Sarufa yeimwe. Dhigirii rwesarufa oxidation ari yeimwe. Sarufa yeimwe kuti fomura

chalcogen subgroup zvinosanganisira sarufa, - chimwe chinhu chechipiri kuti inokwanisa wezvamatongerwe vazhinji esimbi deposits. Sulfates, sulfides, oxides dzimwe sarufa yeimwe zvakapararira zvikuru, uye zvinokosha mumaindasitiri hunhu. Saka, munyaya ino tichakurukura zvavari, kuti rinomiririra sarufa pacharo, ayo nyore nyaya.

Sarufa kwayo characterization

chaikosha Izvi zvinotevera zvinzvimbo periodic ino.

1. The boka wechitanhatu, mukuru boka.
2. A yechitatu nguva duku.
3. Mabhomba guru - 32,064.
4. Serial nhamba - 16, protons uye maerekitironi uyewo 16 neutrons.
5. Rinoreva okunze, vasiri simbi.
6. Munguva Masvomhu verenga se "kes", zita chinhu sarufa, Latin nesarufa.

Zvakasikwa, pane ina akatsiga isotopes pamwe vakawanda nhamba 32,33,34 uye 36. Ichi chinhu rechitanhatu rakajairika zvakasikwa. Rinoreva kuti biogenic okunze, sechikamu chinokosha Organic mamorekuru.

Electronic nemamiriro atomu

Sarufa yeimwe inokonzerwa zvakasiyana siyana zvaiitwa electronic nemamiriro atomu. It kunoratidzwa anotevera nzira configuration: 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ^4.

The apa kuti zvinoratidza rakadzikama mamiriro maatomu akafanana. Asi tinoziva kuti kana atomu kupa mamwe simba, zvinokwanisika pair nokuputsa maerekitironi pa 3p uye 3s-sublayer, zvichiteverwa mumwe yezwi 3d, iyo inogara akasununguka. Somugumisiro, kwete chete anochinja Valence ari atomu, asiwo vose zvichibvira oxidation inoti. nhamba yavo yekudyidzana kwakawedzera uyewo nhamba dzakasiyana zvinhu nesarufa.

Dhigirii rwesarufa oxidation mu yeimwe

Pane zvakawanda zvinokosha kusarudza kuti chakarurama ichi. Sarufa ndiko:

• -2;
• +2;
• 4;
• 6.

Ava, zvikuru isingawanzowanikwi S ^+2, vamwe vanopararira kwose kwose. The mwero oxidation rwesarufa yeimwe vari kubatsirwa reactivity uye oxidizing simba zvose zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, kungatowedzera pamwe -2 - nayo sulfides. Vaiona isu chaiwo chinhu pamusoro oxidizing pomutumwa.

The yakakwirira ukuru oxidation mu mukomboni, zvikuru raidudzwa achava oxidizing kugona fuma. iri nyore Izvi zvinoonekwa kana tikayeuka maviri acids dzinokosha idzo anoumba sarufa:

• H ₂ SO ₃ - sulfurous;
• H ₂ SO ₄ - sulfuric acid.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti ekupedzisira zvakawanda kugadzikana, remubatanidzwa simba kuva mukuru wevasungwa zvokuva zvikuru kukwanisa oxidize.

nyore fuma

Sezvo nyore fuma sarufa chinhu yeyero crystals yakanaka sandarara elongated kwakarurama. Kunyange zvazvo izvi chete mumwe nezvimiro zvayo nekuti pane mbiri huru allotropic okunatsiridza nenhumbi ichi. Chokutanga, monoclinic kana orthorhombic - iri yeyero crystalline fuma, kwete soluble nemvura asi chete zvinoita zvokufembedzwa. Ichazivikanwa fragility uye akanaka chimiro mamiriro anomirirwa muchimiro korona. Utsotso pfungwa - vanenge 110 ⁰ C.

Kana musingadi tisangosiya zvenguva pfungwa nokutaura muchidziisa munhu nadzurudzo yakadaro, zvinokwanisika kuti nenguva kuona mumwe Hurumende - epurasitiki nesarufa. Zviri rubbery viscous shava mhinduro, izvo pamusoro mamwe kudziyisa kana richipedza zvakare zvinoenda rhombic muchimiro.

Kana isu kutaura nesarufa mishonga yakaisvonaka, yaunganidzwa vakawanda filtrations, ndiko rakajeka tsvuku crystals diki, kusimba uye zvachose insoluble mumvura. Anokwanisa vesa pamusoro kuonana unyoro uye mumhepo okisijeni. Wakasiyana zvakakwana yakakwirira namakemikari basa.

Kuva zvakasikwa

Zvakasikwa, pane dzinongoitika dhipoziti iyo sarufa yeimwe vari zvikaramba akazvisvibisa somunhu nyore fuma. Uyezve, rine:

• muna zvicherwa, ores uye matombo;
• kwemhuka, zvinomera uye vanhu, sechikamu zhinji Organic mamorekuru;
• dzinongoitika magasi, peturu uye marasha;
• mumafuta shale uye zviwanikwa mvura.

Unogona zita shoma vakapfuma nesurferi zvicherwa:

• cinnabar;
• pyrite;
• sphalerite;
• stibnite;
• galena nevamwe.

Vazhinji sarufa anobudiswa nhasi anoenda sulphate kugadzirwa. Chimwe chikamu rinoshandiswa kwezvokurapa zvinangwa, kurima, maindasitiri makemikari mukugadzira pezvakaitwa.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Vanogona kurondedzera mune ndima shoma.

1. Mvura insoluble zvinotora disulfide, turpentine, kana - tsime chikaparara.
2. Refu kukweshera rinoungana kunaka mutariri.
3. Utsotso pfungwa 110 ⁰ C.
4. The Kubika pfungwa 190 ⁰ C.
5. Paaizosvika 300 ⁰ C inopfuura mu mvura inoyerera.
6. A wakachena fuma anokwanisa kuzvidzora-vesa zvinobata moto ehupfumi zvakanaka chaizvo.
7. By pacharwo anenge asina kunhuwidza, asi rehydrogen sarufa yeimwe emit ane kunzwa kunhuwa mazai akaora. Uyewo vamiririri gaseous binary.

The ehupfumi of fuma iri mubvunzo mumuviri aizivikanwa vanhu kubva kare. Zviri kwavo combustibility rwesarufa uye akawana zita rayo. Muhondo anoshandiswa asphyxiating uye chepfu chiutsi kuti kunotangira munguva combustion pakati mukomboni, sezvinoita chombo pavavengi. Uyezve, asidhi nesarufa uyewo nguva dzose aiva maindasitiri kukosha.

mushonga ehupfumi

Subject: "Sarufa ayo yeimwe" hakuiti kutora chidzidzo pachikoro kemisitiri Chokwadi, asi akawanda. Pashure pezvose, vazhinji vavo. Izvi imhaka makemikari basa fuma. Zvinogona kuva zvose oxidizing ehupfumi ane simba yokuderedza vamiririri (nesimbi, Boron, etc.), uye kudzorerwa vakawanda vasiri simbi.

Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo basa kwakadaro bedzi fluorine kudyidzana rinobva pasi zvavo ezvinhu. Nokuti vose, unoda kuti vakuchidzire. Mapoka akawanda nezvinhu anogona akasarudzwa, iyo inokwanisa kuita nesarufa:

• simbi;
• non-simbi;
• alkalis;
• simba oxidizing asidhi - sulfuric, uye nitric.

Sarufa yeimwe: mhuka

Kusiyana-siyana kukosha yavo kutsanangurwa siyana inosiyana oxidation chawo nhengo - nesarufa. Saka, vashoma marudzi inokosha zvinhu vangazivikanwa maererano:

• remubatanidzwa pamwe oxidation -2;
• 4;
• 6.

Kana isu funga makirasi, uye kwete chokukomborerwa valences, ichi chinhu siyana mamorekuru akadaro se:

• asidhi;
• oxides;
• rehydrogen sarufa yeimwe;
• munyu;
• binary yeimwe nevasiri simbi (kabhoni disulfide, chlorides);
• Organic zvinhu.

Zvino funga zvihombe, uye kupa mienzaniso.

Zvinhu pamwe oxidation -2

sarufa yeimwe 2 - raro conformation pamwe simbi, uyewo:

• kabhoni;
• rehydrogen;
• phosphorus;
• nesilicon;
• Arsenic;
• Boron.

Muzviitiko izvi, izvozvo anoita somunhu oxidizing mumiririri, sezvo zvinhu izvi zvose zvikuru electropositive. Funga kunyanya kukosha.

1. Carbon disulphide - CS _2. The läpinäkyvä mvura pamwe pemhino Eteri. Chepfu, zvinobata moto nenhumbi uye kuputika. Senzira solvent, uye nokuda emhando dzakawanda kwemafuta, mafuta, vasiri nesimbi, sirivha nitrate, Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti uye rubbers. Chinhu zvakare chikamu chinokosha kweShanduro chakagadzirwa nesirika - viscose. The indasitiri iri synthesized akawanda.
2. Rehydrogen sulphide kana rehydrogen sulphide - H ₂ S. The gasi, musina ruvara uye inotapira kuravira. Kwakanaka simba, richifadza zvikuru, nowenyika zvakaora zai. Muchetura, depresses ari kufema muzinda nokubatana ions yemhangura. Naizvozvo, kana totaura Kusvibisa kutadza kufema uye rufu. Zvinowanzoshandiswa mushonga, makemikari kwetunhu, kugadzirwa sulfuric acid, uye sezvo zvinoshingaira zvakanaka mbishi zvinhu.
3. sulfides simbi zvinonzi nevakawanda inoshandiswa mukurapa, mune sulfuric iine acid kugadzirwa, kuwana pendi kugadzira phosphors, uye dzimwe nzvimbo. General payakavakirwa - Me _x S _and.

Compounds vane mwero oxidation ose +4

Sarufa yeimwe 4 - iri kunyanya oxide uye unoenderana munyu uye acid. Vose chaizvo nevakawanda yeimwe ane yakananga ukoshi iri indasitiri. Vanogona kuita sezvo oxidants, asi vakawanda vanoratidza kwomuviri.

Formula sarufa yeimwe ari oxidation wehurumende +4 zvinotevera:

• oxide - sarufa yakasviba SO _2;
• asidhi - sulfurous H ₂ SO _3;
• munyu vane zvavo payakavakirwa Me _X (SO _{3) and.}

Chimwe chezvinhu wakajairika sarufa dioxide, kana anhydride. Zviri Hauoneki fuma yakaruma kwakanaka yezvipiriso machisi. In huru namasumbu kuumbwa panguva kuputika anoputika, ayo panguva iyi nyore kuziva kubudikidza munhuhwi.

It zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura pamwe inotungamirwa nyore decomposing asidhi - nesarufa. It haazvibati sezvo nezvaiitwa iine acid oxide nezvimiro munyu, izvo zvinosanganisira sulfite Ion ₃ SO ^2-. anhydride ichi - chikuru gasi, izvo kunokanganisa kushatiswa kwezvakatipoteredza mhepo. Kuti zvinokanganisawo paumbwe nemvura inonaya iine acid. Industrially kushandiswa sulfuric asidhi gadzira.

Compounds umo nesarufa oxidation wehurumende +6

Izvi zvinosanganisira anonyanya sulfuric anhydride uye sulfuric asidhi pamwe munyu yaro:

• sulfates;
• rehydrogen sulfate.

Sezvo sarufa atomu mairi chepamusoro oxidation wehurumende, uye zvivako zviri yeimwe aya zvikuru explainable. Ndivo oxidants simba.

Sarufa oxide (VI) - sarufa trioxide - chinomiririra Hauoneki akadaro zvokunwa. A maitiro chinhu - simba desiccant okufunga. Panze anosvuta mabhokisi. Kana zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura rinopa mumwe akasimba chicherwa acids - sulfuric. The kuramba mhinduro chinoremedza zvishoma yellowish jikichira zvokunwa. Kana anhydride yakanyauka mu sulfuric acid, tinowana chimwe remubatanidzwa inonzi oleum. It rinoshandiswa indasitiri nokuda kugadzirwa acid.

Pakati munyu - sulphate - iri yeimwe anokosha zvikuru zvakadai:

• gypsum CaSO ₄ · 2h ₂ O;
• baryta Baso _4;
• kuti munyu;
• vatungamirire sulfate uye nevamwe.

Ivo zvinoshandiswa kuvaka, zvemakemikari Syntheses, mushonga, kugadzirwa regirazi uye Manyiminya Mhiko kunyange zvokudya indasitiri.

Hydrogensulfates vari zvinowanzoshandiswa simbi, apo kushandiswa ane zvinoyerera. Uye inobatsira kushandura zvakawanda zvakaoma oxides kupinda soluble sulfate muchimiro kuti rinoshandiswa akakodzera maindasitiri.

Kudzidza nesarufa chikoro kemisitiri kosi

Kana iri yakanakisisa ndiyo kuitwa kwezivo maererano vadzidzi kuti isuferi, ndezvipi ehupfumi zvayo, ndiro remubatanidzwa rwesarufa? Grade 9 - yakanaka nguva. Izvi hazvina kutanga chaizvo, kana vana vose zvitsva. Izvi pakati kudzidza kemisitiri, apo nheyo vakaisa kwokutanga, zvichabatsira kunyatsonzwisisa nyaya. Saka, muna pokukurukura mashoko akabudiswa ndicho chechipiri hafu kirasi yaipedza kudzidza. The yose nyaya iri rakakamurwa akawanda kutigumbura, inomira voga chidzidzo "Sarufa yeimwe. Zvinokonzerwa 9".

Izvi imhaka nhamba yavo guru. Uyewo yoga vaiona kuti pagadzirwe sulfuric asidhi ari indasitiri. Kazhinji, nhamba iyi inopiwa avhareji yemaawa 3.

Asi Organic yeimwe rwesarufa vari pasi kudzidza chete mugiredhi rechi10, apo nyaya vanoonekwa Organic. Also sei uye zvipenyu chesekondari. Zvechokwadi, sarufa ndiyo chikamu Organic mamorekuru, yakadai se:

• thioalcohols (thiols);
• mapuroteni (tertiary chimiro, inova paumbwe disulfide mabhiriji);
• thioaldehydes;
• thiophenols;
• thioesters;
• sulfonic asidhi;
• sulphoxides nevamwe.

Vari voga ari oga boka organosulfur yeimwe. Vanokosha kwete chete nezvinhu zvipenyu dzinotsanagura zvipenyu asiwo indasitiri. Somuenzaniso, sulfonic asidhi - hwaro zvinodhaka zvakawanda (aspirin, sulfanilamide kana streptocid).

zvachose pakuderedza sezvo vamwe Uyezve, sarufa yeimwe kwakadaro:

• amino acids;
• makemikari;
• mavhitaminzi;
• mahormone.