Radioactive transformations mabhomba nuclei: nhoroondo zvakawanikwa, pemarudzi chikuru transformations

Kuwanikwa sechivako maatomu musimboti raiva rimwe rematanho inokosha kukura mumuviri ruzivo ano. Masayendisiti vasvika kurudyi ndezvipi nemamiriro duku nezvimedu kamwe. Uye pave paya akazarura vamwe mitemo - somuenzaniso, mitemo inofamba kuti microparticles, uyewo inobudisa kushandurwa mabhomba nuclei, iyo munguva kuora radioactive.

Rutherford kuedza

Kokutanga radioactive transformations mabhomba nuclei akadzidza Chirungu mupanguri Rutherford. Kunyange ipapo zvaiva pachena kuti huru guru atomu inowira ake paro, nokuti maerekitironi vazhinji zana vakareruka kupfuura nucleons. Kuti kuongorora kupomera akanaka mukati musimboti, 1906 godu Rutherford akataura kuongorora atomu vachifunga uchishandisa Alpha inoramba. inoramba yakadaro zvinoberekwa kuora pamusoro Radium, uye navamwe zvinhu. Panguva kuedza ake, Rutherford kuwana pfungwa sechivako atomu, wakapiwa zita "muenzaniso yemapuraneti".

The zvaanorumbidza pamusoro radioactivity rokutanga

Muna 1985 Chirungu aiongorora William Ramsay, uyo anozivikanwa Kuwanikwa kwake argon gasi, akaita inonakidza zvakawanikwa. The chicherwa akadana cleveite akaona gasi nehelium. Zvadaro, yakawanda nehelium yavewo inowanikwa nezvimwe zvicherwa, asi avo chete izvo zvinosanganisira thorium uye uranium exchange.

Muongorori, zvaiita chinoshamisa kwazvo: sei aigona kutora zvicherwa gasi? Asi kana Rutherford akatanga kudzidza hunhu radioactivity, kwakaonekwa kuti nehelium chibereko kuora radioactive. Vamwe zvine maatomu akafanana "tanga" mamwe, pamwe ehupfumi zvachose itsva. Chokwadi ichi anopesana zvose zvapfuura Zvakaitika mishonga nguva.

Rucherechedzo Frederick Soddy

Pamwe Rutherford muzvidzidzo zvakananga chikamu musayendisiti Frederick Soddy. Aiva kemisiti, uye nekuti zvose ake basa kuitwa toreva kuziviswa kwemakemikari zvinhu maererano ehupfumi dzavo. Kutaura zvazviri, kutendeuka radioactive mabhomba nuclei zvakatanga makwapa Soddy. Akakwanisa kuwana kubva ndedzipi Arifa inoramba kuti zvaishandiswa kuedza ake, Rutherford. Kuita kuyerwa, masayendisiti akawana kuti mukanyiwa mumwe Alpha PARTICIPLE ndiyo 4 mabhomba vakawanda dzakabatana. Zvaakanga vaunganidza imwe nhamba yeAlpha nezvimedu, vaongorori vakawana kuti vava fuma itsva - nehelium. The ehupfumi negasi ichi vakanga kuzivikanwa Soddy. Saka, zvinonzi vakati Alpha-inoramba vakakwanisa andobata maerekitironi uye kuva kunze kwazvakarerekera nehelium maatomu.

Changes mukati mwoyo weatomu

Tevera tsvakurudzo akaisa pamusoro kuziva zvaidiwa maatomu musimboti. Masayendisiti akadzidza kuti vose transformations regai nokuitika maerekitironi kana Erekitironi goko, asi zvakananga kuna nuclei pachavo. Kuti kutendeuka radioactive nuclei akwanise kuchinja dzimwe zvinhu. Zvadaro zvakawanda zviri transformations izvi zvaiva zvisingazivikanwi kuti masayendisiti. Asi zvaiva pachena chimwe chinhu: dzavo mugumisiro, mune dzimwe nzira, itsva zvine maatomu akafanana.

Nokuti ngetani metamorphoses yakadaro nguva yokutanga, masayendisiti vakakwanisa kuronda chirongwa kuchinja Radium kupinda radon. Zvinoitwa kuti pave kutendeuka kwakadaro, achiperekedzwa chaiwo nemwaranzi vaongorori inonzi zvenyukireya. Nechokwadi kuti azvaiitwa zvose kutora nzvimbo mukati musimboti ane atomu, masayendisiti akatanga kuongorora, uye zvimwe zvinhu, kwete Radium chete.

Open marudzi nemwaranzi

Basic kurangwa, izvo zvingada mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi - zviri wefizikisi (Grade 9). Radioactive transformations mabhomba nuclei tiri chikamu chacho kosi. Kuburikidza kwakaita uranium exchange rakapinza nemwaranzi, Rutherford akaziva marudzi maviri nemwaranzi kana radioactive transformations. Kuderera rakapinza mhando ainzi Alpha nemwaranzi. Gare gare akaongorora uye Beta nemwaranzi. Wegamma-nemwaranzi munda Willard itange kudzidza muna 1900. Masayendisiti dzakaratidza kuti Chiitiko kuti radioactivity chokuita kuora mabhomba nuclei. Saka, munhu unorema akarova mutongo kusvikira panguva pasi ane atomu sechinhu indivisible PARTICIPLE.

Radioactive transformations mabhomba nuclei: huru marudzi

Zvino runoonekwa kuti pane mhando nhatu transformations panguva kuora radioactive: Arifa kuora, kuora Beta, Erekitironi kubatwa, zvimwe aizivikanwa K-kubatwa. Kana Alpha kuora iri chaibwinya kubva musimboti ane Arifa PARTICIPLE, inova musimboti imwe nehelium atomu. saka basa radioactive neerekitironi dzikwanise rimwe rine zvishoma yemagetsi mutariri. Alpha kuora kuri chaiyo zvinhu pokupedzisira periodic table. kuora Beta ari mune radioactive kutendeuka mabhomba nuclei. Kuronga mabhomba musimboti iri mhando achichinjwawo: nayo anorasikirwa neutrinos kana antineutrinos uye maerekitironi uye positrons.

Izvi rworudzi kuora achabatsirwa pfupi-wavelength remagetsi nemwaranzi. Kana electronic kubatwa ane mabhomba musimboti absorbs mumwe dzepedyo pakati maerekitironi. Panyaya iyi, iyo beryllium musimboti anogona kuva lithium neerekitironi. Izvi mhando rakaonekwa muna 1938 ne American yefizikisi mhuri Alvarez, uyo akadzidzawo radioactive transformations mabhomba nuclei. Photos umo masayendisiti akaedza andobata azvaiitwa ane mufananidzo, zvakafanana Blurred gore, nokuda duku kwazvo nezvimedu pasi kudzidza.