Nemaziso Nzira mu zvidukuduku

представляют собой способы изучения разнообразных объектов с использованием специального оборудования. Nemaziso tsvakurudzo nzira inzira kuongorora zvakasiyana siyana zvinhu nokushandiswa chinokosha michina. Kunoita kuti tifunge maumbirwo zvinhu uye zvipenyu, kwakakura chiri mhiri miganhu kupedza womunhu ziso. Nyaya rinopa pfupi Kuongorora nemaziso nzira.

tsananguro

используют в своей практике разные специалисты. Modern nzira nemaziso bvunzo kushandisa nyanzvi siyana avo tsika. Pakati pavo vane virologists, cytology, hematology, Morphology, uye vamwe. The chikuru nzira nemaziso bvunzo vanozivikanwa kwenguva yakareba. Wokutanga ndiwo chiedza nzira kutarira zvinhu. Mumakore achangopfuura, achishingaira chakaunzwa tsika, uye vamwe ruzivo. . Saka, vanhu vakawanda vawana danho-musiyano, luminescent, kukanganiswa, polarization, michini, ultraviolet, stereoscopic nzira kutsvakurudza. Vose vari kwakavakirwa zvakasiyana zvivako nechiedza. . Uyezve, zvinowanzoshandiswa Erekitironi microscopy nzira. Nzira idzi kubvumira kuratidzwa zvinhu vachishandisa achitaura chokubuda mhosva inoramba. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti izvi kudzidza nzira dzinoshandiswa kwete chete biology uye mushonga. в промышленности. Zvikuru nevakawanda nzira nemaziso kudzidza nesimbi uye alloys ari indasitiri. Izvi zvinoita kudzidza kuongorora nomufambiro yeimwe kubereka ruzivo kurerutsa ndingangokuvara kutsemuka uye yakawedzera simba.

Light nzira: unhu

и других объектов базируются на различной разрешающей способности оборудования. Kwakadaro nzira nemaziso ekudzidza zvigare uye nezvimwe zvivako hunobva zvakasiyana chisarudzo michina. Chinokosha ndiko akananga danda zvechadenga chinhu pachayo. The yokupedzisira, zvikurukuru, vanogona kuva pachena kana opaque. Maererano ehupfumi ari chinhu, richichinja ehupfumi zvokunyama chiedza nekubudisa - kwahwo uye ruvara nokuda amplitude uye wavelength, ndege, danho uye mirayiridzo rokuchengeta kupararira. . On kushandisa maitiro aya uye kuvaka nemaziso nzira yakasiyana.

Specificity

Kudzidza nzira chiedza zvinhu, kazhinji yakasvibiswa. Izvi zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuziva uye kutsanangura izvi kana zvimwe zvivako. Zvakafanira kuti zvinyama wagadzirirwa, sezvo coloring zvinoratidza zvimwe hurongwa bedzi mumasero akaurayiwa. In kurarama masero kuzviparadzanisa dhayi ari muchimiro vacuoles vari cytoplasm. Iye haadi ruchipa pamusoro chacho. Asi pamwe mhenyu zvinhu uye anogona kuongororwa vachishandisa chiedza maikorosikopu. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, nzira kudzidza inokosha. Muzviitiko zvakadaro, mumwe darkfield condenser. Zvinonzi midzi muchiedza maikorosikopu.

Kudzidza unpainted zvinhu

Zvinonzi kuitwa danho-musiyano microscopy. Nzira iyi inobva diffraction ari danda maererano zvechadenga chinhu. Panguva ekisiposha akacherekedza shanduko kuyaruka uye wavelength. Ari maikorosikopu izvo aripo translucent ndiro. Rarama kana wakaiswa, asi kwete kupendwa zvinhu nokuda kwayo pachena, anenge handishanduki ruvara, uye amplitude ari danda achipfuura kwavari, vakamutsa shungu chete iya chechinopiwa chinozunguzirwa danho. Asi muchiitiko ichi, mushure achipfuura chinhu, chiedza nekubudisa vakatsauka nokuda ndiro. Somugumisiro, pakati pamakamuri, zvisipo kuburikidza chinhu uye vachipinda chiedza nechekumashure, chinozunguzirwa urefu musiyano kunoitika. Pane imwe kukosha kwayo kuona kushanda kunoitika - rima chinhu pachanyatsoonekwa kuonekwa ari chiedza background, kana vakutarisire (maererano zvinoitwa danho ndiro). Kuti vawane musiyano uyu anofanira kuva kanenge 1/4 wavelength.

Anoptralny nzira

Ndiye rudzi danho-musiyano nzira. Anoptralny nzira kunosanganisira kushandisa izvo chaizvo mahwendefa, kushandura chete ruvara uye nokupenya ambient chiedza. Izvi anowedzera zvikuru mikana yokudzidza asina gwapa zvipenyu zvinhu. , паразитологии при изучении растительных и животных клеток, простейших организмов. Zvakarurama danho Kusiyana maikorosikopu nzira kutsvakurudza zvidukuduku, parasitology kudzidza chirimwa nemhuka masero, majemusi. Muna hematology nzira inoshandiswa kuverenga uye kuona mutsauko masero eropa uye mwongo.

chipingaidzo unyanzvi

решают в целом те же задачи, что и фазово-контрастные. Izvi nemaziso tsvakurudzo nzira kazhinji kugadzirisa matambudziko kufanana danho musiyano. Zvisinei, mukupera nyaya, nyanzvi vanogona chete kuchengeta contours zvinhu. методы исследования позволяют изучать их части, выполнять количественную оценку элементов. The chipingaidzo nemaziso tsvakurudzo nzira unotipa kudzidza chikamu kwavo, vanoita munhu quantitative kupima zvinhu. Izvi zvinogoneka nokuda kukamurwa chiedza danda. Mumwe Rwizi inopfuura nomunyika PARTICIPLE chinhu, uye mumwe - ne. Mune eyepiece pamusoro maikorosikopu Vanosangana uye kupindira. The zvichiguma danho musiyano inogona tsunga kurema dzakasiyana cellular hurongwa. Kana sequential chipimo ane zvakafanorongwa refractive indekisi inogona kuisa gobvu unfixed nyama uye chinhu mhenyu, puroteni tigutsikane mairi, wevasungwa nezvishoma uye mvura, uye nezvimwewo. Sezvavakaita akagamuchira mashoko vanachiremba vanogona sananga kuongorora Kamudzira permeability, enzayemu basa, sero muviri.

polarization

It rinoitwa pachishandiswa Nicol prisms kana filmy polaroids. Vari wakaiswa pakati chiratidzazvizhinji uye chiedza kunobva. позволяет изучать объекты с неоднородными свойствами. Polarizing microscopy nzira kutsvakurudza mune zvidukuduku kunotibvumira kudzidza zvinhu pamwe inhomogeneous ehupfumi. In isotropic zvivako kumhanya Mashoko chiedza chiri yakazvimirira yasarudzwa ndege. Muna anisotropic hurongwa mwero kunoenderana chiedza nezvatinovavarira achitevedza transverse kana longitudinal akabatana ari chinhu. Kana refractive indekisi ukoshi pamwe nemamiriro kuchapfuura achitevedza transverse, anosika yakanaka kaviri refraction. Izvi ndizvo zvizhinji zvoutachiona zvinhu kuti ndakawana vaitofanira samolecular nemunhu. Vose vari anisotropic. In muchikwata ichi, kunyanya, ari myofibrils, neurofibrils, cilia ari ciliated epithelium, collagen fibers, uye vamwe.

polarization ukoshi

Kuenzanisa yezvakaita nemwaranzi uye refractive indekisi anisotropy pamusoro chinhu runoita kuti kufungidzira samolecular nemamiriro sangano. Polarization nzira anoshumira mumwe histological kuongorora nzira inoshandiswa cytology nezvakadaro. Kwete kupendwa zvinhu zvinogona kudzidzwa muchiedza. Polarization nzira zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuongorora asina gwapa uye unfixed - chizvarwa - kugadzirirwa tishu zvikamu.

fluorescent unyanzvi

Vari inobva ehupfumi vamwe zvinhu kupa chomwedzi yebhuruu-Violet chikamu chakarondedzera kana UV mwaranzi. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvakadai mapuroteni, vamwe mavhitaminzi, coenzymes, zvinodhaka, takaberekwa tine chikuru (en) luminescence. Zvimwe zvinhu vanotanga hwihwinyara nokuwedzera fluorochrome - chaiwo madhayi. yokuvirisa ava zvokusarudza diffuse kana kuparadzirwa munzvimbo yoga cellular hurongwa kana makemikari. pfuma iyi yaiva hwaro kushandiswa fluorescent microscopy pamwe histochemical uye cytological zvidzidzo.

Areas mashandisiro

Kushandisa Immuno-fluorescence nyanzvi wanikidza nemavhairasi maantigen vavo yevasungwa kugadziridzwa vanozivikanwa nemavhairasi Anti miviri uye maantigen, mahormone, siyana metabolic zvinhu uye zvichingodaro. Panyaya iyi, zvokuongorora kuti herpes, mumps, hepatitis B, yokuSpain nezvimwe zvirwere kushandisa fluorescent nzira nezvinhu tsvakurudzo. иммуно-флуоресцентный способ позволяет распознавать опухоли злокачественного характера, определять ишемические участки в сердце на ранних этапах инфаркта и пр. Nemaziso Immuno-fluorescent nzira anoona bundu malignancy, kuona ischemic nzvimbo mwoyo iri tanga chemwoyo uye zvichingodaro.

Kushandiswa ultraviolet

Zvinonzi inobva mano wandei zvinhu zvipenyu masero kana kuti tupukanana tusingaoneki zviri wakaiswa, asi uncolored segirazi pasi zvinooneka chiedza micheka kufungisisa UV mwaranzi zvimwe wavelength. Izvi ndezvechokwadi zvikurukuru nokuda mukuru-samolecular yeimwe. Izvi zvinosanganisira mapuroteni, zvinonhuwirira acids (methylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, etc.), Nucleic acids uye purine nezvigadziko piramidinovye uye zvichingodaro. UV microscopy kunoita kuti kutaridzwa nzvimbo uye uwandu yeimwe izvi. Kudzidza zvinhu zvipenyu nyanzvi vanogona kuchengeta kuchinja metabolic dzavo kwendangariro.

Mukuwedzera

Michini microscopy rinoshandiswa pakudzidza vari opaque kuchiedza uye ultraviolet mwaranzi kuburikidza Absorção de Água zviri zvinhu dzinoyerera zvivako vane wavelength 750-1200 nm. Kushandisa nzira iyi hapana chikonzero kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo kufumura zvinodhaka makemikari kurapwa. Kazhinji, muguta nzira inoshandiswa anthropology, zvemhuka uye sayenzi mamwe indasitiri. Kana mushonga, nzira iyi inoshandiswa kunyanya ophthalmology uye Neuromorphology. Kudzidza-dimensional zvinhu pachishandiswa stereoscopic maikorosikopu. Hardware magadzirirwo rinobvumira vachiongorora kuruboshwe nezvakarurama ziso panguva yakasiyana akachinjikana. Opaque zvinhu zviri kuongororwa pachidiwa yakaderera magnification (120 nguva dzakawanda). Stereoscopic nzira zvinoshandiswa microsurgery, Pathomorphology mu forensic mushonga.

Erekitironi microscopy

Rinoshandiswa kudzidza maumbirwo masero uye nyama iri macromolecular uye subcellular mumatunhu. Erekitironi microscopy akatitendera kuti Qualitative achikwakuka mumunda kutsvakurudza. Nzira iyi zvinowanzoshandiswa nemakemikari omuviri, oncology, virology, Morphology, immunology, genetics, uye vamwe minda. Chinokosha enhancement of chisarudzo inopiwa zvokushandisa vanokwanisa chekubuda maerekitironi izvo nomunyika Vacuum remagetsi munda. The yokupedzisira, akavapindurawo, kusika anokosha lenses. Maerekitironi vanokwanisa apfuure nemamiriro chinhu kana kunooneka kubva kwavari zvarakasiya akasiyana pamakona. Mugumisiro unoratidzwa pamusoro fluorescent chinovhara mudziyo. Kana kutapukirwa microscopy planar maonero vakawana kushanda pakuvheneka azvaitwa zvinovakomberedza.

Prerequisites

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti pamberi vanopfuura yemagetsi nemaziso kuongororwa, chinhu chiri pasi dzidzo chaiyo. Kunyanya, kushandiswa mumuviri kana makemikari Kuda kutamba kuti munyama uye zvipenyu. Sectional biopsy zvokunyama uye, mukuwedzera, dewatered, iri midzi muna epoxy nebwe, akacheka girazi kana yemadhayamondi mapanga pamusoro ultrathin zvikamu. Zvino musiyano wavo uye kudzidza. The kushanda pakuvheneka maikorosikopu anoongorora pose zvinhu. Kuti vaite izvi, vakati sprayed imwe pfuma inokosha iri Vacuum mukamuri.