Sparta - izvi ... Nhoroondo Sparta. The varwi Sparta. Sparta - Rise ane Empire

Kumaodzanyemba makurusa Greek kweItari - the Peloponnese - iri kamwe simba Sparta yaiva. mamiriro Izvi munzvimbo Laconia, mu picturesque mumupata rwizi Eurotas. zita rayo yepamutemo rinowanzoshandiswa anotaurwa zvibvumirano dzakawanda - Sparta. Hazvina kubva ehurumende ichi vakaenda pfungwa dzakadai se "Spartan" uye "Spartan". Munhu wose anenge anzwa uyewo pamusoro tsika utsinye kuti kwakasimbiswa iyi polis yekare: kuuraya simba vachangoberekwa kuchengeta Gene mudziva rwacho.

Nhoroondo chiitiko

Pamutemo, Sparta, yainzi Sparta (kubva pashoko akanga zita Nome - Laconia), dzakatangira regumi remakore BC. Kwapera nguva nharaunda yose iyo inoshanyirwa guta-mamiriro akanga apinda maererano nemadzinza Doric. Vaya wakafananidzwa yeko Achaeans akava spartakiatami mune imwe pfungwa, nhasi, uye vaimbova vagari ikashanduka varanda, aizivikanwa helots.

Doric kupfuura vose rinoti kamwe aiziva Ancient Greece, Sparta, rakanga riri kumavirazuva kumahombekombe Eurotas, pamusoro nzvimbo ano guta chete zita. zita rayo rinogona kushandurudzwa se "vakapararira". Chaiva manors uye matunhu vakapararira Laconia. A pakati raiva pachikomo duku, izvo akazozivikanwa ive Acropolis. Pakutanga, Sparta vasina masvingo, uye akaramba akatendeka nheyo iyi kusvikira muzana remakore rechipiri BC.

The State Tsika Sparta

Mwoyo yawo yakanga nheyo kubatana vagari vose kodzero yakazara negwaro. Nokuti ichi, hurumende uye kodzero Sparta kukurairisai regimented upenyu uye noupenyu vaaitonga, vakabata stratification yavo. Basics kufanana evanhu hurongwa dzakaiswa pasi chibvumirano pakati kunozivikanwa Lycurgus. Maererano naye, mabasa Spartans vaiva chete yemitambo kana zvombo, uye rwokugadzira, kurima uye kutengeserana ndizvo zvaiva nebasa helots uye periekov.

Somugumisiro operative yakatangwa Lycurgus, kushandurwa spartiatskuyu nemauto-oligarchic gutsaruzhinji mu slaveholding zvokuvhoterwa, izvo iyi iri uchiri zvimwe zviratidzo dzokumaruwa hurongwa. Hamuna kubvumira pachake wenyika yacho, iyo yakakamurwa migove yakaenzana, izvo vaiona munharaunda pfuma uye haagoni kutengeswa. Varanda helots uyewo dzekare vanotenda, nhengo mamiriro, kwete mufumi vagari.

Sparta - ndiwo mumwe nyika shoma, akatungamirirwa nenguva iyoyo chete vaviri vamambo, vainzi arhagetami vaiva. simba ravo rakanga nhaka. Masimba akadzadzwa ose mambo Sparta, vava kwete chete kune simba muchiuto, asi vo sangano yechibayiro, uyewo kuita dare revakuru.

Last akadana Gerus uye raiva maviri arhagetov maviri navasere Gerontopsychiatry. Vakuru kusarudzwa National Assembly woupenyu chete kubva Spartan kwamachinda, zvasvika makore matanhatu. Gerousia muna Sparta akaita dzimwe hurumende muviri mabasa. Vakagadzira mibvunzo dzinofanira kukurukurwa pamisangano dzavose, uyewo zvakananga wokumwe negwaro. Uyezve, dare revakuru funga mhosva, uyewo mhosva pamusoro State, nechinangwa, Inter Alia, pamusoro arhagetov.

dare

zvekufamba Legal uye zvakarurama Sparta vekare yacho. bhodhi ephors. Kokutanga muviri ichi akaonekwa muzana remakore rechisere BC. Chaiva vashanu vagari ehurumende, apo kusarudzwa ungano yenyika nokuda chete gore kupfuura vakakodzera. Pakutanga masimba ephors vakanga hakugumiri pfuma kukakavadzana zvekufamba. Asi muzana remakore rechitanhatu BC, simba ravo uye simba kuti kukura. Zvishoma nezvishoma vanotanga bvikinyidza Gerus. Ephors vakapiwa kodzero sheedzera reVanodzika uye Gerousia, chinja wokumwe mutemo kuita womukati utariri Sparta yayo zvekufamba. muviri ichi kwave kuchikosha mumagakava hurongwa ehurumende, kuti murayiro wake kudzora vakuru, kusanganisira arhageta.

Vanhu gungano

Sparta - muenzaniso ane revatongi mamiriro. Kuti kudzvinyirira ramazuva vakawanda, vane vamiririri vainzi helots, artificially wakadzivisa pave chaiyo, kuchengetedza kuenzana pakati Spartans pachavo.

Apella, kana vanhu Assembly, muna Sparta yakabudisa passivity. Kodzero kubatanidzwa muviri ichi akanga chete vagari venguva wechirume vanenge zera makumi matatu. Pakutanga, ungano yenyika kuunganidzwa arhaget, asi gare gare kuvatungamirira uye hwakatamisirwa revatungamiriri ephors. Apella kugona kukurukura mibvunzo kuisa mberi, ndizvo chete kuramba kana kubvuma kwayo dzichitaurwa mhinduro. Kuvhota nhengo ungano National chinyakare chaizvo: vachidanidzira kana kupesana nhengo kumativi akasiyana, uye ipapo pamusoro ziso uye chinonyanya vakatsunga.

uwandu hwevanhu

Vagari Lacedaemonian wehurumende aigara kirasi dzisakarurama. Izvi akasika magariro erudzi Sparta, yaisanganisira mapoka matatu: vepamusoro periekov - vakasununguka vagere pamaguta pedyo, havana kodzero kuvhota, uyewo hurumende varanda - helots.

The Spartans, vaiva ropafadzo ezvinhu, vaiita bedzi muhondo. Vakanga kure zvokutengeserana, rwokugadzira uye zvokurima, zvakanga zvakanaka sezvinoita kuruboshwe nengoni periekam. Panguva iyoyowo, iyo vepamusoro Estates Spartans akabata Helots, uyo pakupedzisira vakahaya kubva mamiriro. Munguva ichatonga zvine mbiri ehurumende kwamachinda rakanga kashanu zvishoma pane periekov uye gumi - helots.

History of Sparta

All nguva nezvokuvapo chimwe chezvinhu rinoti zvekare inogona rakakamurwa prehistoric, yekare, chekare, Hellenistic uye neyechiRoma. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ave avasakadza kwete paumbwe yekare mamiriro Sparta. Greece akaita akakwereta zvakawanda nyaya iyi iri kuitwa.

Prehistory

Lacaune pamusoro nyika pakutanga akararama Leleges, asi mushure kubatwa pakati Dorians of Peloponnese, nharaunda iyi, iyo agara zvakurukurwa kupfuura asingabereki uye kazhinji zviduku, somugumisiro yokunyengera vakaenda vanakomana vaviri vaduku pakati kunozivikanwa mambo Aristodemus - Evrisfenu uye akatuka.

Nokukurumidza yakava guta chikuru Lacedaemon Sparta ezvinhu izvo kwenguva refu nguva haamiri pakati mamwe Doric inoti. Iye akaramba kwokunze hondo pamwe pedyo maguta Argos uye Arcadia. Rinonyatsooneka vosimba vakapoteredza nguva rokutonga Lycurgus - drevnespartanskogo muparamende, izvo kare kare vachibvumirana anonzi enyika mamiriro, ipapo nezvaiva Sparta kwemazana emakore anoverengeka.

Antique panguva

Pashure pokukunda muhondo zvechigarire kubva 743 kusvika 723 uye kubva 685 kusvika 668 makore. BC, Sparta akakwanisa pakupedzisira kukunda uye vandotora Messenia. Somugumisiro zvayo yekare vagari vave kunyimwa munyika yavo ikava helots. Makore matanhatu gare gare, Sparta akakunda vachikanganisa kukuru kuita uye Arcadians, uye muna 660 BC. e. Tegea kubvuma hegemony kwayo. Maererano chibvumirano, mumabhatiri pamusoro pedyo vanochengeta waArifiyosi mbiru, akamanikidzira wake kupinda yemauto mubatanidzwa. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, Sparta mumaziso emarudzi vakauya kunzi wokutanga Greek mamiriro.

History of Sparta Panguva iyi kuitira kuti vagari vayo makatanga kuedza kupidigura yevadzvinyiriri, hwava kubva rechinomwe chemakore BC. e. rinoti anenge ose echiGiriki. Kuti akabatsira Spartans kuti adzinge Kipselidov kubva kuKorinde, Peisistratus veAtene, ivo vakabatsira kusunungurwa Sicyon uye Phocis, uyewo zvitsuwa zvinoverengeka muGungwa reAegean, nokudaro muchiwana dzakasiyana inoti vatsigiri vanoonga.

History of Sparta ari dzekare yaitonga

Chibvumirano pamwe chipepa uye Elis, kuti Spartans vakatanga akwezve parutivi rwayo, uye mamwe maguta Laconia uye akapoteredza munzvimbo. Somugumisiro, iye akaumba Peloponnesian mubatanidzwa hegemony akatorerwa pamusoro Sparta. Avo vakanga anoshamisa nguva yake; iye utungamiri muhondo, raiva musimboti misangano uye zvose misangano Union, pasina tisingakanganisi pamusoro rusununguko munhu inoti kuramba kuzvionera yavo.

Sparta kumboedza kuparadzira simba ravo vari Peloponnese, asi kutyisidzira ngozi vakasundidzira zvose zvimwe anoti kunze Argos, panguva yeGirisi Persian hondo kuenda pasi wake patronage. Kubvisa yakananga mungozi, Spartans, tichiziva kuti aisagona kurwa hondo nevaPezhiya kure pachavo kumiganhu yavo, haana kuramba kana Atene akatanga mamwe mazano ukuru kurwa, Kusaita chete kweItari.

Kubvira panguva iyoyo, takatanga zviratidzo yairwisana izvi zviviri inoti, ipapo vylivsheesya First Peloponnesian War, uko kwakaguma Yemakore Makumi Matatu nyika. Kurwisa kwete chete akaputsa simba Athens, uye akatanga hegemony pamusoro Sparta, asiwo zvakaita kuti zvishoma nezvishoma kurasikirwa nheyo dzayo - Lycurgus mutemo.

Somugumisiro, mugore 397 asati auya yedu zvaitika Kinadona kumukira, izvo, zvisinei, haana kubudirira. Zvisinei, pashure imwe kukundikana, kunyanya maronda Hondo kuKinidho 394-M kuti n. e, Sparta vakarasika kuna Asia Minor, asi akava mutongi uye nomurevereri nechiGiriki zvinoitika, saka tuzvikonzero ayo wokuti rusununguko zvose rinoti, uye akakwanisa kupa kuti ushasha ari kubatana Persia. Chete Thebes haana kuteerera zvinhu zvavakatemerwa, saka vachiramba Sparta zvakanakira chinonyadzisa zvakadaro nokuda kwake nyika.

Hellenistic uye neyechiRoma

Kutanga makore aya, hurumende yava zvakasimba zvokuti kusviba. Varombo uye vakaremerwa nezvikwereti vemo, Sparta, maitiro iyo yakavakirwa nemitemo Lycurgus, kuva chinhu chehurumende. kubatana fokeyanami yakanga akapedzisa. Kunyange zvazvo Spartans, akavatuma kubatsira, asi haana kupa rutsigiro chaicho. Pasina Aleksandra Makedonskogo mambo Agis to mukuedza kubvisa joko Macedonian chakaitwa Dhariusi zvinobva mari. Asi haana kutendera chipingamupinyi muhondo nokuda guru, akaurayiwa. Zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kunyangarika uye ndive mweya mhuri, iyo inozivikanwa zvikuru Sparta.

Rise ane Empire

Sparta - ezvinhu izvo matatu emakore aiva neshanje muGirisi yose yekare. Munguva pakati wechisere uye emakore wechishanu BC, zvakanga kuunganidza mazana maguta, kazhinji pane hondo pamwe nemumwe. Mumwe kiyi manhamba kuti kwaita Sparta somunhu simba uye simba mamiriro vakava Lycurgus. Asati chitarisiko chake, iye haana akasiyana zvikuru nemamwe Greek guta-inotaura. Asi pamwe veMubatanidzwa Lycurgus zvinhu akachinja, uye zvaanokoshesa kukura unyanzvi hondo dzakapiwa. Kubvira musi Sparta uye vakatsva wakashandurwa. Uye paiva panguva iyi ndiyo ichatonga zvine mbiri yake.

Sezvo remakore rechisere BC. e. Sparta akatanga kuitisa hondo dzokukunda, anokunda rimwe pashure perimwe vavakidzani yaro Peloponnese. Pashure akatevedzana akabudirira nemauto remapazi Sparta akatamira kumisa nedzenyu ukama ayo akasimba vavengi. Wakapinda zvibvumirano akawanda, Sparta akamira musoro Union of Peloponnesian States, runoonekwa rimwe simba kupfuura idzodzo muGirisi yekare. Sparta kusikwa kwomubatanidzwa uyu chaiva kushanda kuti kuratidzwa nechisimba Persian.

State of Sparta aiva chakavanzika kuna dzakaitika. VaGiriki kwete chete vayemurwe vemo, asi vakatya navo. Imwe mhando neyenhovo dzendarira nezvitsvuku nguvo inopfekwa varwi Sparta, akabhadhara vavengi kutiza, vanovamanikidza kuzvipira.

Kwete chete vavengi, asi nekuvaGiriki havana kufanana apo hondo, zvisinei diki, akaiswa pedyo navo. The Tsananguro yakareruka: varwi kubva Sparta vaizivikanwa invincibility. View phalanges dzavo kwakaguma mamiriro mokutya, kunyange vakachenjera mune zvenyika. Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo hondo mumazuva iwayo, akanga wakapindwa vashoma evadzimi, havana kumbobvira rwakatora refu.

Kutanga pokuwa umambo

Asi pakutanga remakore rechishanu BC. e. hombe Kurwisa, ashandiswe kubva kumabvazuva, kwaiva kutanga kuderera simba Sparta. The hombe Persian umambo, akanga agara akarota wokukudza ndima yavo, akatuma hondo huru kuna Greece. vanhu zviuru mazana maviri akamira kumiganhu Greece. Asi vaGiriki, dzakanga dzinotungamirirwa ari Spartans, vakabvuma rakaoma.

Leonid mambo

Sezvo mwanakomana Anaksandrida, mambo akaitira Agiadov imba. Pakafa vakoma vake, uye Klemen Dorieya First, bhodhi akaita vaifungidzira zita Leonid. Sparta mumakore 480 asati auya yedu yaiva hondo pamwe Persia. Uye zita Leonid chokuita usingafi Feat pamusoro Spartans, Thermopylae Gorge apo hondo kwakaitika, vakaburukira munhau kwemazana emakore.

Izvi zvakaitika muna 480 BC. e., apo gurusvusvu mambo wePersia Xerxes akaedza kubata rakamanikana ndima unobatanidza Central Greece pamwe Thessaly. Panguva musoro mauto, kusanganisira Union, akanga King Leonidas. Sparta panguva akabata chinzvimbo yokuzvikwidziridza pakati noushamwari marudzi. Asi Xerxes kushandisa kunyengera kusagutsikana vakafamba Thermopylae Gorge uye akafamba mukati rwemberi nevaGiriki.

Sparta varwi

Aziva izvi, Leonid, uyo akarwa pedyo varwi vavo, ichiputswa ari wakashamwaridzana mauto, kuvarega kumusha. Uye iye pachake ane tsama remasoja, ane nhamba yakanga matatu chete zana, akamira munzira makumi maviri kuzviuru hondo muPezhiya. Thermopylae Gorge ndiye inokosha nokuda nevaGiriki. Kana kukundwa, vangadai kubviswa nechepakati Greece, uye kutapwa kwavo ungadai chisimbiso.

Mumazuva mana, navaPersia havana kukwanisa kutyora masimba komuvengi husina duku. Magamba Sparta akarwa seshumba. Asi mauto akanga dzisakarurama.

Vasingatyi varwi Sparta vakaurayiwa mumwe nomumwe. Pamwe navo kusvikira pakupera kurwa namambo wavo Leonidas, asina kuda kukanda mamwe masoja.

Zita Leonid aenda pasi munhau. Venhoroondo, kusanganisira Herodotus, uyo akanyora kuti: "Madzimambo vakawanda vakafa uye kare kukanganwika. Asi Leonid anozivikanwa uye airemekedzwa zvose. zita rake nguva dzose richarangarirwa Sparta, Greece. Uye kwete nokuti aiva mambo, asi nokuti ndiwo mugumo ake basa kunyika yake pamberi uye akafa segamba. Ichi chiitiko muupenyu umhare vaGiriki filmed, mabhuku akanyorwa.

Feat Spartans

Mambo wePersia The Xerxes, izvo haana kusiya hope kubata Hellas yakarwisa Girisi muna 480, gore asati azvarwa Kristu. Panguva ino, vaGiriki abate yeOlympic. The Spartans vagadzirira kupemberera Carney.

Zvose izvi yezororo Greek vanosungirwa kuremekedza chibvumirano chitsvene. Uye kuti mumwe zvikonzero nei muna Thermopylae Gorge nevaPezhiya dzivisa chete chiduku simba.

Kurutivi guru hondo Xerxes vakananga Boka Spartans mazana matatu rinotungamirirwa King Leonidas. Warriors vakasarudzwa maererano kana vaine vana. On panzira varwi Leonid akabatana vanhu zviuru tegeytsev, Arcadians uye mantineytsev, uyewo zana namakumi maviri - kubva Orchomenus. Korinde akanga atuma Masoja mana kubva Phlius uye Mycenae - mazana matatu.

Kana hakusi hondo vakawanda vakasvika Thermopylae mukana uye akaona dzinoverengeka vaPezhiya, varwi vakawanda vakatya uye vakatanga kuti nhaurirano pamusoro shure. Chikamu dzairwisa aida kuenda Peninsula kurindira Isthmus. Zvisinei, vamwe vakasvika kushatirwa kuti chisarudzo chakadaro. Leonid, akarayira muchiuto kuramba panzvimbo, akatuma nhume kuna vose guta raiva nechikumbiro vavabatsire, nekuti vakanga masoja zvishomanana kuti abudirire dzinga nevaPezhiya.

Mumazuva aMambo Ahashivheroshi vakawanda mana, achitarisira kuti vaGiriki vakatiza, haana kutanga kurwa uye. Asi achiona kuti izvi zvikasaitika, akatuma kuzorwa navo nevaMedhiya naCassius pamwe kuti kutora Leonid vapenyu uye auye naye. Avo nokukurumidza akarwisa nevaGiriki. Mumwe yakakuwandira vaMedhia kwakaguma makuru nezvinhu, asi nzvimbo vafa vakauya vamwe. Panguva kuti Spartans navaPersia Zvakava pachena kuti vanhu vane yakawanda Xerxes, asi varwi vashoma pakati pavo. Kurwa rwakatora zuva rose.

Wakati agamuchira mutsindo kurambwa, vaMedhia dzakamanikidzwa shure. Asi vakatsiviwa vaPezhiya, akatungamirira Gidarn. Xerxes akavati "kusafa" kukupfura uye vachitarisira kuti vanogona kuita nyore kubvisa Spartans. Asi melee muhondo uye vakakundikana, uyewo vaMedhia, kuti vabudirire zvikuru.

NevaPezhiya aifanira kurwisa pedyo nepedyo, uye pamwe mapfupi mapfumo, nepo vaGiriki vaiva refu, izvo duel ichi akapa chaicho zvinobatsira.

Usiku, Spartans zvakare vakarwisa musasa Persian. Vakakwanisa kuuraya yakawanda vavengi, asi chinangwa chavo chikuru chaiva rokukunda ari mukuru kuvhiringidzika waAhashivheroshi. Uye chete kana kwaedza, nevaPezhiya vakaona kushomeka kwezvakanyorwa chevaux Leonid kukupfura. Vaikanda Spartans rakapera kure mapfumo nemiseve.

Road kuti nechepakati Greece nokuti nevaPezhiya mukudenga. Xerxes pachake kuzoongorora dzeminda. Kuwana mambo akafa Spartan, akaraira kuti vakagura musoro ndokuisa padanda.

Pane ngano naMambo Leonidas, kuenda Thermopylae, ainyatsonzwisisa kuti dies, saka mubvunzo wake panguva kunosuwisa chii vari zvirevo zvenyu, akarayira kuwana murume akanaka uye kubereka vana. Ndiyo yaiva nzvimbo muupenyu Spartans vakagadzirira kufira nyika yavo muhondo kuti vawane korona yokubwinya.

Pakutanga Peloponnesian War

Kwapera nguva dzairwisana Greek guta-inoti vakaungana uye vaigona dzinga Xerxes. Zvisinei, pasinei vagari kukunda vaPezhiya, kwemubatanidzwa pakati Sparta uye Atene haana kugara kwenguva refu. Mugore 431 BC. e. Zvaindidya Peloponnesian War. Uye vashoma emakore vakakwanisa kuhwina kukunda pamusoro Spartan wehurumende.

Asi kwete vose muGirisi yekare akanakidzwa nokutonga Lacedaemon. Naizvozvo, pashure hafu yezana remakore, kurwa itsva yakatanga. nguva ino, vorongerwa ake Thebes, iyo dzairwisa akabudirira yokupa rakakomba kukundwa Sparta. Somugumisiro, hurumende simba chakarasika.

mhedziso

Kwakadaro kwakanga Sparta yekare. Akanga mumwe mukuru Vakwikwidzi kuti kuvamumwe uye ukuru nechiGiriki maonero enyika. Vamwe Zvinhu Zvikuru munhoroondo Spartan rwakaimbwa mabasa makuru Homer. Mbiri pakati izvi ndizvo kunoshamisa "rinonzi Iliad."

Asi zvino ichi Mutemo mbiri zvino yakaramba chete matongo vamwe zvivako ayo uye nokubwinya isingasvavi. Asati vaairarama wakasvika ngano pamusoro heroism remasoja ayo, uyewo muguta diki chete zita chete kumaodzanyemba Peloponnese.