Russo-French War (1812-1814)

Russo-French War ye1812-1814. Yakaguma nekunenge kuparadzwa kwakakwana kweuto reNapoleon. Munguva yekurwa, iyo yose yenyika yeRussia yakasunungurwa, uye hondo dzakatamirwa kunyika dzeGermany neWarsaw Duchy. Ngatimbokurukurai muchidimbu kuti Russo-French warwirwa sei.

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Kurwisana kwacho kwakange kwakakonzerwa nekuramba kweRussia kushingaira kutsigira kubhururuka kwemakondinendi, iyo iyo Napoleon yaona sechimbo chikuru mukurwa neBritain. Mukuwedzera, Bonaparte akatevera mutemo kune nyika dzeEurope, izvo zvisingafungi nezvekuda kweRussia. Pagadziriro yekutanga yekurwa, uto rehondo rose rakadzoka. Pamberi peMoscow, Hondo yeBododino yakapfuura . Kubvira munaJune kusvika munaSeptember 1812, kupera kwepamberi kwaiva kumativi eNapoleon. Kubva munaOctober kusvika kuDecember hondo yaBonaparte yakaedza kufamba. Akatsvaga kuenda kumusha kusvika kune dzimwe dzimba dzechando, iri munzvimbo isina kusimba. Mushure meizvi, hondo yeRusso-French ye1812 yakaenderera mberi nekudzoka kweuto reNapoleonic mumamiriro ezvinhu enzara nechando.

Zvakatarisirwa kuhondo

Sei paiva nehondo yeRusso-French? Gore ra1807 ndiro raive muvengi wekutanga weNapoleon. Vaiva United Kingdom. Yakabata maColonies vokuFrance muAmerica neIndia, uye yakagadzirisa zvipingamupinyi zvekutengeserana. Pamusana pekuti England yakabata nzvimbo dzakanaka pagungwa, sezvo zvombo chete zvinobudirira zveNapoleon yaiva kudzivirirwa kwepasi. Kubudirira kwaro, zvakare, kwakavimbika pamabatiro emamwe masimba uye chido chavo chekutevera zvirevo. Napoleon akakumbira kubva kuna Alexander wekutanga kunyanya kugadzirisa kushanda kwekudzivirirwa, asi nguva dzose akasangana neRussia kusada kukanganisa ukama nehukuru hwekutengeserana naye.

Muna 1810, nyika yedu yakabatanidzwa mukutengeserana pasina maitiro enyika. Izvi zvakabvumira Russia kutengeserana neEngland kuburikidza nevatsigiri. Hurumende inotora mutengo wekuchengetedza, iyo inomutsa mitero yemitemo, kunyanya kunotengeswa zvinhu zveFrance. Izvi, chokwadi, zvakakonzera kusagadzikana kwakanyanya kweNapoleon.

Zvinokuvadza

Hondo yeRussia neFrench ye1812 yakanakirwa naNapoleon pachigamba chekutanga. Musi waMay 9, anoungana kuDresden pamwe nevatongi vekuEurope. Kubva ipapo anoenda kuhondo yake murwizi. The Niemen, uyo akabatana nePrussia neRussia. Musi waJune 22, Bonaparte akataurira kukwira kumasoja. Mariri, anopomera Russia kuti haisi kuita Sangano reTisil. Napoleon akadana kurwisa kwake wechipiri kuPoland. Muna June, hondo yake yakabata Kovno. Alexander Iive panguva iyo muVilna, pabhola.

Musi waJune 25, kukanganisa kokutanga kwakaitika. Barbarishki. Hondo zvakare yakaitika pasi peRumshishki nevapristi. Zvakakosha kutaura kuti Russo-French War yakaitwa nekutsigirwa kwaBonaparte neAllies. Icho chinangwa chekutanga pachikwata chakanga chiri kuyambuka Neman. Nokudaro, kurutivi rwekumaodzanyemba kweKovno kwakaonekwa boka reB Bogarne (vice-mambo weItaly), nechokumaodzanyemba - zvitunha zveMarshal Macdonald, kubva kuWarsaw kusvika kuBur, zvitunha zveGeneral Schwarzenberg zvakapinda. Musi waJune 16 (28) mauto euto guru aitora Vilna. June 18 (30), Alexander I akatumira kuna Napoleon Adjutant General Balashov nechirongwa chokugumisa runyararo ndokudzosa mauto kubva kuRussia. Zvisinei, Bonaparte akaramba.

Borodino

August 26 (September 7) 125 km kubva kuMoscow kune hondo huru, mushure mokunge hondo yeRusso-French yakaenda maererano nezvakaitika zvekutuzov. Masimba emapato acho akanga akaenzana akaenzana. Napoleon yakanga ine vanhu vanenge 130 kusvika ku135 zviuru zvevanhu, Kutuzov - 110-130 muru muhondo yevarwi vakanga vasina pfuti yakakwana ye 31 000 mamiriamen muSmolensk neMoscow. Masoja akapiwa mapuranga, asi Kutuzov haana kushandisa vanhu se cannon fodder. Vaiita mabasa akasiyana-siyana anobatsira - vakaita avo vakakuvara uye nezvimwewo. Borodino chaicho chaiva kurwiswa nemauto euto guru reRussia rusvingo. Nhengo dzose mbiri dzakashandiswa kushandisa zvombo zvekuzvidzivirira uye mukudzivirira.

Dare muFhilipi

Hondo yeBorodino yakatora maawa gumi nemaviri. Yaiva hondo yeropa. Masoja aNapoleon pamutengo we30-34 000 akakuvadzwa uye akaurayiwa akaputika nechokumucheto nechokumucheto uye akasundira kumashure kwenzvimbo dzeRussia. Zvisinei, vakakundikana kuwedzera kukanganisa kwavo. Muuto reRussia, kurasikirwa kwakafungidzirwa pa40-45 zviuru zvakakuvadzwa ndokuurawa. Ikoko kwakanga kusina vasungwa kune rumwe rutivi.

Musi waSeptember 1 (13), uto raKutuzov rakagara pamberi peMoscow. Muromo wake wekurudyi waiva pamusha weFili, pakati - pakati pemap. Troitsky uye ne. Volynsky, kuruboshwe - mberi. Vorobiev. Anononoka akagara pamhenderekedzo. Setuni. Pa5: 00 pazuva iroro, boka remakurukota ehurumende rakaungana muimba yaFrolov. Barclay de Tolly akasimbisa kuti hondo yeRussia neFrench yaisazorasika kana ichitendeukira kuMoscow kuNapoleon. Akataura nezvekuda kuchengetedza hondo. Bennigsen, zvakare, akatsigira hondo. Vakawanda vevamwe vatori vechikamu vakatsigira chinzvimbo chake. Zvisinei, nheyo pamusoro pematare akaiswa nekutuzov. Hondo yeRusso-French, yaitenda, yaizoguma nokukundwa kweNapoleon chete kana yakabudirira mukuchengetedza hondo yenyika. Kutuzov akavhiringidza musangano ndokuraira kuti adzokere. Nenguva dzamanheru yaSeptember 14, Napoleon akapinda muMoscow asiya.

Kubudiswa kweNapoleon

MuMoscow, vaFrench havana kugara kwenguva refu. Nguva pfupi mushure mokupinda kwavo, guta racho rakaputirwa mumoto. Mauto aBonaparte akatanga kushayiwa zvokudya. Vagari vomunharaunda vakaramba kuvabatsira. Uyezve, kurwiswa kwegandrilla kwakatanga, mauto akatanga kurongeka. Napoleon akamanikidzwa kubva kuMoscow.

Panguva iyi, Kutuzov akasimudzira hondo yake munzira yeFrance retreat. Bonaparte aida kuenda kumaguta asina kuparadzwa nemauto ehondo. Zvisinei, zvirongwa zvake zvakadzivirirwa nemauto eRussia. Akamanikidzwa kuenda nenzira inenge iri mumugwagwa wakafanana waakauya kuMoscow. Sezvo misha iri munzira yakaparadzwa navo, kwakanga kusina michero mukati mavo, pamwe nevanhu. Akaneta nenzara uye zvirwere, masoja aNapoleon aishungurudzwa nguva dzose.

Russian-French war: migumisiro

Maererano neClausewitz, hondo huru ine zvigadziridzo yaive inenge 610 zviuru zvevanhu, kusanganisira makumi mashanu nemauto eAustria nePrussia. Vakawanda veavo vakakwanisa kudzokera kuKoenigsberg, vanenge vafa nokukurumidza nehosha. Muna December 1812, vanenge vatungamiri 225 vakapfuura nepakati pePrussia, zvishoma zvishoma nemazana mashanu mahofisi, makumi maviri nemaviri kubva kumaduku mashoma ezviuru. Sezvenguva dzenguva dzakapupurira, ivo vose vakanga vari mumamiriro ezvinhu anosuruvarisa zvikuru. Pakati pese, Napoleon akarasikirwa nemauto anenge 580 zviuru. Masoja akasara akaumba musana weBonaparte mauto matsva. Zvisinei, munaJanuary 1813 hondo dzakasimudzirwa kunyika dzeGermany. Ipapo hondo yakaramba iri muFrance. MunaOctober, uto reNapoleon rakakundwa pedyo neLeipzig. MunaApril 1814, Bonaparte akasiya chigaro.

Migumisiro yenguva refu

Chii chakatanga hondo yeRussia-France? Zuva rehondo iyi rakanyatsova nhoroondo sechinhu chinotendeuka munyaya yeRussia ine simba pamamiriro eEurope. Zvichakadai, kusimbisa kwenyika kunze kwenyika kwakanga kusingatenderwi nekuchinja kwemukati. Pasinei nechokwadi chokuti kukunda kwakabatanidzwa uye kwakafuridzira vanhu vazhinji, kubudirira hakuna kukonzera kugadzirisa kwehupfumi nehupfumi. Varimi vakawanda vakarwa muuto reRussia vaifamba muEurope uye vakaona kuti nyoka yakabviswa kose-kose. Vaitarisira zviito zvakafanana kubva kuhurumende yavo. Zvisinei, nyoka yakaramba iripo shure kwe1812. Maererano nevanyori vezvakaitika kare, panguva iyoyo kwakanga kusati kwave izvo zvaidiwa izvo zvaizotungamirira kukurumidza kubviswa.

Asi kuwedzera kwakasimba kwevanhu vanopesana, kupesana kwekupikisa kwezvematongerwe enyika muhukuru hwekusimudzira, izvo zvakatevera nguva pfupi mushure mekuguma kwehondo, kuramba pfungwa iyi. Kukunda muHondo Yokuda Nyika hakungogadziri vanhu chete uye kwakabatanidzwa mukusimudzirwa kwemweya wenyika. Pamwe chete neizvi, miganhu yerusununguko yakasimbiswa mukuziva kwevanhu vazhinji, izvo zvakaita kuti Decembrist amutse.

Zvisinei, kwete chiitiko ichi chete chinobatanidzwa negore ra1812. Iyo yakareba yakarongedzwa kuti yose yenyika tsika, kuzvidzora, kwakagadzirisa munguva yekupamba kweNapoleonic. Sezvo Herzen akanyora, nhoroondo yechokwadi yeRussia inotanga muna 1812 chete. Zvose zvakamboitika, zvinogona kungotaridzirwa sumo.

Mhedziso

Hondo yeRussia neFrench yakaratidza simba revanhu vose veRussia. Mukusangana kweNapoleon, kwete chete hondo yevanhu nguva dzose yakabatanidzwa. Sangano remagandara rakasimuka pamusoro pemisha nemisha . Vakuru vehondo vakagadzira mauto, vakarwisa mauto ehondo huru. Pakazara, vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanocherechedza kuti kudai nyika yakanga isina kunyanya kuratidzika pamberi pehondo iyi muRussia. Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti munyika iyo vanhuwo zvavo vakadzvinyirirwa neshefu. Hondo neFrench yakashandura pfungwa dzevanhu. Vanhu vazhinji, vakabatana, vakaona kukwanisa kwavo kurwisa muvengi. Yakanga iri kukunda kwete chete kwehondo, murairo wayo, asi wevanhu vose. Pasina mubvunzo, varimi vaitarisira kuchinja muupenyu hwavo. Asi, zvinosuruvarisa, vakaodzwa mwoyo nekufambira mberi. Kunyange zvakadaro, kukurudzira kusununguka-kufunga, kupikisa kwave kwatopiwa.