Publius Cornelius Scipio African Senior: pfupi biography, mufananidzo

Yemberi yekare yezvematongerwe enyika uye mutungamiriri wemauto Scipio African akazvarwa muRoma muna 235 BC. E. Akanga ari waKoneriyasi - mhuri yakanaka uye ine simba yeEtruscan yakatanga. Vakawanda vemadzitateguru ake vakava vreuls, kusanganisira Baba Publius. Kunyange zvazvo maSpipions (bazi rejeri Corneliev) raive nesimba mune zvematongerwo enyika, vakanga vasina kupfuma. Chimwe chikamu chinokosha chemhuri iyi chaiva kuHenieni (kugadzirisa tsika dzechiGiriki), apo yakanga isati yava yevanhu vakawanda.

Kutanga kwehondo

Scipio African, iyo ucheche hwacho husingazivikanwi, hwakatanga kuwira muzvinyorwa zveRoma shure kwegore ra21 BC. E. Sarudza basa remauto. Akatsanangurira ramangwana rake rose. Chisarudzo chakanga chisina kuitika. Negore rino chete, Roma yakaratidza hondo kune muvakidzani wayo wekumaodzanyemba Carthage. Iyi nyika yeFenike ndiyo yaiva yakakwikwidzana ye republic muMediterranean. Guta rake rakanga riri kuchamhembe kweAfrica. Panguva imwe chete, Carthage yaiva nemakoloni akawanda kuSicily, Sardinia, Corsica neSpain (Iberia). Yaiva kunyika ino iyo baba vaSpipio, Consul Publius, vakatumwa. Mwanakomana ane makore 17 akaenda naye. MuSpain, vaRoma vaifanira kusangana neHannibal.

Pakupera kwe 218 Scipio African akatanga kutora chikamu muhondo huru. Yaiva hondo muTicino. VaRoma vakarasikirwa naro nokuti vakazvidza vavengi vavo. Asi Publius Cornelius Scipio weAfrica pachake paTicine aingozivikanwa chete. Apo akaziva kuti varwi vomuvengi vake vakanga varwisa baba vake, jaya iri jaya rakamhanyira roga kuti rinobatsira consul. Vatasvi vemabhiza vakatiza. Mushure mezviitiko izvi, Cornelius Scipio African nokuda kwesimba rake rakapiwa mukomborero wekukudzwa mufananidzo wemuoki wreath. Zvinoshamisa kuti jaya rakashinga rakamuramba zvakashata, richiti mabasa aya haasi kuitwa nekuda kwekucherechedza.

Kuwedzera mamwe mashoko pamusoro pemurume wechidiki anopesana. Nokudaro, kusvika pakuguma, haisi yakasimbiswa kana akabatanidzwa mumakwikwi akatevera neCarthaginians yenguva iyoyo. Izvi zvisingazivikanwi ndezvokwadi yokuti nguva yekare yakasiira isu mitsva yakawanda, tichirwisana zvakananga. Panguva iyoyo vanyori vaiwanzoenda kune zvisiri izvo kuti vasvike vavengi vavo, asi vamwe, pane zvinopesana, vakanyanyisa kukosha kwevatenzi vavo. Kunyange zvakadaro, pane shanduro iyo muna 216 BC. E. Scipio African aiva mukuru mukuru wemauto muuto, uyo akarwisana muhondo yeCannes. Kana iri ichokwadi, saka akanga ane ruzivo rwakakura kuti arambe ari mupenyu uye achipukunyuka kutapwa, nokuti vaRoma vakabva vatambura kukundwa kukuru kubva mauto aHannibal.

Scipio aiva neunhu hwakasimba uye unhu hwakanaka hwehutungamiri. Chiitiko chinonyatsozivikanwa apo, paakaziva nezvechido chevatungamiriri vanoverengeka kuti vaende nemhaka yekukundwa kwe republic, iye akapinda mutende kuzogadzirisa, uye achivatyisidzira nemunondo, achimanikidzwa kupika kuvimbika kuRoma.

Mutsivi weRoma

Baba nababamunini vaSpipio vakafa panguva iyoyo yechipiri yePunic War. Kubva kumhuri yaaiva nemukoma mukuru Lucius (amai vakafa panguva yekuberekwa). Muna 211 BC. E. Pabhiriosi anoisa mubvunzo wekutsvaga kwake kuti aite basa rehupenyu hutsva kuitira kuti atsigire hama yake mune zvematongerwo enyika. Mukupedzisira, vose vakasarudzwa. Scipio African Sr. yakatanga basa rake rehurumende, iro rinouya zvakare richave rakaratidzwa kubudirira kwakawanda.

Munguva pfupi asati asarudzwa senhare, mauto akabatanidzwa mukubudirira kweKapua. Mushure mekutorwa kweguta rino, vakuru vakuru veRoma vakatanga kufunga nezveurongwa hwekushandira muSpanish. Munyika ino, vaCarthagini vaiva nemaguta akawanda uye mabhii ayo aiva zvitubu zvezvokudya uye zvimwe zvezvinhu zvinokosha zvekukunda hondo yeHannibal. Kuti akunde iyi nyanzvi yakakundikana zvakanyanya, izvo zvaireva kuti vaRoma vaida nzira itsva.

Zvakasarudzwa kutumira rwendo kuenda kuSpain, iro raifanira kuparadza Hannibal wekare. Nemhaka yekukundikana kusingagumi pamusangano wevanhu, hapana mumwe wevakuru vakuru vaizeza kusarudza avo vanobvuma. Hapana aida kuva mutsvaga pashure peimwe nzira. Panguva iyi yakaoma nguva Publius Cornelius Scipio weAfrica akazvipira kutungamira hondo. Mumazuva ebaba vake nababamunini vakafa. Nokuti hondo yehondo yekurwisana neCarthage yakava yega. Akapa hurukuro ine moto pamusoro pokutsiva kwekukundwa kweRoma, shure kwaizvozvo akasarudzwa mutongi. Kune mukomana wechidiki wemakore makumi maviri nemaviri, iyi yakanga iri kubudirira kusati kwamboitika. Iye zvino aifanira kururamisa zvinangwa uye tariro yevamwe vagari vemo.

Spanish Campaign

Mugore ra200 BC. E. Scipio African senior, pamwe nehondo 11-chiuru-yakasimba yegungwa, vakaenda kuSpain. Ikoko akabatanidza mauto ake neuto rekunzvimbo yekunzvimbo. Iye zvino mumaoko ake aiva vanhu zviuru makumi maviri nemana. Zvichienzaniswa neCarthaginian inenge iri muPyrenees, iyi yaiva hondo yakanyanyisa. MuSpain kwakanga kune mauto matatu eFenikiya. Vatungamiri vaiva hama Hannibal Mahon naHasrububal, pamwe nekubatwa kwekupedzisira Hasdrubal Giskon. Kana maviri emasimba aya akabatana, ipapo Scipio aizotarisana nekukundwa kwekupedzisira.

Zvisinei, mutungamiri akakwanisa kushandisa zvese zvisingabatsiri zvake. Nzira yake yakanga yakasiyana zvachose neyo yakateverwa nevasati vambo, avo vakaurayiwa neCarthaginians. Chokutanga, uto reRoma rakashandisa maguta aro sezvigaro zvaro kuchamhembe kweRwizi rweIber, iro rakatangwa nevaGoloni. Izvi zvakanyanyosimbiswa naSpipio African. Bhuku shomanana rejairiri rakazara zvikamu paakaita zvisarudzo zvisingaiti. Iberian mhirizhonga yaiva yakadaro. Scipio akanzwisisa kuti pakanga pasina chikonzero pakuuya kumaodzanyemba, uko nzvimbo dzevavengi dzaive dzakasimba zvikuru.

Chechipiri, mutungamiriri weRoma akatendeukira kune vagari vemo kuti vabatsirwe, vasingafariri nekutonga kweCarthaginian colonizers. Vaiva vaCeltiberian uye neNorthern Iberia. Hondo yehurumende yakaita sangano pamwe chete nemapurisa, avo vaiziva nzvimbo yacho nemigwagwa imomo.

Chechitatu, Scipio akasarudza kusapa hondo yakawanda panguva imwe chete, asi zvishoma nezvishoma kupedza muvengi. Kuti aite izvi, akashandisa kurwisa kwenguva pfupi. Kwakanga kune maine mana. Apo hondo yakatevera yeCarthaginians yakakundwa, vaRoma vakadzokera kumigero yavo, ikoko vakadzokazve simba uye zvakare vakapinda muhondo. Mutungamiri mukuru akaedza kuti asapfuurira kure nenzvimbo dzake, kuti arege kubviswa kubva kumashure. Kana iwe ukabatanidza mazano aya ose emudzidzi, unogona kunzwisisa chii chakave chichizivikanwa sevakuru vechiSpipio African. Akakwanisa kuita chisarudzo chakanakisisa uye nguva dzose akashandisa zvaanobatsira uye kushaya simba nehuwandu hwakanaka.

Kukundwa kweIberia

Kubudirira kwakakosha kweSpipio kuSpain kwaiva kutorwa kweNew Carthage - ganda guru, iro ndiro raiva guru rekutonga kwenharaunda yevaAfricol colonist. Muzvinyorwa zvekare, nhau yekukunda kweguta yakawedzerwa nenyaya yakazozivikanwa se "magnanimity yeScipio yeAfrica".

Pane imwe nguva mutungamiri akatungamirirwa nema 300 Iberian akabatwa nemhuri yakanaka. Uyezve, mauto eRoma akapa Scipio chipo sechipo kumusungwa wechidiki, uyo aive nerunako rushoma. Kubva kumukuru wake akaziva kuti musikana akanga ari mwenga weimwe yevakatapwa. Ipapo mutungamiri wevaRoma akamuraira kuti amupe musikana. Musungwa wacho akaonga Scipio nokuunza hurukuro yake huru yevatasvi vemabhiza muuto rake uye kubvira ipapo akashandira republic zvakatendeka. Iyi nyaya yakave yakakurumbira zvikuru kuburikidza nevanyori veRenaissance neThe New Age. Vatungamiriri vakawanda veEurope (Nicolas Poussin, Niccolo del Abbate, etc.) vanoratidzwa mumifananidzo yavo iyi nyaya yekare.

Kukunda kunogadzirisa muSpain, Scipio yakawanikwa muhondo yeElip muna 206 BC. E. Mutungamiri mukuru mukuru Hasdrubal Giskon akatiza kunyika yake. Mushure mekukundwa kweCarthage vakasarudza kusiya zvinhu zveIberia. MuSpain, simba reRoma rakazosimbiswa.

Dzokera kumba

Pakupera kwe206 BC. E. Scipio, mukuru weAfrica, akadzoka achikunda kuRoma. Publius Cornelius akataurira seneti uye akazivisa kukunda kwake - akakwanisa kupwanya mauto mana emuvengi ndokudzinga vaCarthaginians kubva kuSpain. Panguva yekushayikwa kwemauto mumutungamiri mukuru, aiva nevavengi vakawanda vane godo avo vakanga vasingadi kuti bato rezvematongerwe enyika rive nehutori. Uku kupikiswa kwekutanga kwakatungamirirwa naQuintus Fulvius Flaccus. Senate yakaramba Scipio mumutambo wepamusoro wekukunda. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kudzivirira mutungamiri kubva pakuva gamba rechokwadi. Zviri nyore VaRoma vakagamuchirwa nomufaro mukukunda.

Zvisinei, hondo neCarthage yakanga isina kupfuura zvakadaro. Kunyange zvazvo simba rePunjian kuSpain rakaramba riripo kare, vavengi veRoma vakaramba vachitonga North Africa nezvimwe zviwi zveMediterranean. Scipio akaenda kuSicily. Kana hurumende ikakwanisa kuponesa shure kwechitsuwa ichi, iyo yaizova yakanakisisa yokuputira kune dzimwe nhanho kuNorth Africa. Asvika muSicily, mutungamiri ane hondo shoma akakwanisa kubatsira kutsigirwa kwevanhu vomunharaunda (kunyanya vaGoloni voloni), vachivimbisa kuti achadzorera zvinhu zvose zvakarasikirwa munguva yehondo isingagumi.

The African Campaign

Muzhizha re204 BC. E. Scipio, pamwe nehondo yevanhu vanenge zviuru makumi matatu vakasiya gungwa reSicilian ndokuenda kuAfrica. Ikoko kwaiva kugadzirisa kana Republic reRoma yaizova simba guru muMediterranean yekare. Yaiva iyo kubudirira kwevakuru vakuru veAfrica iyo yakamuita kuti azive seSpipio African. Mufananidzo wemabhazi ake nemifananidzo yakabva kumativi akasiyana ehurumende yeRoma zvinoratidza kuti akazova mufananidzo wevanhu vake.

Muedzo wokutanga wekutora Utica (guta guru kumabvazuva kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweCarthage) rakapera pasina. Scipio, pamwe nehondo yake, yakanyatsopinda mumhenderekedzo yeAfrica, isina humwe humwe hutano hwakakosha. Panguva ino, vaCarthaginians vakatumira mutungamiri wavo mukuru Hannibal netsamba inomukumbira kuti adzoke kubva kuEurope kuenda kunyika yekwake ndokudzivirira nyika yake. Kuti nenzira imwe neimwe iwedzere nguva, vaPunjian vakatanga kutaurirana naSpipio pamusoro pehukama, izvo zvisinei, hazvina kupera mune chinhu.

Apo Hannibal paakasvika muAfrica, akarongawo musangano nemukuru weRoma. Tsvakurudzo inotevera yakatevera: VaCarthaginians vanobva kuCorsica, Sardinia, Sicily neSpain vachitengesa rugare rwechibvumirano. Zvisinei, Publius Kornerio akabvuma kugamuchira mamiriro akadaro. Akaramba kuti republic ikozvino inotonga nyika dzose idzi. Scipio kubva kune rumwe rutivi rwake akarongedza shanduro yakanyanyisa yesungano. Hannibal akaramba. Zvakava pachena kuti kuteura ropa kwakanga kusingagoni. Zvakaitika kuna Hannibal naSpipio weAfrica zvaifanira kugadziriswa mukati mokurwisana.

Hondo yeZama

Hondo yakakosha kuZama yakaitika musi waOctober 19, 202 BC. E. Kune rumwe rutivi rweRipublic yeRoma zvakare vakauya Numidians - vagari vomunyika yeAfrica. Rubatsiro rwavo rwakakosha kune vaLatin. Chinhu chacho ndechokuti vaRoma kwenguva yakareba vakavhiringidzika kuti vangasvibisa sei zvombo zvinoshamisa zvikuru zveHannibal - nzou. Mhuka idzi huru dzakavhundusa vanhu veEurope vasina kumbobata nemhuka dzakadaro. Pamusoro petsoufu vakagara vapfuri nevapfuri, vachipfura vavengi vavo. Uyu "mauto ehondo" akatotoratidza kubudirira kwahwo panguva yekurwisa kwaHannibal kuItaly. Akatakura nherera kuburikidza neAlps High, iyo yakaita kuti vaRoma vapinde mukunyanyisa.

VaNumidian vaiziva tsika dzetefu zvakanaka. Vakanzwisisa kuti vangavadzivisa sei. Yaiva mhuka idzi dzakaitwa navaAfrica uye, semugumisiro, dzakapa vaRoma nzira yakanakisisa (pamusoro payo pasi). Kana iri yenhamba yehuwandu, chiyero chezviyero chaive chakafanana. Publius Cornelius Scipio weAfrica, ane nhoroondo pfupi yakawanda yakave yakagadzirwa nemishandirapamwe yakawanda, yakaunza kuAfrica hondo yakanyatsogadzikana uye yakanyatsorongeka iyo pasina mubvunzo yakaita mitemo yevatungamiriri venguva refu. Hondo yeRoma yaiva nevatasvi vemabhiza 33 000 nevatasvi vemabhiza 8 000, asi vaCarthagini vakanga vane zviuru zvemauto 34 000 uye vatasvi vemabhiza 3 000.

Kukunda pamusoro peHannibal

Kurwiswa kwemajere hondo Publius Cornelia akasangana nenzira yakarongeka. Icho chikepe chakaparadzana pamberi pemhuka. Avo vakakurumidza kukurumidza kuputika nemakorani akaumbwa, kwete kurova munhu. Mumashure, vakanga vakamirira vapfuri vemiseve vazhinji, avo vakafambisa mhuka dzine moto wakaoma. Basa rakakosha rakaitwa nevatasvi vemabhiza veRoma. Pakutanga akakunda vaKarghagine vaifamba nemabhiza, ndokubva arova vafambisi veshure. Mitsara yePunjians yakatsvaira uye vakamhanyira. Hannibal akaedza kuvamisa. Scipio African, zvisinei, akawana zvaaida. Akanga ari iye anokunda. Hondo yeCarthage yakaurawa makumi maviri nemazana akaurawa, uye hondo yeRoma - zviuru zvishanu.

Hannibal akava muchengeti uye akatizira kure kumabvazuva. Carthage akabvuma kukundwa. IRepublic yeRoma yakagamuchira zvose zvayo zveEurope uye zvitsuwa. Uchangamire hwehurumende yeAfrica hwakakanganiswa zvikuru. Mukuwedzera, rusununguko rwakapiwa kuNamibia, iyo yakava shamwari yakavimbika yeRoma. Kukunda kwaSpipio kwakasimbisa nzvimbo yepamusoro yenyika yose muMediterranean. Makumi mashomanana mushure mekufa kwake, Hondo yeTatu yePunic yakapera, mushure mokunge Carthage yakazoparadzwa uye yakashandurwa kuva matongo.

Hondo neSeleucids

Makore gumi akatevera kuti mutungamiriri ave nerunyararo. Akatora basa rake rezvematongerwo enyika, iro raisava nenguva yekuti aite nguva dzekugadzirira uye kufamba. Kuti anzwisise kuti Publioni Cornelius Scipio ndiani mukuru wekuAfrica, zvakakwana kunyora mahofisi ake ehurumende uye mazita. Akava consul, censor, mudzidzisi we senate uye legate. Chimiro cheSpipio chaive chakakosha zvikuru mune zvematongerwo enyika zveRoma munguva yake. Asi iye nevavengi vake vari mukutarisana nekupikisa kwepamusoro.

Muna 191 BC. E. Mutungamiri mukuru zvakare akaenda kuhondo. Panguva ino akafamba achienda kumabvazuva, uko Roma yakanga ine kupesana neMambo weSeleucid. Hondo yakakosha yakaitika munguva yechando ye 190 - 189. BC. E. (Nemhaka yekusawirirana kwemashoko, zuva chaiyo harina kuzivikanwa). Achitevera hondo yeSyria, Mambo Antiochus akabhadhara republic mupiro mukuru wematarenda 15 000, uye akaipa nyika mumazuva ano ekumadokero kweTurkey.

Dare uye rufu

Pashure pokudzoka kumba Scipio akatarisana nedambudziko guru. Vavengi vake muSeneti vakatanga nharo pamusoro pake. Mutungamiriri (pamwechete nehama yake Lucius) vaipomerwa nezvekusachena kwemari, kuba kwemari, nezvimwewo. Mutemo wehurumende wakagadzwa, wakamanikidza Scipians kubhadhara mukana mukuru.

Zvadaro zvakatevera nguva yekushure-ye-zviitiko zvinorwisana nevashori vaPubliclius Cornelia muSeneate. Mupikisi wake mukuru aive Mark Porcius Cato, uyo aida kuwana censorship ndokutsvaga kuparadza sangano revatsigiri vemauto anozivikanwa ehondo. Somugumisiro, Scipio akarasikirwa nenyaya dzake dzose. Akaenderera mberi achizvidira kune imwe nzvimbo muCampania. Imomo Publiyo Koneriyasi akapedza gore rapera rehupenyu hwake. Akafira muna 183 BC. E. Pazera remakore 52. Nezvakaitika, mukuru wake wezvombo zvehondo, Hannibal, uyo aigarawo muutapwa kumabvazuva, akaparara zvakare. Scipio aiva mumwe wevanhu vakakurumbira munguva yake. Akakwanisa kukunda Carthage nePersia, pamwe chete nekuita basa rakaisvonaka mune zvematongerwo enyika.