The abolition kuti serfdom muRussia. Mugore chii chaiva abolition kuti serfdom

Legal kunyoresa chinzvimbo maererano vanhuwo zvavo inonzi serfdom. Fani iyi kunoratidzwa kukura munzanga Eastern uye Western Europe. Nezvekugadzirwa serfdom chokuita Kushanduka feudal ukama.

Kwakabva serfdom mu Europe

Musimboti wacho feudal nedoro kuti vanhuwo zvavo kubva muridzi rakanga kudzora pamusoro wacho serf. Zvaibvira kutenga nokutengesa, kuti kurambidza kufamba mukati nyika kana guta, kunyange kudzora ake pachake upenyu nyaya.

Sezvo feudal ukama dzakabudirira, zvichienderana zvechadenga nharaunda, uye serfdom akatora chimiro akasiyana anoti panguva dzakasiyana. In Western Europe, zviri rakabayirwa Ages. MuEngland, France, Germany, serfdom yakaguma muna XVII remakore. Kuchinja chokuita kusunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo, vakapfuma Kujekerwa. Eastern uye Central Europe - munzvimbo feudal ukama yakatora nguva refu. KuPoland, Czech Republic, Hungary serfdom akanga dzinotanga kukura mune XV-XVI emakore. Sezvineiwo, zviri Nordic nyika dzemunharaunda pamusoro feudal nedoro kuti vanhuwo zvavo kubva feudal uye haana yakatanga.

Hunhu uye mamiriro ezvinhu inotungamirwa feudal kuyanzva

Nhoroondo serfdom kunotibvumira kuronda ari maitiro zviri ehurumende uye magariro umo ukama vari akaumba zvichienderana vanhuwo zvavo nokuda mupfumi Varidzi:

1. Pamberi nechepakati simba simba.
2. Social Kusiyanisa kuburikidza uridzi.
3. Low pamwero dzidzo.

Vachiri padanho Kugadzirwa feudal ukama zvinangwa uranda aiva murimi mudiki aida nyika Holdings vomuridzi womunda uye kudzivirira kupukunyutsa revashandi. dzemunharaunda Legal masero yokubhadhara mitero - kushayikwa kwevanhu kufamba akwanise kuunganidzwa kwemari mutero. Pakati dzakabudirira feudalism kurambidzwa huchawedzera siyana. Zvino murimi kwete chete kugona kufamba pasina nzvimbo nenzvimbo, asi haana mvumo uye mukana kutenga nzvimbo, nyika aifanira kubhadhara imwe mari kuti muridzi kodzero kushanda nzvimbo yake. Kurambidzwa nekuda yepazasi strata chavagari akasiyana kwematunhu uye kuvimba zvinoitwa kukura kwenzanga.

Kwakatangira serfdom muRussia

Pfungwa uranda mu Russia - pachiyero mitemo pamutemo - kwakatanga XV remakore. Kukanzura pachake nedoro yakaitwa papfuura kupfuura mune dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope. Maererano vaverengwe nhamba serfs dzakasiyana nzvimbo munyika yakanga yakasiyana. Nemataundi vanhuwo zvavo pakutanga pamusoro XIX remakore vakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma kune dzimwe Estates.

Vanotsvakurudza vari kutsvaka kwakabva uye zvinokonzera serfdom muRussia muna zviitiko nguva Old Russian mamiriro. Achigadzira pasocial ukama kuitika panyaya yokuva hurumende yakasimba nechepakati - kanenge mumakore 100-200, paitonga Vladimira Velikogo uye Yaroslava Mudrogo. The chikuru muviri mitemo nguva yaiva "Russian Chokwadi". Yaiva gadziriro yacho. noukama vakasununguka uye unfree vanhuwo zvavo uye varidzi. Associates varanda, varanda, kutenga, ryadovichi - vakawira muuranda mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana. Zvakanga nekaupenyu akasununguka smerdy - vairipira mutero uye aiva nekodzero nyika.

Tartar kubvuta uye feudal kusabatana simbi kunokonzera Rus kuora. Land kamwe takabatana mamiriro yakava chikamu Poland, Lithuania, Muscovy. New vakaedza uranda mu XV remakore.

Pakutanga paumbwe feudal kuyanzva

In XV-XVI emakore ari munharaunda yaimbova Rus yakaumbwa manorial hurongwa. Murimi akashandisa kwokurangana muridzi nyika pasi chibvumirano kondirakiti. Pamutemo, akanga ari munhu akasununguka. Murimi aigona kutiza womunda kune imwe nzvimbo, asi kuti tisanyanya yaigona hahuzogari. The chete kukamurwa - zvakanga zvisingaiti kusiya nyika kusvikira zvichaita mari kune muridzi.

The kuedza kutanga kushomeka kodzero vanhuwo zvavo chakaitwa Ivan III. "Sudebnik" munyori akafarirwa yezwi dzimwe nyika kwevhiki vasati uye mushure St. George Day. Muna 1581 chirevo wakabudiswa unorambidza kusunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo vari mamwe makore. Asi ichi hazvirevi pamurume kuti imwe nzvimbo. Chirevo November 1597 kweBhaibheri vanofanira kudzokera kuna muridzi vashandi kutiza. Muna 1613 simba Muscovy akauya Romanov chigaro - vakawanda zvawatsvaga uye kudzoka atiza.

Pamusoro Council Code

In serfdom gore chii zvakavharwa formalized pamutemo zvaigara? Pamutemo, iri kubatsirwa chinzvimbo miduku yokuruwa akabvumirwa neKanzuru Code 1649. Gwaro akanga yakasiyana yapfuura mabasa. Code Nde pfungwa mumunda mitemo vomuridzi womunda uye murimi mudiki ukama kwaiva kurambidza zvapedzisira kutamira dzimwe nemisha. Senzvimbo yokugara yaiva yakasimbiswa ndima umo munhu akagara pamusoro migumisiro Verenga 1620-ies. Chimwe chikuru musiyano pakati dzemunharaunda mutemo remitemo - the kupomerwa kuti kutsvaka anotiza anova nokusingagumi. vanhuwo zvavo kodzero tikadzivisa - gwaro iri rinenge kwaenzaniswa navo kuudza vanhuwo zvavo. Vashandi purazi raiva Mr.

Tanga kuti serfdom - nhevedzano kurambidzwa kufamba. Asi pakanga nemirayiro zvinodzivirira pamusoro nehanya vomuridzi womunda. Murimi aigona kunyunyuta kana kunokumbira, aisagona kunyimwa nyika chete kugadzirisa naanamai.

Kazhinji, mitemo aya wakaiswa serfdom. Makore abuda kupedzisa chirongwa kunyoresa rakazara feudal kuyanzva.

Nhoroondo serfdom muRussia

Mushure Council Code akazviratidza magwaro akawanda, izvo ngadzirambe mamiriro nemataundi vanhuwo zvavo. Pakupedzisira, vakazvibatanidza imwe nzvimbo yokugara mutero kuchinja 1718-1724 kumwedzi. Zvishoma nezvishoma constraints zvakakonzera pamasikiro muranda nemamiriro vanhuwo zvavo. Muna 1747, varidzi vakapiwa mvumo yavo mushandi vaiendeswa, uye mune mamwe makore 13 - akatuma kuutapwa kuSiberia.

Pakutanga, murimi aiva nomukana yokunyunyuta muridzi womunda, asi aiva 1767 akadzima. Muna 1783-M serfdom rwakapararira kundima yacho Left-Bank Ukraine. Mitemo All, achisimbisa feudal nedoro, kudzivirira chete kodzero Varidzi.

Chero magwaro zvainanga kuvandudza mamiriro ezvinhu vanhuwo zvavo, Chokwadi kuteerera. Paul I avimbisa mazuva matatu serfdom, asi chaizvoizvo mabasa rwakatora mazuva 5-6. Sezvo 1833 landlords akapiwa zviri pamutemo enforceable kodzero dzokurasa upenyu serf pachavo.

Zvokukura serfdom aibvumirwa kuongorora kwawakabva vose asunga murimi mudiki kuyanzva.

Pausiku ari kuchinja

Dambudziko serf hurongwa hwakatanga vainzwa pakuguma XVIII remakore. Izvi makadzivisa mberi kwenzanga uye kukura capitalist ukama. Serfdom pachidziro kuti wakapatsanura Russia kubva yakabudirira kunyika Europe.

Zvinofadza kuti hapana feudal kuvimba nharaunda yose nyika. Serfdom haana kuCaucasus, Far East, vari mumatunhu Asian. Pakutanga mashoko XIX remakore naro yakaguma muna Courland, Livonia. Alexander I akapa mutemo pamusoro vakasununguka kuvarimi. Chinangwa chaiva kuderedza zvinetso vanhuwo zvavo.

Nicholas Ndakaita kuedza kuumba basa kuti rwaizovapo gwaro hwokubvisa serfdom. Kubviswa ichi mhando, zvichienderana kudziviswa landlords. Mambo akarayira Varidzi panguva kusunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo kuti mumupe nyika kuti aikwanisa kubata. Mhedzisiro mutemo uyu vanozivikanwa - landlords kurega yokusunungura serfs.

Complete abolition kuti serfdom muRussia vachaitwa mwanakomana Nicholas I - Alexander II.

Zvinokonzera Agrarian Reform

Serfdom makadzivisa kukura ehurumende. The abolition kuti serfdom mu Russia yava kare kunofanirawo. Kusiyana munyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope, muRussia zvishoma dzakasimukira bhizimisi uye kutengeserana. Chikonzero chaiva kushaya chido uye mubereko vashandi wokubata kwavo. Serfdom raiva akaputsa pamusoro pokumuka pamisika ukama uye okuguma kwemaindasitiri. Munyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope nayo yakabudirira ndokuguma pakutanga XIX remakore.

Feudal muridzi upfumi uye kuvaka ukama yakaguma kuva kunobudirira - yavo yakatopfuura uye regai anoenderana zvenhoroondo chokwadi. Serf basa haana mhosva pacharo. The tinofanira nzvimbo vanhuwo zvavo zvachose kunyimwa kodzero dzavo uye zvishoma nezvishoma akava anowedzera kumukira. Social Kusagutsikana akakura. Pavaida. kuchinja zvinhu serfdom. vobva chisarudzo yaida nyanzvi nzira.

Chiitiko chinokosha, mhedzisiro yaiva kuchinja zvinhu 1861, ndiye Crimean War, umo Russia vakakundwa. Social nyaya uye vatorwa mutemo kukundikana vanotaura isingabereki epamba uye dzimwe negwaro.

Zvinofungwa serfdom

Atinoitwa serfdom varehwa zhinji vanyori, vezvematongerwe enyika, vatsvakurudzi, nevafungi. tsananguro anobata kwoupenyu vanhuwo zvavo vakanga akaongororwa. Kubva kuvapo serfdom aivapo imwe pfungwa shoma nekuda kwake. Tinosiyanisa huru mbiri pakatarisana. Vamwe vakafunga rakadaro ukama muenzaniso nokuda monarchical nehurumende hurongwa. Serfdom chainzi kare vakaumbwa mhedzisiro yemadzitateguru ukama, wakawanirwa kuti dzidzo chavagari uye kudiwa zvakazara uye inoshanda zvoupfumi. Chechipiri, zvinopikisana wokutanga, nzvimbo anotaura feudal nedoro sechinhu unzenza chaiyo. Serfdom, maererano mafeni mafungiro, ari kuparadza magariro uye zvematongerwe enyika uye upfumi munyika. Vanotsigira wechipiri nzvimbo zvinogona kunzi sydäntä, Aksakov. Publication A. Savelyev anoramba chero zvinhu zvisingafadzi serfdom. Munyori anonyora kuti mashoko pamusoro njodzi vanhuwo zvavo vari kure chokwadi. The kuchinja zvinhu 1861 uyewo wakadenha vakavhengana wongororo.

Development Reform Project

Emperor Alexander II kokutanga akataura pamusoro mikana yose abolition ose serfdom muna 1856. pashure pegore, dare rakati kuunganidzwa, waiva kukudziridza kuchinja chirongwa. Chaiva vanhu 11. The Commission kwakagumisa kuti zvakakosha kuti asike makomiti chaiwo mumwe province. Vanofanira kudzidza zvinhu pasi uye kuti yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita uye audzwa. Muna 1857, basa iri rave inonyoreswa. The chikuru Pfungwa yepakutanga toronga abolition pakati serfdom - kubviswa pachake nedoro, apo kuramba varidzi venyika kodzero. Inopa kuti kuchinja nguva nokuda kwadzakabva kwenzanga kuti zvinhu. Possible abolition kuti serfdom mu Russia akaita kusanzwisisa pane unosvikirwa Varidzi. RekuUnited Committee kuitwawo hondo kumativi ezvinhu kuti kuchinja. Muna 1858 kwakasarudzwa kuti kuderedza zvinetso varimi, kwete kubvisa kuyanzva. Anobudirira zvikuru chirongwa yakatanga Y. Rostovtsev. Chirongwa anopa abolition pachake nedoro, asunga kuchinja nguva, urongwa nyika vanhuwo zvavo. Kuchinja enyika haana kufanana chirongwa - vakaedza kutirambidza kodzero vanhuwo zvavo uye kukura Holdings. Muna 1860, pashure pokufa Y. Rostovtsev, zvirongwa kukura paaivatambudza V. Panin.

Zvakabuda anoverengeka makore basa matare akaumba vaiita abolition pakati serfdom. 1861 munhoroondo Russia rava raikosha munzira dzose.

Kuziviswa "Manifesto"

The chirongwa agrarian zvinhu vakaumba hwaro "Manifesto pamusoro abolition ose serfdom." Rugwaro Gwaro rino zvinowedzera kuti "Regulation pamusoro vanhuwo zvavo" - vanorondedzerwa muudzame ose subtleties ose zveupfumi chinja. The abolition kuti serfdom muRussia yakaitwa 19 February 1861 gore. On nhasi, Kesari akasaina Manifesto uye kufukidzwa naro.

gwaro chirongwa Akabvisa serfdom. Non-mberi makore feudal ukama kare. Kanenge ndizvo pfungwa dzakawanda.

The chikuru zvokudya gwaro:

• Varimi vakagamuchira rusununguko oga, vaionekwa "kwenguva duku vaisungirwa."
• Vaimbove serfs aigona kuva pfuma, kodzero kuzvitonga.
• Varimi akapa nyika, asi vakanga vachifunga kuti kushanda uye kuchibhadhara. Zviri pachena, aimbova serfs vakanga vasina mari, saka chinhu pamutemo zita chairo kuyanzva.
• Ukuru Nyika runofarira vakatsunga landlords.
• Varidzi yakagamuchira vimbiso kubva State nokuda yomumba kwema. Saka, mari sungiro ndokuisa pasi vanhuwo zvavo.

Pasi apa, mufunge anodaidzwa kuti tafura "Serfdom:. Ari abolition pachake kuyanzva" Ngationgororei zvakanaka uye kunaka Migumisiro kuchinja.

zvakanaka	kunaka
Kuwana pachako dzokunamata takasununguka	Paiva kurambidzwa kufamba
Kodzero vakasununguka kupinda muwanano, kuti kutengeserana, kuti pasi zvichemo kudare, yekuita pfuma	Kushaya mikana kutenga munda chaizvoizvo anodzokera nzvimbo murimi mudiki serf
The kwaita nheyo kukura musika ukama	landlords kodzero kuisa pamusoro kodzero vanhuwo
	Vanhuwo zvavo vakanga asingadi kushanda, haana kuziva sei kupinda kumusika. Sezvo landlords havana kuziva sei kurarama pasina serfs
	Yakakurisa chorudzikinuro nyika mugove
	Paumbwe kumaruwa vomunharaunda. Akanga asiri chinhu kufambira mberi vanhu

1861 munhau yeRussia rakanga gore budiriro iri nheyo munzanga. Feudal ukama vakanga ngadzirambe dziri muvanhu akakoniwa asisiri anobatsira. Asi kuchinja haina zvakakwana vakafunga kunze, saka nemigumisiro zhinji dzisina kunaka.

Russia pashure kuchinja

Zvakaipira serfdom, akadai kusada kuita capitalist noukama uye dambudziko nokuda makirasi zvose, kutaura pamusoro rwaikurumidza kuuya uye crudity richaitirwa kuchinja. Pamusoro kuchinja varimi vakabvuma pamwero mukuru zvesimba. Vakamukira yakatsvairwa mapurovhinzi akawanda. Muna 1861 kwaiva kupfuura 1000 nemhirizhonga.

The akaipa Migumisiro abolition ose serfdom, izvo zvakaenzana sei uye landlords, uye vanhuwo zvavo, upfumi kukanganisa hurumende haisi kuda kuchinja Russia. The nadzurudzo chakagumisa aivapo-refu hurongwa zveupfumi ukama, asi haana kusika munhu Database uye pfungwa nenzira pakuzadzisa munyika itsva ezvinhu. Varombo miduku yokuruwa zvino kuparadzwa chose, uye kudzvinyirirwa landlords, uye zvinodiwa kukura kirasi Bourgeois. Zvakaguma deceleration iri capitalist kukura munyika.

Reform haina vakasunungurwa kubva serfdom pakati vanhuwo zvavo, asi chete akatora mukana wavo wokupedzisira kudyisa dzavo tichiregeredza landlords avo vanosungirwa nemutemo kuchengeta serfs dzavo. Holdings dzavo vava tichienzanisa pre-kuchinja. Panzvimbo zvakavakodzera, zvavakanga dzaiitwa panguva muridzi, paiva huru kubhadhara dzakasiyana hunhu. In kumaruwa vomunharaunda chinobviswa zvinenge zvachose kodzero kushandiswa kwemasango, paMaare uye madziva. Vanhuwo zvavo vakanga vachiri kuparadzana simba wemunda. Uye vachiri vakanzi sezvo aivapo kweutongi pamutemo inokosha.

The landlords wakatambudzika zvakawanda nazvo nokuti kuchinja asinganyatsogoni kufarira kwavo mune zvoupfumi. Anotambura varimi Kwakabvisa mukana wakasununguka kushandisa zvekare kukura zvokurima. Kutaura zvazviri, landlords anomanikidzwa kupa varimi mugove munyika uridzi. Reform dzakasiyana kuzvipokanidza uye kusiyana, kushaya negadziriso pakuzadzisa kwenzanga uye ukama pakati vaimbova varanda uye landlords. Asi, pakupedzisira, idzva nhoroondo nguva aiva mberi kukosha yakawanikwa.

Murimi mudiki kuchinja kwakanga zvikuru nokuda mberi inotungamirwa uye kuvandudzwa capitalist ukama Russia. Pakati yakanaka inogona kusimbisa zvinotevera:

• Pashure kusunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo paiva chaizvo kuitika ari kukura vasiri nyanzvi musika vechibharo.

• nokukurumidza kukura bhizimisi uye waibudirira mabhizimisi kwakasimbiswa kuburikidza Urongwa aimbova serf dzevagari uye kodzero. Estate kodzero kwamachinda pasi zvabviswa, uye mukana kutengesa nyika runofarira.

• The kuchinja zvinhu 1861 kwaiva kuponesa kubva zvemari zvinoparadza landlords, sezvo hurumende akatora pamusoro hombe zvikwereti zviri rokudzikinurwa kubhadhara varimi.

• The abolition kuti serfdom semupi chinodiwa kuti kusikwa bumbiro zvakagadzirirwa nechokwadi vanhu rusununguko rwavo, kodzero uye mabasa. Izvi zvakanga chikuru chinangwa panzira kuti kuchinja kubva kumhedziso umambo kune mubumbiro, kuti ndiye - kwemitemo, umo vagari maererano nemitemo kushanda, uye munhu wose anopiwa kodzero rakavimbika kuchengetedzwa pachedu.

• Active kweDzimba mafekitari itsva uye miti zvakakonzera chokwadi kuti vakatanga kuva nokunonoka rwokugadzira mberi.

Post-nadzurudzo nguva aikudzwa Kusimbaradza nzvimbo bourgeoisie uye zvoupfumi mhoromhokwa simba kwamachinda, iyo ichiri neKomisheni pehurumende uye zvakasimba batisisa simba, iyo pave zvishoma kuchinja kuti capitalist chimiro management.

Panguva iyo kune kubuda ari proletariat sechinhu yoga kirasi. The abolition kuti serfdom mu Russia yakanga akateverwa Zemstvo (1864), guta (1870), dare (1864), mauto (1874) kuchinja kuti waibatsira bourgeoisie. Chinangwa zvemitemo kuchinja izvi kuti kushandura operative uye administrative utariri muRussia kutongerwa zvaidiwa mutsva zvichiitika evanhu zvivako, apo mamiriyoni vasunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo vaida kuti kodzero kunzi vanhu.