Poltava hondo muchidimbu: chinhu chinonyanya kukosha

Pakati peNorth War yose kwakanga kusisina hondo inokosha kupfuura Hondo yePoltava. Muchidimbu, iyo yakazopedzisira yakashandura nzira yemushandirapamwe iwoyo. Sweden yakanga isingabatsiri, uye yaifanira kubvumirana nekuwedzera kweRussia.

Zviitiko zuva rakatevera

Peter wekutanga akatanga hondo neSweden kuitira kuti awane nzvimbo yeBaltic. Mukurota kwake, Russia yakanga iri simba guru rezvemvura. Yaiva yeBaltic iyo yakava iyo huru yemitambo yekushanda kwehondo. Muna 1700, uto reRussia, rakanga rangotanga kuchinja, rakarasikirwa nehondo yeNarva. Mambo Charles XII akashandisa kubudirira kwake kuitira kuti atore kune mumwe wevadzivisi vake - mambo wePoland Augustus II, uyo akatsigira Petro pakutanga kwemhirizhonga.

Kunyange zvazvo mauto makuru eSweden akanga ari kure kumadokero, Russian Tsar yakaendesa hupfumi hwenyika yake kuenda kumisasa yehondo. Mune nguva pfupi akakwanisa kugadzira hondo itsva. Iyi yemazuva ano, mauto eEurope akarovedzwa akaita mabasa akawanda akabudirira muBaltics, kusanganisira muRancland uye pamabhandi eNeva. Pamuromo wemurwizi uyu, Petro akatanga nheyo uye ramangwana guru reumambo hweSt. Petersburg.

Munguva iyi, Charles XII akazopedzisira akunda mambo wePolish uye akamutungamirira kunze kwehondo. Mukusipo kwake, uto reRussia rakatora chikamu chikuru chemaSweden, asi kusvika ikozvino hachina kumbofanira kurwisana nemukuru wesimba guru. Karl, achida kuuraya muvengi, akasarudza kuenda akananga kuRussia, kuti awane kukunda kwakasimba mumhirizhonga refu ipapo. Ndokusaka Hondo yePoltava yakaitika . Muchidimbu, nzvimbo yehondo iyi yakanga iri kure nemamiriro ekutanga emberi. Karl akatamira kumaodzanyemba - kuenda kumaodzanyemba eUukraine.

Kutengeswa kwe Mazepa

Pakati peusiku wehondo yakawanda, Petro akaziva kuti mwari weZaporozhye Cossacks Ivan Mazepa akazvidza kune rumwe rutivi rwaCharles XII. Akavimbisa mambo weSweden rubatsiro muhuwandu hwezviuru zvuru zvemavhisi akadzidziswa zvakanaka. Kusvibiswa kwakaunza Russian tsar kuti iite. Masoja ehondo yake akatanga kukomberedza ndokutora maguta eCossack muUkraine. Pasinei nokupandukira kweApapa, vamwe veZaporozhye vakaramba vakavimbika kuRussia. Aya maCossacks akasarudza hutsva itsva Ivan Skoropadsky.

Rubatsiro rwe Mazepa rwakanga rwakakosha zvikuru kuna Charles XII. Mutongi nehondo yake yekuchamhembe akaenda kure kure nenharaunda yavo. Masoja aifanira kupfuurira mberi mumushandirapamwe mumamiriro asina kujairika. Nzvimbo dzeCossacks dzenharaunda dzakabatsira kwete chete nezvombo, asi nekufamba-famba pamwe chete nemiganhu. Kushushikana kwehuwandu hwevanhu vomunharaunda yacho kwakamanikidza Petro kuti asiye kushandiswa kwezvakasara zveCossacks yakavimbika. Munguva iyi, Hondo yePoltava yava kusvika. Achipfupisa nzvimbo yake, Charles XII akasarudza kukomberedza guta rinokosha rekuUukraine. Akaverenga pamusoro pekuti Poltava akakurumidza kutora hondo yake, asi izvi hazvina kuitika.

Kuvigwa kwePoltava

Zvose zvinotanga uye kwekutanga kwezhizha zve 1709, vaSweden vakamira pedyo nePoltava, vachiedza pasina kuti vatore iyo nedutu. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakaverenga maitiro 20 akadaro, panguva iyo mauto anenge mazana manomwe akaurawa. Dzimba duku reRussia rakachengetwa, tarisira kuti tsarist ibatsire. Varume vakakombwa vakatora maonero akashinga, avo vaSweden vasina kugadzirira, nekuda kwekuti hapana munhu anofunga nezvekuramba kwakasimba.

Mukuru weuto reRussia pasi pomurayiro waPetro akauya kuguta musi waJune 4. Pakutanga vaTsar vakanga vasingadi "hondo huru" neuto raKarl. Zvisinei, kunonoka komushandirapamwe nemwedzi mumwe nomumwe kwaive kwakaoma. Kungokunda kukunda kunogona kubatsira Russia kuunganidza zvose zvayo zvinokosha pakutsvaga muBaltics. Pakupedzisira, mushure mekunge mazano akawanda ehondo neavo Petro anofungidzira akasarudza hondo, iyo yakava Hondo yePoltava. Zvaisava zvisinganzwisisiki kugadzirira zvishoma uye nokukurumidza kwaari. Nokudaro, uto reRussia rakaunganidza zvigadziro kwemazuva mazhinji. Pakupedzisira akabatana neCossacks Skoropadsky. Uyewo, tsar yaitarisira kambani yeKalmyk, asi haana kumbokwanisa kusvika kuPoltava.

Pakati peRussia neSweden maiva nerwizi rweVorskla. Nemhaka yekusagadzikana kwemamiriro okunze Petro akapa urongwa hwokuyambuka arteri mvura kumaodzanyemba kwePoltava. Izvi zvaive chisarudzo chakanaka - vaSweden vakange vasina kugadzirira kuchinja kwezviitiko, kumiririra maRussia munzvimbo dzakasiyana zvakasiyana dzekurwisana.

Karl aikwanisa kudzokera shure uye kwete kupa hondo yakawanda, iyo yaiva Hondo yePoltava. Tsanangudzo pfupi yeuto reRussia, raakagamuchira kubva kumutsigiri, haanawo kupa vakuru vechiSweden tariro. Mukuwedzera, mambo haana kumirira rubatsiro kubva kumutungamiri weTurkey, uyo akapikira kuti aizomuunza musungwa anobatsira. Asi kupikisana nemamiriro ezvinhu ose aya, mamiriro akajeka aCharles XII akanganisa. Akashinga uye achiri mukomana wechidiki akasarudza kurwisana.

Hurumende yevarwi

Gumiguru 27, 1709 (July 8, maererano nemutauro mutsva), Hondo yePoltava yakaitika. Muchidimbu, chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chaiva sarudzo yevakuru vakuru-mukuru uye ukuru hwemauto avo. Charles akanga ane varwi zviuru makumi maviri, asi Petro aive nemari yakawanda (37 000). Izvo tsar yakawana izvi kuvonga kune simba rose rehurumende. Upfumi hweRussia mumakore mashomanana hwakaenda kure kubva kune dzimwe nyika kusvika kune zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano (panguva iyoyo). Zvipfuti zvakadururwa, zvibvumirwo zvekunze zvakatengwa, masoja akatanga kutambira dzidzo yehondo pamutambo weEurope.

Kushamisika kwaiva chokwadi chokuti madzimambo ose maviri akarayira zvakananga mauto avo muhondo. Munguva yemazuva ano, basa iri rakapfuura kuvakuru vakuru, asi Peter naKarl vakanga vasipo.

Nzira yehondo

Hondo iyi yakatanga nekuti yeSweden avant-garde yakaronga kutanga kurwisa kweRussia redoubts. Iko kushanda kwaiva kukanganisa kwepfungwa. Iro regiments dzakazvidzivirira pachavo kubva kumakumbo avo dzakakundwa nemabhiza ehondo akatungamirirwa naAlexander Menshikov.

Mushure meiyi fiasco, mauto makuru akapinda muhondo. Mukushorwa pamwe chete kwemazuva ekufambisa kwemaawa akawanda, uyo anokunda aisagona kusarudza nenzira ipi zvayo. Icho chaiva chivimbo chakanga chiri kurwisa kwakasimba kwevatasvi vemabhiza veRussia vari pamativi. Yakapwanya muvengi uye yakabatsira vana vechidiki kuti vanyengedze zvigaro zveSweden pakati.

Mhinduro

Kunyanya kukosha kweHondo yePoltava (zvakanga zvakaoma kujekesa zvishoma) iyo iyo mushure mokukundwa kwayo, Sweden yakaguma yakarasikirwa nehutano hwayo muNorthern War. Izvo zvose zvinopfuurira mberi (kukakavadzana kwakagara kune mamwe makore gumi nemaviri) kwakaratidzwa nehukuru hweuto reRussia.

Zvakakosha zvaiva nemigumisiro yetsika yeHondo yePoltava, kurondedzera zvishoma izvo zvatichazoedza zvino. Nhau dzekukundwa kweuto reSweden risina kudzvinyirirwa rakavhunduka kwete Sweden bedzi, asiwo yose yeEurope, apo Russia yakazoonekwa sehondo yakasimba.