Plants dhipatimendi "gymnosperms": zviratidzo, STRUCTURAL features, mienzaniso

Plants kuridza chaizvo pakuita zvakasikwa, sezvo ivo vanokwanisa photosynthesis. Uyu muitiro mauri chirimwa kubva carbon dioxide, mvura uye rezuva simba kuzowanikwa ane zvinovaka muviri uye inongorira okisijeni. Saka nemhaka nezvinomera Panyika anogona kuvapo mhuka uye isu tinewe.

kupatsanura zvinomera

All umambo miti iri muzvikamu gumi:

• Kelp.
• Green algae.
• Blue-girini algae.
• Red algae.
• Kuparadzira mhuri Moss.
• Fern.
• Horsetail.
• Lycopsids.
• Angiosperms.
• Gymnosperms.

Pakati zvirimwa izvi mapoka maviri zvinogona kupatsanurwa zvichienderana nemamiriro:

• dzikisa;
• yepamusorosoro.

Kubatanidza rezasi mapoka ose algae, sezvo vasina Kusiyanisa ose munyama. The muviri haina nhengo. It 'S inonzi thallus.

miti yakakwirira, zvichienderana nzira kubereka chinogona kukamurwa:

• spore;
• mbeu.

Pakazosvika spore vari Fern, lycopsids, vakapararira Moss, Horsetail.

Seed chinzvimbo madhipatimendi gymnosperms uye angiosperms.

About gymnosperms, tichataura muudzame munyaya ino.

kupatsanura pakati gymnosperms

Next taxon inopfuura mumativi ose oumambo, "Plants" - boka. Gymnosperms akakamurwa makirasi mana:

1. Gnetalians.
2. Ginkgo.
3. Sagovnikovye (Cycads).
4. Conifers.

'Representatives uye zvimwe neimwe kirasi tichakurukura gare gare. Zvino, vanhuwo zviri gymnosperms zvose, physiology kwavo uye zvipenyu ichakurukurwa.

Gymnosperms: sechivako miti

Dhipatimendi iri zvinoreva dzakakwirira zvinomera. Izvi zvinoreva kuti muviri yavo ine nhengo, izvo zvakavakwa marudzi akasiyana micheka.

Zvitunha gymnosperms

Zvichienderana nzvimbo mitumbi, vanogona kuva kukamurwa nomumativi pachivande. Vakapiwa basa ravo uye mamiriro, tinogona kusiyanisa vegetative uye rokubereka zvomukati.

Vegetative nhengo: marongerwo uye mashandiro

Ichi boka miviri, chinhu pachivande midzi uye pasi kupukunyutsa.

The midzi ine nemidzi zhinji, kusanganisira mumwe tenzi uye lateral Midzi zhinji vangazivikanwa. Uyezve, chirimwa anogona nhaka yokuwedzera uye rootlets.

Root ane vakadaro mabasa:

• Asunga muti muvhu.
• The Absorção de Água kwemvura ichiputswa Micro-uye makro.
• Zvokufambisa mvura ukaparadzawo zvicherwa munyika zviremera.
• Dzimwe - kuchengetera muviri.

Tiza - zviri zvakare kwegadziriro miviri. Inoitwa pakati hunde, mashizha uye atwo.

kupunyuka nhego basa:

• Hunde: rutsigiro uye zvokufambisa basa, ichipa kubatana pakati midzi uye mashizha.
• Anosiya: photosynthesis, kufema, gasi Exchange, tembiricha murau.
• Itsvo dziri pasi mapazi matsva vari aumba.

Gymnosperms uye angiosperms zvakafanana vegetative zvomukati, asi rokubereka zvomukati zvakasiyana.

Rokubereka nhengo dzose gymnosperms

Rokubereka nhengo - ndivo anopa kubereka yacho muviri. In angiosperms ichi - ruva. Asi chirimwa dhipatimendi "gymnosperms" kunyanya nhaka rokubereka zvomukati, kufanana anorovera. Chinonyanya unoshamisa ziso mienzaniso spruce uye mupaini pasikweya.

The nemamiriro pasikweya

Chinhu dzakachinjwa mabukira, akafukidza pachikero. Kune vechirume pasikweya, izvo inoumbwa mukono nehadzi pabonde masero (gametes), ukuwo.

Mukono nehadzi nemipaini pasikweya zvinogona kuonekwa Photo pazasi muenzaniso.

Pane vamiririri gymnosperms, umo vanhurume miti dziri chete chirimwa. Dzinonzi monoecious. Uyewo pane dioecious gymnosperms. Vane vechirume pasikweya vari zvakasiyana siyana. Zvisinei, muti dhipatimendi "gymnosperms" kunyanya monoecious.

On chikero munhukadzi pasikweya dziri pamusoro ovules maviri, izvo aumba hadzi gametes - zai.

On chikero varume pasikweya vari mukume muhomwe. Ivo akaumba mukume, rine urume - vanhurume masero.

Kana isu akaongorora nemamiriro gymnosperms, kutaura kwavo kubereka.

Muna mupaini pasikweya inokura

gymnosperms kubereka kunoitika Via mbeu. Ivo, kusafanana mbeu maruva zvinomera, havasi takapoteredzwa muchero.

Gymnosperms kubereka kunotanga yokuti zvinomera mukati imwe nguva itsvo shape dzakachinjwa nhungirwa - vechirume pasikweya. Next kwavari kuumbwa mukume uye zai azvaitwa.

Pollination hadzi pasikweya kunobva mhepo.

Pashure pakusangana of ovules, izvo iri chikero munhukadzi pasikweya, mbeu kutanga. Izvi, ipapo vamiririri vatsva gymnosperms vari aumba.

Kubva chii munyama vanoumbwa miviri?

Plants dhipatimendi "gymnosperms" uyewo zvose pamusoro, rinoumbwa nyama dzakasiyana.

Kune dzimwe mhando chirimwa munyama:

• Bemhapemha. micheka izvi kuita rwokudzivirira basa. Ivo vanokamurwa kupinda Epiderme e, koko uye koko. The Epiderme e chinofukidza nhengo dzose chirimwa. Ane stomata kuti gasi exchange. It rinogonawo zvemapuranga ane mamwe inodzivirira paiva wakisi. The chivhariso achiumbwa pasi hunde, midzi, manyoro nokutumbuka pachikero. Cork - ndiro kufukidza jira rinoumbwa masero akafa pamwe Woody nevamwe. Inoitwa pakati omuti kuti gymnosperms.
• Mechanical. jira ichi inopa dzinde simba. Zvinonzi akakamurwa collenchyma uye sclerenchyma. Wokutanga anomiririra mupenyu masero pamwe gobvu anoshongwa. Sclerenchyma rinoumbwa masero akafa pamwe Woody nevamwe. Mechanical fibers dziri conductive munyama zviri madzinde gymnosperms.
• Mucheka huru. Kuti hwaro ose nhengo. The kukosha runotikurudzira zvinyama - kuitwa. Ndicho hwaro mashizha. The masero zvinyama iri vakawanda chloroplasts. Pano uye photosynthesis anotora nzvimbo. Uyewo mune chipo gymnosperms nhengo dzakadai mhando zvitsigiro rejira stocking. It kuunganidza zvinokurisa nebwe, etc.
• Conductive jira. Akakamurwa ari xylem uye phloem. Xylem anonziwo matanda phloem - Zvisinei. Ivo riri hunde uye nemapazi chirimwa. Xylem mudziyo ine gymnosperms. Inopa senga kwemvura ichiputswa zvinhu kubva pamudzi kuti mashizha. Phloem gymnosperms mhando vanomiririrwa nesefa sepombi. Eller chakagadzirirwa kuti chokufambisa ose zvinhu kubva mashizha pamudzi.
• Educational jira. Izvi, zvimwe zvinyama zvose vakaumba gymnosperms, umo nhengo dzose dzinovakwa. Vari rakakamurwa apical, lateral uye intercalary. Apical iri pamusoro davi, uyewo muromo mudzi. jira Side yedzidzo kunonziwo cambium. Zvinonzi munzvimbo hunde chemuti pakati pehuni uye bast. jira Intercalary yedzidzo interstices pangoro. Panewo rokudzidzisa ronda rinenge kuti kuitika nzvimbo kukuvara.

Saka isu akatarisa nemamiriro gymnosperms. zvino isu kuna vamiririri vavo.

Gymnosperms: Mienzaniso

Sezvatinoziva sei kuvaka chirimwa wedhipatimendi, ngatitarisei kusiyana kwavakaita. Next achange akatsanangura vamiririri zvidzidzo zvakasiyana, izvo zvaisanganisira mu "Gymnosperms" dhipatimendi.

Kirasi "Gnetova"

Department of Plants "gymnosperms" kirasi "Gnetova" vanokamurwa mhuri nhatu

1. Mhuri "Velvichievye".
2. Mhuri "Gnetova".
3. Mhuri "Hvoynikovye".

Ngatimboonai dzepamusorosoro vamiririri mapoka matatu zvinomera.

Saka welwitschia zvinoshamisa. Ndiyo chete nhengo yemhuri velvichievyh. Izvi mumiririri gymnosperms muchikura Namib Desert, uye dzimwe mumarenje South West Africa. Chirimwa ane pfupi asi gobvu hunde. kukwirira kwayo kuri 0.5 M dhayamita iri 1.2 m. Sezvo yokurarama mugwenga mhando ichi, ane refu chikuru mudzi, inova 3 mamita rakadzika. Mashizha kukura kubva hunde welwitschia - ndiko chishamiso. Kusiyana Mashizha zvimwe zvirimwa munyika, havazombofi idonhe. Vari kuramba richikura nechepasi, asi pano neapo kufa pamagumo. Kuramba updating zvokuti mashizha aya vapenyu sekuda Welwitschia pacharo (anozivikanwa specimens akararama kwemakore anopfuura zviuru 2. Years).

mhuri gnetalians rine vanenge 40 marudzi. Izvi kunyanya nemiti, mizambiringa, runenge - miti. Vanokura achitsva Masango Asia, Oceania, Central Africa. maonero ake zvikuru zvakafanana gnetalians angiosperms. Mienzaniso nhengo dzemhuri dziri melinzho, gnetum broadleaf, gnetum ribbed, et unto.

mhuri hvoynikovyh zvinosanganisira 67 marudzi zvinomera. Nokuti upenyu ichi fomu mumakwenzi nemiti. Vachikura muAsia, muMediterranean uye South America. Nhengo dzemhuri iyi vane scaly mashizha. Mienzaniso hvoynikovyh anogona kutaurwa US ephedra, ephedra horsetail, coniferous Ephedra, Ephedra mutema, etc.

Kirasi "Ginkgoales"

Boka iri rinosanganisira imwe mhuri. The chete mumiririri mhuri iyi ndiyo Ginkgo biloba. Ihwo muti wakareba (kusvika mamita 30) ne hombe dzinoshandisa-zvakadai mashizha. Izvi relict chirimwa, yakabuda Pasi makore mamiriyoni 125 akapfuura! Extracts kubva Ginkgo rinowanzoshandiswa mushonga pakurapa vascular zvirwere, kusanganisira atherosclerosis.

Kirasi "Sagovnikovye"

Zvinoitawo gymnosperms. Mienzaniso mukirasi iyi miti: cycad Rumphi District, Cycas revoluta, Cycas Thouarsii etc. Ndivo zvose mhuri chete - "Sagovnikovye".

Ivo vachikura Asia, Indonesia, Australia, Oceania, Madagascar.

Zvirimwa izvi akafanana zvanza. kukwirira wavo anoda kubva 2 kusvika 15 mamita. The hunde Kazhinji gobvu uye pfupi kana ichienzaniswa pakukora. Saka, muna Cycas revoluta kwayo dhayamita iri masendimita 100, apo kumusoro - masendimita 300.

Kirasi "Conifer"

zvichida ndicho kirasi chinozivikanwa zvikuru Department of gymnosperms. Ndiyewo kupfuura vazhinji.

Kirasi ichi chine rimwe kurongeka - "Pine". Pakuvamba munyika, pachine matatu mirairo Conifers mukirasi, asi vamiririri vavo vava nokutsakatika.

Hurongwa-dzataurwa pamusoro apa ine mhuri nomwe:

1. Cephalotaxaceae.
2. Yew.
3. Stsiadopitisovye.
4. Podocarpaceae.
5. Araucariaceae.
6. Pine.
7. Cypress.

Mhuri ine 20 vamiririri cephalotaxaceae. Izvi miti yakasvibira nemiti yakabva kune dzimwe. The tsono vanosarudzirwa mune zononoka. Kubva yew there cephalotaxaceae zvisingapindirani kuti pasikweya dzavo ripen yakareba, uye vane mbeu huru kadikidiki.

mhuri yew there zvinosanganisira anenge 30 mhando nemiti yakabva kune dzimwe. All miriwo mhuri iyi ndiyo dioecious. Mienzaniso nhengo dzemhuri iyi inogona kunzi Pacific yew there, Florida, wokuCanada, European yew there nevamwe.

Mhuri stsiadopitisovye zvinosanganisira miti yakasvibira nemiti, izvo anowanzoshandiswa sechinhu zvishongo.

Mienzaniso vamiririri mhuri Podocarpaceae dakridium anogona kutaurwa, fillokladus, Podocarpus etc. Ivo vachikura nyoro munzvimbo: mu New Zealand uye New Caledonia.

mhuri Araucariaceae inosanganisira vanenge 40 marudzi. Vamiririri mhuri kwatova Pasi panguva Jurassic uye Cretaceous nguva. Mienzaniso anogona kunzi Agathis australis, dammar Agathis, Araucaria Brazil, Chile Araucaria, Wollemi Noble and said.

mhuri Pine zvinosanganisira miti yaizivikanwa zvakadai spruce, nemipaini, nemisidhari, larch, hemlock, misipuresi etc. miti All Kuva mhuri iyi, vanokurira munzvimbo Northern Hemisphere mu unozvidzora okunze. Gymnosperms mhuri iyi inowanzoshandiswa mushonga kwevanhu uye mamwe maindasitiri nokuda Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti ayo uye zvinokosha anonhuwirira.