Subject Biology uye mabasa

Zvinangwa zvipenyu - wokutanga munofanira kunzwisisa chinhu, kutanga kudzidza sayenzi iyi. Ndicho hwaro mberi ruzivo zvose dzinovakwa. Zvinangwa zvipenyu, uyewo ayo pasi, nzira uye kukosha ichakurukurwa munyaya ino.

Chokutanga, ngationei kare. Kokutanga rokuti "zvipenyu" aronga Zh. B. Lamark, musayendisiti French. Akahushandisa muna 1802 kurondedzera nesayenzi kuti vaifarira upenyu sechipo chinokosha dzinongoitika chinoshamisa. The mabasa zvipenyu ano rakanyatsojeka yakakura. Zviri kunzwisisa yose sayenzi zvinobatanidzwa mukudzidza zvakasikwa, mitemo yayo kukura uye kuvapo.

Maitiro zviri zvipenyu

Nokuti sainzi ichi kunoratidzwa:

• pedyo kusakarongeka siyana anoranga, ayo constituent;
• mukuru specialization;
• kusangana.

Nhasi, tiri kufarira zvesayenzi kunoramba vafumiswa pamwe kunanga itsva, pfungwa, mashoko chaiwoiwo.

The chikuru basa zvipenyu

The mabasa zvipenyu ano siyana chaizvo, asi chikuru vavo - zivo mitemo nawo shanduka kunoitika. Chokwadi chokuti makemikari nyika pamwe nechitarisiko upenyu panyika kuchinja. Anogara Virtual somugumisiro zvoga. The biosphere wakakurira hombe pakuzadziswa paumbwe hydrosphere, mhepo, vari pakusikwa penyika.

mabasa vamwe

Tinogona kusiyanisa inotevera inokosha zvipenyu dambudziko:

• biotsinozov kudzidza;
• mhuka utariri;
• Kudzidza mashandiro naro kuzvidzora kunoitika;
• kudzidza kushanda uye urongwa muchitokisi;
• mukudzidza yakaoma muupenyu zviitiko kuitika pachiyero mamorekuru (kushatirwa, kuvabereki kushanduka, muviri);
• Kudzidza nhau variability uye nhodzera.

Zvikuru anoyevedza list, vanobvumirana nazvo. Saka, zvinokosha zvipenyu dambudziko kuziva mitemo siyana yakapararira, inova kukura mhuka kudzidza upenyu siyana uye Kuziviswa kwayo chaizvo.

Subject Biology

Tiri kuziva zvesayenzi zvidzidzo upenyu, ayo siyana uye mapatani siyana okukura. The siyana zvose yakatotsakatika uye kurarama ino, nyika yedu zvipenyu ndiyo nyaya yacho yokudzidza. Mabasa bhayoroji zvatichangobva kurondedzerwa, uye ikozvino kugara panyaya yake. Biology maumbirwo mubereko (kubva anatomic uye morphological kune samolecular) mavambo, basa, mhindumupindu, nomumwe kukura, kupararira, uye ukama zvipenyu nemumwe uye zvakatipoteredza.

Izvi zvidzidzo sainzi zvose private uye zvakajairika mapatani kuti vari runozivisa upenyu zvose kuonekwa. In zvipenyu, basa iri kudzidza simba muviri uye nenhumbi, kushanduka uye nhodzera, kubereka, budiriro uye kukura, discrete, kushatirwa, inofamba, autoregulation, uye vamwe. Vose kumusoro nyaya yacho.

mirayiro

In zvipenyu, zvichienderana bvunzo nyaya vangazivikanwa dzinoverengeka munzvimbo dzakadai anthropology, zvemhuka, bhotani, zvidukuduku, virology uye vamwe. Sayenzi aya kudzidza zvechadenga kukura, mamiriro, kwakabva upenyu, uyewo pakugoverwa siyana, Zvivako neimwe mhando mabhakitiriya , nemavhairasi, zvinomera, mhuka uye vanhu. Mumunda kwezivo chinokunakidza kwatiri on zvivako, marongerwo uye kuratidzirwa upenyu anatomi uye Morphology, physiology, genetics, Makuriro zvipenyu, shanduka dzidziso, ikoroji nezvimwe dambudziko kuvabereki muna zvipenyu, nenzira, -. An chinokosha tsika, inova chikamu chikoro hweutungamiri uyu sainzi.

Biophysics uye kudzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu kudzidza physico-zvemakemikari pezvakaitwa uye nemakemikari zvichiitika zvipenyu, muviri marongerwo uye makemikari anoumba rimwe zvoutachiona enyika pamwero yakasiyana-siyana sangano. Biometrics zvinoita kuti pave nemitemo haichaonekwi kudzidza munhu mananara uye muitiro. Kuti kunosanganisira zvose yekuronga nzira, uyewo kubudiswa migumisiro vakawana pachishandiswa kwemasvomhu nhamba. Molecular zvipenyu dambudziko hunosanganisira kudzidza upenyu mananara kuti kuitika panguva samolecular chechetere. Izvi zvinosanganisira, kunyanya, mashandiro uye nemamiriro masero, nhengo uye munyama. General Biology anovandudza mitemo nokudenga mamiriro (mamiriro) uye ushande. Ndiko, iye anofarira kweinozivikanwa zvinenge zvose.

samolecular chechetere

Subject Biology uye matambudziko zvinogona kugadziriswa pamwero yakasiyana-siyana. Zvino tichaita hunonyatsodonongodza nomumwe wavo.

dzakasiyana siyana dzokudzidza uye sangano upenyu mananara (STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka) nhasi yakabudiswa: asi biosphere-biogeocenotic, vagari-mhando, muviri, nhengo, rinenge cellular, samolecular. On yokupedzisira akaongorora basa mamorekuru kuti vari pakugadzira kukosha kukura uye kukura zvipenyu zviri kupararira uye kuchengetera magene mashoko ari kuchinja simba uye muviri mumasero mapenyu, etc. Ndivo anotevera mamorekuru :. Lipids, nucleic acids, mapuroteni, polysaccharides uye and unto.

cellular chechetere

Cellular pamwero kunosanganisira nokuongorora STRUCTURAL sangano sero rimwe chete. Inonzi dzidziso cytology, izvo zvinosanganisira cytochemistry, cytogenetics, cytophysiology, cytomorphology. Dzidziso iyi zvinoita kuchengetwa siyana nhengo uye nyama pakati masero zvayakaita chadzo, vasiri uye nokukanganisika kubatana.

organismal pamwero

At nhengo pamwero Biology rinoongorora mananara uye pezvakaitwa kuti kuitika kana mumwe chete, uyewo nzira kuitira kwakarongeka nokushanda kwenhengo dzemuviri uye nhengo. To inosanganisirawo ukama siyana nhengo mukati mumuviri, ayo maitiro uye adaptive kuchinja kuchengetwa ezvinhu dzezvakatipoteredza siyana.

Population-howa pamwero

We mberi inotevera pamwero, vagari-mhuka. Hazvina unopfuura rakasiyana yapfuura mumwe. The hunotarisira evanhu vakafa majini chakafanorongwa. Papera kanguva Vanofa, vakati vakaneta ayo yaibvira kukura. Zvisinei, pasi ezvinhu zvakanaka kwezvakatipoteredza pane yose yakatarwa kwavari kugona kukura nokusingaperi. Nhau ikoroji, phenology, Morphology, genetics kudzidza simba rinomutsa nechivako vemo. Population - dzakaunganidzwa vanhu imwe rudzi kuti vane Gene dziva, uye vanogara imwe nzvimbo vanenge zvakafanana ezvinhu chokuvapo panguva organismal, cellular uye samolecular mumatunhu.

mararamiro pamwero

Kana isu kutaura huwandu mararamiro (the biosphere-biogeocenotic), zvino rinoongorora ukama pakati zvinenge uye zvakatipoteredza, uyewo yokutama nyaya mhenyu, mitemo uye nzira chokubuda simba zvinogara. It akadzidzawo nemamwe maitiro kuti kuitika zvinhu zvipenyu (Biogeocenoses).

bhayoroji nzira

zvino isu anotsanangura pakutsvakurudza nzira dzakashandiswa nesayenzi ichi. Wokutanga vavo - kuona. Kushandisa zvinokwanisika kutsanangura uye kuongorora zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvipenyu mananara. It anovaka imwe nzira - rairatidza. Kuti tinzwisise musimboti kutanga, unofanira kutanga kuunganidza ndeechokwadi zvinhu. Pashure aifanira muirondedzere.

Chimwe nzira inokosha - munhoroondo. Kushandisa zvinokwanisika kuziva mifananidzo chinowanikwazve uye kukura ane muviri kuongorora paumbwe mashandiro ayo uye ezvirevo.

Nzira experimental kunobva kusikwa nehurongwa zvakanangwa nzira. Narwo unogona moona mananara uye zvivako zvakasikwa.

Zvapedzisira nzira, izvo isu zvaizobatsira, - Modelling. Zviri kudzidza imwe chakajairika paakasika muenzaniso.

Saka, nyaya, zvinangwa uye nzira zvipenyu, hatina zvinorondedzerwa. Pakupedzisira, tinokuudzai nezvokukosha nesayenzi ichi.

Kukosha Biology

Chokwadi, inoita basa rinokosha kuumba nyika yedu, uyewo kunzwisisa chinokosha kwouzivi uye methodological matambudziko. Uyezve, zviri zvikuru inoshanda kukosha (rinopa mhinduro matambudziko zvokudya, mazano chipembenene kuzvidzora, etc ..). Zvikurukuru, nechokwadi kuti zvinodiwa nevanhu zvokudya, vanofanira zvinoshamisa kuwedzera vhoriyamu okurima kugadzirwa. The dambudziko iri munyaya sayenzi akadai mhuka minda uye zvirimwa kugadzirwa. Vari inobva nebudiriro chirimwa maberekero uye genetics.

Zivo mitemo yedzinza uye variability unokubvumira kusika hunobudirira dzemarudzi pezvipfuwo uye akasiyana anorimwa zvirimwa. Izvi zvinobvumira vanhu kuti purazi kuzviita, kwete dzakawanda. Nemhaka zvose kuti huenderane vanhu zvokudya. Biology kubudirira anoshandiswa mukurapa uyewo kudzivirira zvakatikomberedza.

Sezvaunogona kuona, chinangwa uye zvebasa sayenzi zvipenyu kunokosha chaizvo kubva inoshanda pfungwa maonero. Nemhaka kuita ayo vanhu kwakaita rebei mberi.