Chiitiko pamusoro refraction chiedza - nayo ... The mutemo refraction chiedza

Chiitiko pamusoro refraction chiedza - ndiwo dzinongoitika chakajairika anowanika nguva imwe neimwe chinozunguzirwa aienda kubva zvinhu neimwe, sezvamakaropafadzwa ayo velocity zvinosiyana. Nemaziso, zvinoita sokuti anochinja kutungamirirwa kupararira.

Physics: refraction chiedza

Kana chiitiko danda anorova inowanikwa pakati nhau miviri necheparutivi pamusoro 90 °, ipapo hapana chinoitika, ichiri kufamba nenzira iyoyo mirayiridzo kuruoko rworudyi yorusvingo kusvikira inowanikwa. Kana pakona kuti kuitika vakasiyana 90 °, refractive chaiyo kunoitika. Muenzaniso uyu unobereka vatorwa migumisiro dzakadai pachena kutsemuka chinhu zvishoma mumvura kana hwerazuva kuonekwa inopisa murenje jecha.

History yakawanikwa

Muzana rokutanga remakore BC. e. Greek geographer uye zvomuchadenga Ptolemy akaedza mathematically kutsanangura refraction, asi murairo wakatangwa naye pashure akatendeuka akabuda kuva vasingavimbiki. Muzana XVII remakore. Dutch yemasvomhu WILLEBRORD SNELLIUS yakatanga murairo anosarudza mari chokuita nhamba yacho chiitiko uye refracted pamakona, iyo gare gare akanzi Indekisi refraction zvokunyama. Kutaura zvazviri, mamwe nefuma anokwanisa refract chiedza, dzakanga inoenzanirana. Pencil mumvura "wakaputsika" nokuti mwaranzi kuuya kubva, kuchinja nzira yenyu panguva mhepo-mvura inowanikwa asati asvika neziso. To rokuva vandine, haana kuwana chikonzero izvi.

Muna 1678, mumwe musayendisiti Dutch Christiaan Huygens vakatanga ukama kwemasvomhu kuti anotsanangura zvakawanika vandine uye kwakaratidza kuti Chiitiko kuti refraction chiedza - ndiwo mugumisiro kunosiyana nokukurumidza panguva iyo danda inopfuura nomunyika runyararo maviri. Huygens akasarudza kuti mafungiro pamakona chiedza achipfuura zvinhu maviri akasiyana indices pamusoro refraction anofanira kuva akaenzana nhamba velocity yayo nomumwe zvinhu. Saka, zvinonzi postulated kuti svikiro kuva yepamusoro refractive indekisi, chiedza chinoita zvishoma nezvishoma. Nemamwe mashoko, kumhanya chiedza kuburikidza mashoko acho inversely Proportional kune refractive indekisi. Kunyange zvazvo mutemo dzakwidzwa yasimbiswa experimentally, nokuti vaongorori vakawanda panguva yakanga isina pachena, t. To. No nzira yakavimbika kuyera kumhanya wechiedza. Masayendisiti vakafunga kuti hakubvi kumhanya mashoko acho. 150 chete pashure Huygens 'kumhanya chiedza rufu akayera pamwe zvakakwana zvakarurama, achiratidza kuti zvakanaka.

Mhedziso indekisi kuti refraction

Mhedziso refractive indekisi N ari läpinäkyvä zvokunyama kana zvinhu rinorondedzerwa so hama nokukurumidza panguva iyo chiedza rinopfuura therethrough hama kuti velocity iri vacuüm it: n = c / V, apo munenge - velocity chiedza muna Vacuum, uye ndima - mune zvokunyama.

Zviri pachena refraction chiedza mune Vacuum, isingambokwanisi nenhumbi vasipo uye pane mhedziso mufananidzo 1. Nokuti zvimwe segirazi zvinhu zvinokosha iri kupfuura 1. refraction chiedza iri mumhepo zvinogona kushandiswa kuverenga asingazivikanwi parameters zvinhu (1.0003).

mutemo vandine raMwari

We anosuma dzimwe tsanangudzo:

• chiitiko danda - danda riri pedyo nekupatsanurwa svikiro;
• inodonha pfungwa - kuparadzana pana izvo rikawira;
• ari refracted ranzi anosiya nekupatsanurwa nevezvenhau;
• chakaipa - mutsetse wakavhomorwa perpendicular kuti kuparadzana achitandadza kuitika;
• angled zviri kuitika - pakona pakati kuipa uye chiitiko danda;
• kuona refractive angled anogona kuva pakona pakati refracted Ray uye kuipa.

Maererano nemitemo refraction:

1. The chiitiko, ari refracted Ray uye kwagara vari chete ndege.
2. Nhamba sines ari pamakona ose kuitika uye refraction ndiyo nhamba yacho refraction coefficients wokutanga uye chechipiri svikiro: chivi Ini / chivi R = N R / N i.

Murairo refraction yechiedza (vandine) rinotsanangura ukama pakati pamakona maviri nemafungu uye indices pakati refraction zvenhau maviri. Kana wave rinopfuura kubva zvishoma refractive svikiro (semuenzaniso mhepo) pane imwe refractive (semuenzaniso, mvura), ayo velocity anodonhedza. Asiwo, kana chiedza inopfuura kubva mvura mudenga, nokukurumidza inowedzerawo. The angled kuti kuitika kune wokutanga svikiro hama kusvika chakaipa kwekona ose refraction uye wechipiri achizosiyana Proportional kuti musiyano refractive indekisi pakati zvinhu zviviri. Kana wave rinopfuura kubva svikiro ane pasi coefficient kuti svikiro ine yakakwirira, izvozvo anokotama akananga dzose. Uye kana ari Zvakatosimbisa vachabviswa.

The hama refractive indekisi

Light refraction mutemo kunoratidza kuti nhamba Sine yacho chiitiko uye refracted pamakona akaenzana kugara ari nhamba yacho velocities chiedza mune zvenhau maviri.

_{chivi Ini / chivi R = N R} / N I = (c / vs. R) / (c / vs. i) = mundima Ini / V R

Ukama N _R / N _I anonzi hama indekisi kuti refraction kuti izvi zvinhu.

A zvinoverengeka mananara kuti dzinokonzerwa refraction kazhinji kunoonekwa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. The mugumisiro "wakaputsika" penzura - mumwe rakajairika. Meso uye pfungwa kutevera mwaranzi shure mumvura sokunge havana refracted, uye achibva chinhu nenzira yakarurama mutsetse, ndinosika chifananidzo rakapotsa kuti rinowanika pana muduku kudzika.

vakapararira

Careful kuyerwa anoratidza kuti refraction pakati chiedza wavelength achine kana ruvara vane simba guru. Mune mamwe mazwi, imwe pfuma ane zvizhinji refractive indekisi ringaita siyana pamwe kuchinja ruvara kana wavelength.

kuchinja kwakadaro kunoitika ose yakajeka vezvenhau uye inonzi kupararira. The mwero yokupararira chaizvo zvinhu zvinoenderana sei refractive indekisi kunosiyana-siyana pamwe wavelength. With kuwedzera wavelength anova zvishoma raidudzwa chakajairika pamusoro refraction chiedza. Izvi kunosimbiswa ndechokuti dzepepuru refract zvinopfuura tsvuku, nekuti ayo wavelength rakapfupika. Nokuda vakapararira munyika senguva girazi kunoitika kuvazivisa kukamurwa chiedza yenhengo dzayo.

Kuwedzera chiedza

Pakupera ari XVII remakore, Sir Isaka Nyuton ichiitwa dzakatevedzana kuedza dzakatungamirira Kuwanikwa rake rinooneka chakarondedzera, uye kwakaratidza kuti chiedza chena ine ane akarayira siyana mavara kubvira yepepuru kuburikidza yebhuruu, mutema, yero, orenji uye tsvuku okugadziridza. Kushanda rima nzvimbo, Newton akaisa girazi prism kupinda rakamanikana bango Chinopinda kuburikidza buri hwindo utorwe. Kana achipfuura ari prism iri refracted chiedza - magirazi kuti chirongwa pamusoro chidzitiro munzvimbo akarayira chakarondedzera.

Newton akagumisa kuti chiedza chena musanganiswa mavara akasiyana, uye kuti prism "anoparadzira" chiedza chena, refracting mumwe ruvara nemamwe maonero. Newton asingagoni kugoverana mavara nokuisa navo kuburikidza wechipiri prism. Asi kana akaisa prism wechipiri pedyo chaizvo kune wokutanga, saka vose mavara vakaparadzirwa akapinda yechipiri prism, vaongorori vakawana kuti Mavara recombined zvakare kuumbika chiedza chena. Izvi yawanikwa zvinogutsa akaratidza spectral Zvinoumba chiedza hunogona kungoparara yakakamurwa uye zvakabatana.

akapararira Fani basa rinokosha mune vakawanda zvakasiyana mananara. Rainbow Mugumisiro wacho refraction chiedza muna samadonhwe mvura, zvichiita anoyevedza pamberi spectral manyowa, akafanana kunoitika muna prism.

The dzinonetsa angled uye zvachose zvemukati kufungisisa

Kana achipfuura svikiro ane yepamusoro indekisi pakati refraction mune svikiro pamwe yakaderera kufamba nzira mafungu kunorondedzerwa pakona pakati kuitika panyaya kupatsanurwa zvinhu zviviri. Kana pakona pakati kuitika kwazvo imwe ukoshi (zvichienderana Indekisi refraction zviri zvinhu zviviri), wasvika pfungwa apo chiedza haina refracted mu svikiro pamwe yakaderera indekisi.

Critical (kana muganhu) rekona se pakona kuti kuitika, zvikaguma pakona pamusoro refraction ose 90 °. Nemamwe mashoko, sezvo pakona kuti kuitika zvishoma kupfuura dzinonetsa refraction kunoitika, uye kana zviri nahwo, asi refracted danda ndokupfuurira nzvimbo raiparadzanisa zvinhu zviviri. Kana pakona rimwe kuitika akapfuudza dzinonetsa, chiedza kunooneka shure. Fani iyi inozivikanwa se zvachose zvemukati kufungisisa. Mienzaniso kushandiswa kwayo - nengoda uye Manyiminya fibers. The cut nedhaimani rinokurudzira zvachose zvemukati kufungisisa. Vazhinji mwaranzi kupinda kuburikidza pamusoro nedhaimani ichaparadzwa airatidza, kusvikira vanosvika repamusoro pamusoro. Izvi ndizvo anopa mangoda anopenya yavo. The Manyiminya faibha iri girazi "bvudzi", zviri zvitete zvokuti kana chiedza anopinda imwe mugumo, haigoni kupukunyuka. Uye chete kana danda zvasvika mumwe mugumo, achakwanisa kusiya faibha.

Nzwisisa uye tarisa

Optical mano, kubvira nemaikorosikopu uye materesikopu kuti makamera, mavhidhiyo projectors, uye kunyange vanhu ziso anogona kuvimba kuti chiedza inogona pfungwa, refracted uye akaratidza.

Refraction unobereka zvakawanda mananara, kusanganisira mirages, miraraungu, Manyiminya zvinonyengera. Nokuda refraction mumwe gobvu-akavakirirwa Girazi doro anoita zvizere, uye zuva rovira kwemaminitsi mashoma pane zvechokwadi. Mamiriyoni evanhu vanoshandisa refractive simba kugadzirisa chiono kuremara tichibatsirwa magirazi kana kuonana lenses. By kunzwisisa ehupfumi izvi chiedza Kutarisira uye, tinogona kuona mashoko usingaonekwi akashama ziso, pasinei nokuti vari maikorosikopu yemasiraidhi kana renyeredzi kure.