwa America. Nokuti vokuEurope, Pasi akakura chaizvo. Nokuti isu, mugumo Mongol-wechiTatar joko Russia kwakaratidza mukana kubuda yakamanikana Ages kuumbwa kushandura mitemo kuvandudza mauto, kuvaka maguta uye kuongorora nyika itsva. Uye kana zvishoma, ipapo Russia yawana rusununguko uye pakuzivikanwa se Russia.