Sirivha: kumba

Pari, vazhinji kuvazivisa nzira zvesimbi rokutsvaira, zvinoshanda zvose murabhoritari uye pamba. Imwe nzira yakadaro kunatswa, kusvikira ichangobva kushandiswa chete panguva kushandiswa emakambani ane patented ruzivo.

Chii achinatsa

Kazhinji, shoko rokuti "kunatswa" kunoreva kuwana simbi dzakakwirira kutsvinda kuburikidza dzakatevedzana nzira kuti abvise tsvina. Izvi rinoitwa mumatanho dzakawanda, imwe neimwe kushandisa mamwe physico-kwemakemikari nzira kuzvitsaura apindire zvinhu. Kazhinji saizvozvo anochenesa simbi dzinokosha.

Yakatsvuka mashoko affinirovaniya mune iyi kungava zvishongo chinyorwa, "sirivha furo" slurry pashure zvemagetsi wokunatswa zvinhu uye schlich nendarama.

sirivha achinatsa

Kazhinji, nzira iyi yokuchenesa inoshandiswa kugadzira sirivha mukuru-mugiredhi. Kazhinji, nzira hakuna kumbosiyana zvakafanana maitirwo ezvinhu kunze mamwe vanokudzwa, ferrous kana dzisiri ferrous simbi. Somuenzaniso, pakuchenesa goridhe nesirivha kana chimwe Platinum nesimbi vangava zvakafanana. Chete mune zvimwe zviitiko muitiro akasiyana.

Nzira achinatsa

Kugadzirisa sirivha achinatsa michina anomirirwa zvitatu dzakasiyana - chicherwa anogona kucheneswa nouipi, makemikari, kana electrolytic kupelirovannym nzira. Kashoma kushandiswa dzichibvisa zvakawandisa kuiisa chlorine. Pakusarudza nzira imhaka chitsama chesirivha aibatwa uye ayo ezvinhu. Nerevo uye zvaidiwa kugadzirwa kwacho.

How kusarudza nzira

Nokuti sirivha mukuru-mugiredhi hwakatanga kuzadzika electrolytic yokucheneswa. Kazhinji, kana kushandisa nzira iyi, pane zuva goho. Electrolysis kunobatsira kuwana asina kuchena sirivha nokuda oxidation-rutapudzo kudyidzana umo netsvina usapinda panguva okuchenesa.

Kana apo Argentum zvakachengetwa muchimiro kugadzirisa (insoluble sulphates uye chlorides), kupfuura mari uye nyore ndiyo makemikari simbi deposition (mune dzimwe ezvinhu - electrochemical) nzira.

Base alloys kazhinji vakaparadzana kushandisa cupellation - iyi nyaya kuwedzera kuchena nyore nezvakasanganiswa.

cupellation nzira

Nokuti ichi mhando kunoda achinatsa vira chashepodobnyh (moto munhu akaidza) Kukuru Mukutonga kwechiFascist. The kunatswa kwacho akashandisa vatungamirire uchanyangadika iyo sirivha iri oxidized pamberi okisijeni. All kusvibisa zvinhu, kusanganisira solvent, anosiiwa yomuchinda simbi, achichipa hama kuchena; asi chiwanikwa Ndarama Platinum mhuri simbi.

Kuti aite achinatsa kwazvo preheat kunodiwa. It akaisa hwokugadzira kutungamirira-sirivha nezvakavhenganiswa, inova huru kusvikira utsotso zvakakwana. Furnace run mhepo runoyerera kuti chikonzero oxidation zviri zvakamisa hurongwa. Panopera kupisa varapwe Kukuru Mukutonga kwechiFascist yabviswa uye yakadururirwa anoumba.

Inside vira iri mudungwe pamwe marl - rudzi nevhu, akapfuma reraimu, uye kuva porous marongerwo. It absorbs vatungamirire oxides kuumbwa panguva achinatsa, sezvo yokupedzisira zvinoodza sasana kana kutarisana mhepo chokubuda. Panguva mbudo, mushure oxidation nouipi, kuti chiwanikwa kuwanwa Iridescent muraraungu pemvura. Kana cracking walnut ari musanganiswa chinhu rakajeka kubwinya sirivha, izvo zvinoratidza affinirovaniya kupera.

Cupellation vaiona ine ekunatswa unyanzvi nokuti kuti haana kubudirira rusununguko zvakakwana pakusachena: zvose anokudzwa nesimbi iri chiwanikwa anoramba panzvimbo. Pakuchenesa goridhe, sirivha uye boka Platinum nesimbi kuti vaparadzane rinoitwa nedzimwe nzira.

electrolysis nzira

Electrolysis affinirovaniya sezvo nzira anoitwa panguva kaviri kuziva yemagetsi akaturikidzana: anode kwacho kunosvika kwakasvibiswa sirivha Chidimbu muNzvimbo homwe, kuti cathode - iri matete vakaumba vasiri kungatikanganisa simbi. The electrodes vanonyudzwa mune vakacheneswa simbi nitrate mhinduro (Kuwanda ions - 50 MG / Rine mamiririta) Wakawedzerwa nitric asidhi ari arambe achirema pamusoro 1,5 g / L, uye zvemagetsi ano akapfuura.

The anode zvikwama vari kuenda undissolved masirivha, uyewo kusvibiswa. The cathode nzvimbo yakaisvonaka mharidzo inounganidzwa mu microcrystalline fomu. Vhoriyamu esirivha akasunungura anogona kusimuka kurutivi rumwe danda wegadziriro kuti chinokurwadzai dunhu pfupi. Kuti adzivise mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, akura crystalline zvimedu pasi anonyandura mhinduro oblamyvayutsya yakafanana cathode electrodes pedyo nzvimbo. The zvichiguma sirivha akapora ave precipitate uye akabva akandwa vara. Zvakakosha kuti kutsiva electrolyte nguva, saka kuti kana kusachena aripo mhangura, pashure anodiwa muitiro kutanga deposition ayo pamusoro anokudzwa simbi cathode.

Kana sirivha mhinduro haazvibati sezvinoita sero electrochemical, sezvo nzira inonyatsobudirira nokuda electrolytic kuparadzana nesimbi. The anode inogona graphite kana-kungatikanganisa (alloys), mumwe cathode - Stainless simbi. Makakatanwa ari chinhu yakaiswa kuti haana kupfuura 2 V. The maitiro pacharo rinoitwa kusvikira zvose sirivha deposition.

mushonga achinatsa

Silver anogona kubviswa nemakemikari dzokubvisa kubva munyu mhinduro kana colloids. Chinhu multistage muitiro. Nokuti nzira kunodiwa yavaibvisa sulfite, achiwedzera kuti adzikinure maitiro kunoitika chete mutsva dema precipitate vanokudzwa simbi munyu. Pamusoro ndakapedza zvakaitwa, kunoguma mhinduro uchidururwa Sal ammoniac (Ammonium chloride) kana munyu. Musanganiswa rinopedza kusvikira pachena fractional Kuparadzana - inofanira kuumbwa turbid uye segirazi chikamu. Sirivha rakachengetedzwa anonzi zvizere kana mamwe okusuma munyu kwete kukonzera turbidity.

Kune nzira mbiri voga rakachena simbi chloride - yakaoma uye kunyorova.

The carbonate nzira voga zvesirivha chloride

nzira iyi zvinosanganisira kuwana yakaisvonaka sirivha chloride kubva yaoma - a fuma machira ane zvakanyatsoenzana yakawanda yavaibvisa carbonate. The vakawana muvhenganiswa yaiva huru Kukuru Mukutonga kwechiFascist (kunodiwa kuti vazadze mukombe chete hafu zviri nokuda rakawedzerwa nokuda gasi shanduka). Panopera paumbwe kugadzikana zvibereko kwacho tembiricha inokwira, richisvika tsika zvaidikanwa yakanyarara Fusion.

Pashure kutonhora sirivha iri akapora uye ari pasi kuzodzosera simbi, pashure izvo chigadzirwa anogona kunzi rakapera. Negative pfungwa chingava chokwadi chokuti hwokugadzira pasoda inokanganisa pamusoro mamiriro ari Kukuru Mukutonga kwechiFascist. Asi chikuru kushandisa nzira iyi kwemakemikari nokunatsiridza chiri kumhanya.

The kupora nzira zvesirivha chloride yavaive

Kuwana sirivha kubva mhinduro anogona kutora nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana reagents - sulfuric asidhi kuti zingi kana simbi kana munyu chete nesimbi, kusanganisira aruminiyamu.

The chloride svikiro akasuma mumwe okunze. To kunoguma slurry dzakadururwa akasarudzwa asidhi ari Kuwanda 0.2 vakawanda zvikamu zviduku. VaGumbo mhinduro ungava chikamu nokudzora rwakadini kuita uye achidira zviyero rakazopera. A Qualitative chinoratidza nekuita hazvisi kusarudzwa rehydrogen - gasi hunoguma kuti kubudiswa panguva zvakakwana pokufa simbi kana Kutsakatika asidhi (ayo manwiro vanogona kupupurira chakarurama paper).

Voga sirivha munyu kwapera, kuti hurongwa inova mumvuri zvakafanana kutungamirira. Zvadaro, asidhi inowedzerwa mhinduro kutendeutsa yasara zvimedu zvisingakoshi simbi (kunyanya manually kubviswa). Kuramba upfu zvinhu (ainzi sirivha simende) iri vakachenesa pamwe kwakadonhera mvura, akaomeswa uye vainyungudutsa.

kuiisa chlorine achinatsa

Nzira iri inobva kubvuma kuti zvinokosha nesimbi sirivha uye kuiisa chlorine vari akadavira ezvinhu nokukurumidza goridhe uye Platinum zvinhu mhuri. Izvi zvinobvumira kusiyanisa yokupedzisira kubva pafuma kucheneswa (mu mabikirwo kunatswa ndiyo kuparadzana unoparadza nguva-zvinokosha alloys).

Rough yakaumbwa nendarama muchimiro kuiisa chlorine gasi akapfuura kuburikidza. The kukurukurirana inotanga tsvina zvinhu anokudzwa mhando, zvino anoenderera sirivha, izvo zvinogona vakabva sarudza dzimwe nzira affinirovaniya mu akakura fomu. Chlorides mu musanganiswa kumuka pemvura nokuda rezasi arambe achirema richienzaniswa munyu pamwe simbi.

Yokuchenesa zvimwe zviitiko

Kana mhangura sirivha inonatsa rationally kutaura asiri chiwanikwa, uye wemisanganiswa chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi (zvinogona anomirirwa muchimiro machipisi). Zvadaro, nitric uye sulfuric acids zvinogona zvichanyungudutswa pangoro simbi. Dzichiitika zvinhu zvaishandiswa cold- kana kupisa (maitiro zvazvingava kunoenderana payo).

Kubvisa sirivha mumuhara pamwe chigadzirwa musanganiswa yakanga neshungu pamusoro doro rambi kana kugeza nemvura. At kutonhora pazasi 50-60 madhigirii zvinobvira kushandisa girazi kana porcelain zvavo. By chete nzira inogona kupatsanurwa kwokugeza mazino simbi pamwe nickel, tini kana kutungamirira.

Sirivha kumba

All nzira pamusoro apa, hunonzi yakakodzera musha kushandiswa muna Kuwanikwa dzinokosha michina uye ruzivo. Beginners edza electrolytic nzira iri nani. Kazhinji, achinatsa rinoitwa nenzira yakadaro kuti ushamwari zvesirivha.

Procedure muri 3 matanho. Izvi Kuparadzwa sirivha iri nitric acid, uye ayo cementing alloying uye achinatsa zvakananga sirivha electrolysis mamiriro mumba.

Nemukuparadzwa nitric asidhi

Silver nitrate pakarepo akagadzirira rose muitiro - kazhinji vatora 50 magiramu nesimbi chete fő pamusoro solvent (reshiyo kuwana 32 g chinyorwa zvazvichanyungudutswa 80 g hydrogenated senitrogen oxide V). Sanganisa asidhi kunodiwa zvienzane ratios nemvura uye akamutsa aine girazi netsvimbo. Achinatsa zvinogona kuitwa nokusanganisa sirivha nitrate Ammonium nitrate electrolyte (maitiro anosvikirwa nezvishoma pane 7) kuwana chete HNO3. To kunoguma mhinduro Wakawedzerwa masirivha. Musanganiswa inofanira kusiiwa kwemaawa 10-11, sezvo kuchinja simbi iri kuturika hakuzosviki pakarepo. Zvichida nokukurumidza vakasarudzwa yakatsvukuruka mashava gasi. Kana mhinduro anova rinokwanisa kucheneruka kana greenish tinge, inoratidza kuvapo simbi marara kana vitriol. Kunatswa yesirivha nitric asidhi inotengwa nani kana zvikuru staining vasipo.

Kubvisa simende sirivha

Musanganiswa wakaradzikwa nembariro mhangura nokuda misha maitiro nesirivha. Pakarepo pamusoro pemvura tsvuku vanokudzwa simbi anotanga precipitate, izvo zvinofanira kuva nenguva kuzunungusa chingapedza mhanyisa muitiro. Kana mbariro vari ichiputswa zvachose, unofanira todzitsiva vatsva. Pashure nezvinoita ichi nyaya anoonekwa kuti kutonhora mhinduro dzaro kuparadzana kupinda fractional serebryanotsementnuyu uye rinokwanisa kucheneruka mvura mugove.

mupise

Kusiyanisa simbi kubva mhinduro rinoshandisirwa fanera uye firita mapepa. In mugaba ane zvikuru wakagadzirira simende blends mhinduro: mhangura munyu runoyerera kuburikidza ikanyanya yematehwe uye sirivha zvinosara pemvura. Gare gare achiri zvaida 5 nguva kugeza pamwe kwakadonhera mvura.

The mhinduro zvimwe ndiyo kuvapo pamwero residual sirivha. Dzokubvisa mhangura munyu inowedzerwa precipitate yavaibvisa Curd.

Silver simende unoomesa. The Fusion rinoitwa munyika Kukuru Mukutonga kwechiFascist, kushandiswa chiri kushanda wezvaizogona akachena haasi kutarisirwa. Kupisa mharidzo zvakaenzana kudzivisa kudiwa kuti achiparadzira sirivha kana oxidized guruva. Zvinokwanisika kuwedzera uchanyangadika pamusoro ari kugocha pasoda uye borax kusanganiswa yakaenzana zvikuru - pamusoro simbi mamiriro pave rinoonekera firimu kuti kunodzivirira kurasikirwa.

The zvichiguma acho ane low-kugiredhi. Nokuti ayo wandei kunodiwa kuti tiite electrolysis zvesirivha. Achinatsa, kana ichi chinoitwa nzira kare pamusoro apa - zviri nyore itye chicherwa ari pellets.

tsaona dziviriro

Zvakakosha kuti kamuri une zvakanaka ventilated. Sokudzivirira, mumwe gurovhisi, mumwe bathrobe uye musvine magirazi. Kuti tidzivise richierera asidhi mumvura inowedzerwa Kuisa pfungwa pachinhu pacharo, uye kwete vakutarisire. Preparation HNO3 Exchange kuita ndiyo yakachengeteka netsika iyo kuita nokunatswa sirivha. Ammonium nitrate yakavhenganiswa kana ichi pamwe electrolyte (maitiro svikiro idukusa 7). Glassware inofanira kuongororwa kuti nemishonga kuti tembiricha, sezvo muitiro kupisa anogona pfuura madhigirii 100. The mhinduro yakazara muna asina kupfuura chimwe muzvitatu mudziyo kudzivisa vachisasa acid.

zvabuda

Sirivha haisi nyore nzira pamberi wakananga unyanzvi uye michina. Kana mukachengeta vakachengeteka matanho anogona kuitwa hazvisi murabhoritari.

Kuti vawane inonyanya simbi mharidzo iyo rinoshandisirwa electrolytic sirivha mumba, nekuti nzira iyi waanodzikisira mukana nouipi kupinda nokushandiswa ano.