Rutoto - chii? Rutoto zvinomera nemhuka

Muvambi pfungwa "kusarudzwa" ndiye Charles Darwin, uyo aikwanisa kutsanangura basa magene kushanduka uye chakagadzirwa kusarudzwa muna zvakasikwa uye pave dzinoita itsva uye mhando.

Chii Kusarudza

Definition akagadzira sezvinotevera: "maberekero - kudzidza nzira nokuda chisikwa uye kuvandudzika emarudzi ose chirimwa zvinomera, nemhuka dzemarudzi uye utachiona zvigare."

Siyana kana erudzi - uyu akagadzirwa chakagadzirwa ezvinhu yevagari, ine kunokosha zvinobatsira munhu: ane zvinobatsira nhaka unhu, mukuru zvibereko, zvakakodzera vasiri uye morphological parameters.

Selection (zvinorevei - kudzidza zvipenyu zvakawanda), dzinoratidzwa pakuonekwa wechipfuwo dzinoita mhuka, uyewo mhando itsva zvirimwa, zvichibva chakagadzirwa selection, riri chete munhu anogona kupedza.

Cultural siyana dzinoratidzwa ndechokuti vane dzakabudirira zvikuru zvakasimba tsika izvo muviri Zvakaoma zviripo zvakasikwa zvakatipoteredza, asi ivo vari kubatsira vanhu. Muenzaniso unoshamisa ndiko kugona mazai huku mazana matatu gore. Zvakasikwa, zvakakurumbira shiri musoro, sezvo huku havazokwanisi kugara kunze mazai mazana matatu.

nhoroondo zvinhu

Pakutanga ivepo, raiva nzira kubata pakusarudza maberekero. Ndeipi okunyatsoshanda makore mazhinji, zvainanga kuwana imwe chinobatsira chinokosha - vanoziva chete Breeders. Pamberi nemanomwe remakore, maberekero kusarudzwa fenda. Somuenzaniso, mumwe munhu akasarudza mbeu kupfuura kuwana goho rakanaka, pasina kufunga kuti chirimwa ratova zvichichinja mugwara munhu.

Uye vanhu chete anenge makore zana apfuura akatanga, achiri pasina kudzidza misimboti nemirairo genetics, zvinechinangwa uye kuyambuka nemaune miti yakadaro kuti zvakanaka kugutsa munhu anoda uye zvinodiwa.

Asi bedzi chakagadzirwa selection, murume asingagoni kusika idzva siyana zvipenyu. Tichishandisa nzira iyi, unogona kusarudza genotypes chete avo inotovapo ari vemo. Ndokusaka Pari kushandiswa hybridization, vachibvumira tiwane neitsva chirimwa akasiyana uye dzinoita mhuka.

Chii chirimwa maberekero

Chinonyanya kukosha nzira kusarudzwa miti ndiyo hybridization uye vakasarudzwa. For muchinjikwa mukume zvinomera vanoshandisa hombe pakusarudza zvinodiwa zvivako. Zvikasadaro, haugoni kuwana zvinhu zvaidiwa mberi basa. Nemhaka nzira iyi, nemarudzi itsva muchinjikwa mukume zvirimwa anowanikwa (eg rye). mhando akadaro majini homogeneous. Asi nokuti akachena mitsetse masayendisiti vanoshandisa nomumwe selection, panguva iyo somugumisiro yokuzviratidza pollination zvinogoneka kuwana yepamusoro makopi pamwe anodiwa maitiro uye zvinhu.

Nokuti chirimwa rutoto iri chaizvo anowanzoshandiswa experimental polyploidy, sezvo mumwe nomumwe polyploidy kunoratidzwa yakakwirira goho, hombe kukura uye nekaupenyu Kuwedzera.

Panewo nzira chakagadzirwa mutagenesis, iyo yainzi kubudikidza Vavilov. The muviri, ichibereka munhu mutation uye zvivako zvitsva, akadana mutant, uye muitiro tishandurwe - mutation.

Kunyanya mhuka rutoto

Chii Kusarudzwa mhuka - hakuna kuoma kupindura. Zviri chaizvo chakafanana kudyara maberekero, asi achine zvimwe dzose. Yeuka kuti mhuka maitire chete pabonde kubereka. Nokuda zvisingawanzoitiki chaizvo generational shanduko (mu mhuka zhinji makore mashomanana gare gare), nhamba yevanhu vari vana vaduku zvikuru. Ndokusaka, kuitisa maberekero basa, masayendisiti vanofanira kuongorora zvose kwokunze zvinhu yo imwe erudzi.

domestication

Chii kusarudzwa muna zvipenyu? Definition anopiwa kuchikoro hweutungamiri. Anokosha budiriro vanhu yaiva domestication dzomusango makore anopfuura zviuru gumi apfuura. Saka, vanhu vachava kuramba rine zvokudya.

Pet dzinoratidzwa pamberi anokosha zvinhu kazhinji zvinokuvadza dzinongoitika kuvapo, asi kuti munhu Anokosha akanaka ukoshi. Factor kuti domestication kunongova kusarudzwa nevanhu kuti nezvido zvevanhu. Vanhu vanosarudza mhuka kuti aiva maonero akanaka, ane hunhu nyarara uye humwe unhu anokosha munhu.

Kamwe chavanoziva akazviratidza yakarongeka vakasarudzwa. Vavariro yake - kusika mhuka zvakakodzera uye anobatsira unhu.

domestication itsva mhuka nzira kwaiitwa munhu nhasi. Izvi zvinofanira kuva Somuenzaniso, kubereka yepamusoro furs. Saka, imwe itsva davi indasitiri - mbava kurima.

Cross-rutoto uye sarudzo

Selection (zvazvinoreva kuti vanhu - unogona kudzidza nokuverenga nyaya ino) anobata uye nzira dzakadai mhuka muchinjikwa ruminant. Izvi zvinoitwa kuvandudza chimiro, unhu nyama kana mukaka mafuta kuwedzera. Vanhu vari akatunhidzwa dzinoongororwa kwete chitarisiko chavo, asi pamusoro unhu vana vavo. Ndokusaka zvakakosha chaizvo kudzidza dzinza ravo.

Panguva iyoyo pane mhando mbiri michinjikwa: inbreeding uye outbreeding. Chokutanga mhando kunoratidzwa kuyambuka vanhu kwete chete, asi dzinoita zvakasiyana. Uyezve kuzviomesera vakasarudzwa anokwanisa kuramba kubatsira unhu uye kuwedzera zvavo nhamba yevana.

Panguva inbreeding kushandiswa vabereki nevana kana vanun'una. Nokuda takayambuka ichi ichiwedzerwa homozygosity uye yakasimbiswa zvinokosha unhu ari mwana.

Hybridization ane hwakanyatsorwisa yakaderera zvazviri nekuti akawanda interspecific VaNefirimu imhuka mbereko.

Chii chinonzi wokusarudza zvinhu Standardization? Pfungwa iyi anotsanangura basa iri kusarudzwa zvimwe zvinhu, akawana ikodzere mberi kwavo kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa munyaya zvose zvoupenyu hwevanhu.

kusarudzwa zvigare

Tusingaoneki basa rinokosha muna biosphere, uye zvakananga upenyu hwevanhu. Vanhu anoshandisa mazana zvigare, uye nhamba yavo iri kuwedzera ose gore.

Selection zvigare kunoratidzwa akawanda zvinhu. Breeders achaitei isingaperi yakawanda zvinhu. Sezvo Gene upi muviri haploid, masayendisiti anogona mutation muchizvarwa yokutanga. Mabhakitiriya vashomanana majini, uye saka kuita basa nyore uye dzichimhanya.

Mabhakitiriya anogona vakazvimiririra kubereka kubatsira nenhumbi dzevanhu, uye pfuma yavo anoshandisa kusarudzwa zvigare. Ndeipi nzira yokugara okugadzira ari indasitiri nayo? Wakaisa uku nezviito, vakatsamwisa utachiona kubereka yeimwe izvi, izvo zvisina kugadzirwa vivo.

Dzimwe nguva Breeders kushandisa transduction - iri achichinjwa utachiona mumwe kutsvakwa DNA, uye nokudaro kuwedzera kukosha zvigare zvakatipoteredza.

An nzira inokosha kusarudzwa kushanda tusingaoneki - hybridization kuti utachiona siyana. Nzira iyi inobvumira kuti sangana nezvinhu asingagoni kuitika zvakasikwa.

Sezvo rutoto basa rinoitwa

Chii kusarudzwa muna zvipenyu? Kutsunga unokubvumira kudzidza pamusoro itsva uye zvakawedzerwa mhando, utachiona uye nevanhu zvipenyu. To musi, zvose maberekero basa rinoitwa kufungisisa chokwadi chokuti vanoda kumisika zvokurima uye kugadzirwa. Somuenzaniso, masayendisiti zvakagadzira rakasiyana marara michina peturu zvigadzirwa, tichikwanisa rokuishandura kuva inobatsira mapuroteni-vhitamini chigadzirwa. Kubudirira uku akauya anoonga kusarudzwa kwemabhakitiriya utachiona.

Chii kusarudzwa muna zvipenyu? A nzvimbo inokosha kwazvo wokushandisa sayenzi munhu kuti akwanise kuwana yepamusoro nezvokudya uye mhando itsva kugadzirwa ano.