Yemasvomhu Ancient uye muzivi. Mutsindo yemasvomhu uye avo vaita

VaGiriki vekare vakaita mupiro mukuru kukura sayenzi chaiwo: masvomhu, nezvenyeredzi, wefizikisi. Nemamwe marudzi nenguva, zvakare, vane zvimwe mari zivo. Asi kana vaIjipiti nevaBhabhironi taigutsikana kare akazarurwa uye kuongorora nzvimbo, vaGiriki vakaoneka kunyange mberi. Havana kumira ikoko uye kuvhura horizons matsva akasiyana mabhora zvoupenyu.

Greek masvomhu

sainzi Uyu mumwe mukuru uye akakurumbira. Chokwadi, vaGiriki vakabatsira kuti kukura nemagariro uye jogirafi, kufunga uye zvoupfumi. chikoro chavo pfungwa yakanga akwegura kuti kunyange nhasi zvinoshamisa vomuzuva mashoko uye zvakawanikwa. Asi pamasvomhu basa rimwe niche munyika ino yakaoma hurongwa ruzivo yesayenzi.

Vazhinji nokubudirira mumunda svomhu vabhadhare yatakazoita zvave akakurumbira saka pamwe nevaGiriki. Vanhu vakaungana pachivara, akapikisa uye nokudaro vanouya chisarudzo chakarurama. "In nharo akaberekwa chokwadi" - ichi dzidziso kwakatiwira asvika izvozvo kubvira panguva iyoyo.

Chero yemasvomhu yechiGiriki vakanakidzwa rukudzo noruremekedzo. Mumichero theorems uye Masvomhu, zvakaoma kunzwisisa nyore vanhu pavaimurumbidza kuti pamusoro nechigadziko, panhengo dzimwe pfungwa huru. Pokumuka masvomhu sechinhu sayenzi chikwereti zvakawanda Archimedes, Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras, Euclid nemamwe unhu, mabasa uye zvakawanikwa kuti zvinoumba hwaro ano nemasvomhu uye geometry makosi muzvikoro uye mumayunivhesiti.

Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras uye chikoro chake

Izvi yemasvomhu yechiGiriki, muzivi, wezvematongerwe enyika, paruzhinji uye nenhamba dzechitendero. Akanga aberekwa anenge muna 580 BC pachitsuwa Samosi zvokuti vanhu akanzi Samosi. Maererano nengano, Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras akanga zvakanakisa akanaka murume. Haana kumboneta kudzidza zvose itsva uye zvisingazivikanwi, zvechokwadi yaiva dzidzo vapfumi. Akadzidza jaya kwete chete pamusha asiwo India, neBhabhironi.

Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras, Ancient yemasvomhu uye vaichengetedza pamusoro slaveholders uye vakakwirira. Idealist kusvika pokupedzisira, muna Croton, yaakasimbisa chikoro wake, waiva zvose zvechitendero uye zvematongerwo enyika marongerwo. sangano Clear upenyu, mitemo hwezuva nezuva kunyatsoteerera uye canons - yayo huru zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, nhengo munharaunda vasingagoni ravo chaiyo, vanoomerera miriwo, uye akaedza haana kuzarura vatorwa dzidziso mudzidzisi wake.

Kana utongi hwegutsaruzhinji rwakapararira Croton, Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras uye vateveri vake vakatizira Metapontum. Asi yakakurumbira kumukira aitambudza muguta. Mune rimwe kurwa-nemakore 90 yemasvomhu akaurayiwa. Pamwe naye vakaguma kuvapo uye chikoro chacho yakakurumbira.

achizarura Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras

Zvinozivikanwa kuti vamwe kuti zvakanga rakanyorwa ake ndowenyika tsanangudzo integers, zvivako zvavo uye kukura. Aivawo rokutanga masayendisiti aiti kuti pasi rakatenderera, kuti mapuraneti havana inofamba nzira senyeredzi. pfungwa idzi vanoumba hwaro yakakurumbira heliocentric dzidziso Copernicus. Sezvo upenyu yose musayendisiti kwave yakapoteredzwa chakavanzika, kuti achiripo kwete yakawanda zvinofadza zvine chokuita mabasa ayo. Vamwe havana chokwadi kuti akaratidza akakurumbira theorem no. Maererano nedzimwe mishumo, vakaziva naye, uye vazhinji nevamwe vanhu vekare kare asati aberekwa masvomhu.

Muzivi wechiGiriki uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu, akanga akawanda kugona, uye kwete sayenzi. zita rake uye mabasa yakafukidzwa rengano, uye zvitendwa. Zvaidavirwa kuti Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras Rinotarisira mweya Sheori anonzwisisa mutauro remhuka, kukurukurirana navo, anogadza kutiza kweshiri mugwara kwaari, anogona kufanotaura nezveramangwana. Also anonzi kwaari zvemishonga okufunga.

Archimedes: huru mabasa

Ichi chimwe chezvishamiso zvikuru vamiririri yaitonga, yakakurumbira musayendisiti, muzivi, yemasvomhu uye muvambi. Akaberekerwa muna 287 BC muna Syracuse. Muguta rino duku akararama dzinenge zvose ake upenyu, ipapo akanyora akadhindwa ake yakakurumbira uye kuedza zvigadziriswe itsva. baba vake aiva muongorori wenyeredzi dare Phidias, saka Archimedes kurovedza kwakaitika panguva soro chechetere. Akanga kuwana zvakanakisisa raibhurari nguva, ari kuverenga mumakamuri iyo vanopfuura rimwe zuva vakapedza.

It richiripo mabasa akawanda akarongeka ari musayendisiti. Conventionally, vanogona kukamurwa kuva mapoka makuru matatu.

1. Anoshanda vakazvitsaurira Vhoriyamu uye nzvimbo curvilinear miviri uye nenhamba. Ivo ane yakawanda nekusimba theorems.
2. Geometric kuongorora hydrostatic uye kunofambira mberi matambudziko. Kudzidza uku pamusoro pakuenzanisa nenhamba, pamusoro muviri chinzvimbo mumvura uye zvichingodaro.
3. Other kwemasvomhu basa. Somuenzaniso, pamusoro calculus pamusoro sejecha, zvokuimba theorem no vachiratidza.

Archimedes akaurayiwa panguva kubatwa kuSirakusi nemauto eRoma. Akanga saka kungokangaidzwa mufananidzo itsva dambudziko geometrical, haana kucherechedza musoja akadzoka. Musoja akauraya musayendisiti, asingazivi kuti mukuru akapa kuti aponese upenyu Nyanzvi yemasvomhu uye muzivi.

Archimedes mupiro kukura sayenzi chaiwo

mwana wese ajaira ichi chinoshamisa mufananidzo kubva chesekondari. Ndianiko, vekare yemasvomhu, akati "Eureka"? Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu nyore - ndiye Archimedes. Maererano nengano, mambo akarayira kuti tione - rendarama yakaisvonaka korona yacho mutengesi kana chandakukanganisira, pakubvisa pamwe nedzimwe simbi. Kufunga pamusoro dambudziko iri, Archimedes akarara ari kugeza izere nemvura. Zvino zvakaitika kwaari chinoshamisa akawana: chitsama emura, kwadururwa pamusoro kumucheto tabhu, achiri Vhoriyamu mvura misha nokuda muviri wake. Amboita kuwanikwa ichi, akadanidzira zvose ziva shoko "Eureka". Ancient yemasvomhu nezvinhu Kudanidzira uku Akasvetuka achibuda bhati akamhanya kumba, ari Buff, kumhanyira kunyora kwake kuziva.

Uyewo, Archimedes, zviuru zviviri zvemakore asati kuwanikwa integrals vaigona kuverenga nzvimbo imwe parabolic chidimbu. Akavhura nhamba "Pi" renyika, achiratidza kuti nhamba denderedzwa dhayamita uye Kureba sekamufarenzi anogara saizvozvo chero zvakadaro geometric zvitarisiko. Akasika anonzi Archimedes 'sikuruu - zvikabva hwemazuva ndege uye chikepe propellers. Pakati pamabasa ake nokukanda uye nokusimudza michina. Chakavanzika pakusikwa ake "incendiary girazi", hwaishandiswa vakaparadzwa ngarava muvengi, kusvikira ikozvino, vatsvakurudzi havana buritsa zuva.

Euclid

Nguva yake yaaishandira pamusoro marimba mabasa, anoratidza zvakavanzika makanika uye wefizikisi, akadzidza zvenyeredzi. Asi chikamu mabasa ake achiri vakatsaurira pamasvomhu: kwakavayeuchidza uchapupu anoverengeka uye theorems. mupiro wake kukura sayenzi iyi zvakaoma kuona, sezvo basa Euclid vakava hwaro mamwe masayendisiti, uyo akararama mazana emakore akawanda pashure pake.

Ko zita yekare yemasvomhu uyo akanyora inonyatsozivikanwa kwemasvomhu muunganidzwa ari "Start", zvinosanganisira mabhuku 15? Zvechokwadi, Euclid. Akakwanisa kuzoumba chikuru zvavaitenda ose geometry, akaratidza theorem no chinokosha pamusoro Verengai pamakona ose netriangle uye Pythagorean theorem no. Sezvo zita rake chokuita nedzidziso pamusoro kuvakwa dzose polyhedra, iro nhasi inogona kuyemurwa nomumwe wechiduku yemasvomhu panguva geometry zvidzidzo. Euclid vawana nzira vaneta. It vakanga vava Newton uye Leibniz akawana nzira kukarukureta: chinokosha uye differential.

Thales

Izvi yemasvomhu Greek akaberekwa kumativi 625 BC. Kwenguva refu akagara Egipita, uye akanga chokuita mubati nyika, mambo Amasis. Ngano ane nayo kuti Farao kamwe kwamubata, kuyera kureba chepiramidhi chete kukura pomumvuri wayo.

Thales anonzi tateguru Greek nesayenzi, mumwe vanomwe vakachenjera rakachinja nheyo ruzivo. Vanyori venhoroondo vanofunga kuti Thales ndiye akatanga kuratidza chinokosha theorems ose geometry. Somuenzaniso, kuti nokudhindwa denderedzwagama angled anogara yakarurama mutsetse, denderedzwa dhayamita rinokamukana munzvimbo mbiri dzakaenzana zvikamu panguva pamakona ane isosceles netriangle pamwe wakaenzana hwaro, zvose kutwasuka pamakona akafanana, uye zvichingodaro.

Thales yaiwana nzira yemaitiro, maererano iyo zvokuridza kucharamba chete, kana vari akafanana nomumwe chiso makona yakabatana nayo. Akadzidza nzira kuziva daro kuti chikepe kure ndokunge zvokuridza. Uyezve, akaita vaviri Zvakawanikwa nezvenyeredzi, kuziva nguva chaiyo iri equinoxes uye solstices. Ndirwowo wokutanga zvakarurama vakaverenga nguva yegore.

Eratosthenes

Uyu vazhinji-chinja nhamba. Aifarira nokudzidza muchadenga, nenzvimbo matongo, vakadzidza kutaura, mutauro madzoro uye munhau. In munda nemasvomhu uye geometry, anozivikanwa kwatiri sezvo yemasvomhu, akaita kuwanikwa munyika of times. Akasika "nomusero Eratosthenes", imwe nzira dzinonakidza, izvo kusvikira zvino kudzidziswa muzvikoro. Pamusana kwaari, unogona kusefa kubudikidza of times of nhamba. Nhamba hadzina expunged, sezvazvakaita nhasi, uye achibayiwa pamusoro yose nhamba. Saka zita - "nomusero".

Eratosthenes akakwanisa vakazvimirira kuvaka mezolyaby - zano zvinogadzirisa pachishandiswa mitemo makanika Delian dambudziko pamusoro doubling kuutio. Akakwanisa kutanga kuyera Earth. Zvatakurukura kureba pano Meridian, iye vaziva kuti sekamufarenzi yepasi - 39 zviuru 960 makiromita. Wrong zviduku 300 makiromita chete. Eratosthenes here hunoshamisa mufananidzo nguva, pasina kubudirira ake masvomhu vasingagoni kurarama zvayo senguva chimiro.

Geron

Izvi yemasvomhu wechiGiriki akararama muzana remakore rokutanga BC. Data ndiye anofungidzirwa, sezvo chaiwo nezvouchapupu upenyu akasvika mazuva edu zvishomanana. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Heron Aifarira mitemo wefizikisi, hurongwa, vaikoshesa kubudirira engineering nesayenzi. Ndiye akasika vokutanga masuo automatic, wavanongoshandisa yemitambo, mumwe turbine maseiri, yekare "taximeter" - zano kuti kuyera nomugwagwa, kuzvipira ndinorova pfuti uye crossbow.

A yakawanda basa rake rakanga vakazvipira uye masvomhu. Akauyisa Masvomhu matsva geometric, akakudziridza nzira kuti pakuverenga geometric zvitarisiko. Geron wakasika inozivikanwa wevacheche, zita rake, iyo unogona ngaaverenge nzvimbo netriangle kana uchiziva kureba kumativi acho. Pashure akasiya zvakawanda mabhuku ruoko-akanyorwa pasingazosiyiwi chete basa rake, asi ongororo vemamwe masayendisiti ave kuratidzwa. Uye ichi ndicho ake makodzero mukurusa. Kuburikidza zvinyorwa izvi tinoziva nhasi pamusoro Archimedes, Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras nemamwe mathematicians akakurumbira, vava zviratidzo yaitonga zvikarumbidza Greece yekare yose nyika yekare.