The pamutemo chavagari pasi Russian Chokwadi. General zvechadenga Russian Chokwadi chacho kukosha munhoroondo mutemo Russian

Chokwadi Russian waiva muunganidzwa mitemo iri Ancient Rus wokutanga. Magazini Its rokutanga akazviratidza yaitonga Muchinda Kiev Yaroslava Mudrogo rokutanga hafu XI remakore. Aiva initiator yeRussian Pravda. The muunganidzwa kwaidiwa kuti varonge upenyu munyika umo vachiri kutongwa uye kugadziriswa kukakavadzana sanyorwa tsika. Vose zvinoratidzwa mumapeji muunganidzwa ichi magwaro.

tsananguro pfupi Russian Chokwadi inoti kuti anenge zvinofanira magariro, pamutemo uye mamiriro ezveupfumi. Mukuwedzera, muunganidzwa rine mhando dzakawanda zvinodiwa mitemo (nhaka, mhosva, Maitiro uye vezvokutengeserana).

prerequisites

Chinangwa chikuru chemusha yaiva vakaisa Yaroslav Mudry kuti muunganidzwa - ndiko kuona pamutemo chavagari pasi Russian Chokwadi. The chidzoke mitemo waitaura zvaifanira kuitwa ndezvemamiriro zvose Ages munzanga European. Saka kufanana waiva vechiFrank nehurumende "mutemo Salic". mutemo mabhuku avo akaonekera kunyange kuchamhembe inoti ufuza uye kuBritish Isles. Musiyano chete iri chokwadi kuti Western Europe, magwaro aya vakasikwa emakore akawanda apfuura (kubvira VI remakore). Rakanga chokuita chokwadi kuti Russia akazviratidza Papera feudal Catholic inoti. Naizvozvo, paakasika pamutemo dzemunharaunda kumabvazuva Slavs kwakaitika pashure emakore mashomanana.

Pakusikwa Russian Chokwadi

Chokwadi Ancient kana Chokwadi Yaroslav, akazviratidza muna 1016, apo pakupedzisira yakatangwa Kiev. Zvisinei, gwaro iri yakanyorerwa kwete zasi guru, uye nokuda Novgorod, sezvo ndipo Prince akatanga kwake. In chinyorwa ichi chine kunyanya siyana mhosva nyaya. Asi zviri aya 18 Nyaya vakatanga pakusikwa Russian Pravda.

Chikamu chebhuku yechipiri yakabudiswa makore mashomanana. Rainzi Chokwadi Yaroslav (vana Grand Duke) uye akamutsa pamutemo ukama pakati vanogara ehurumende. Munguva 30s paiva nyaya kudyisa virnikov. zvidimbu izvi kuvapo ari mapfupi Bhaibheri.

Zvisinei, kuunganidza akanga vaisanganisa uye afa Yaroslav. Creation wokuRussia Chokwadi akaramba muzukurukomana wake Vladimir Monomakh, uyo akakwanisa zvishoma wokubatanidza fiefdoms (pedyo nenguva feudal kusabatana) uye kupedza Charter kwayo. Akapinda yakareba wedzero Chokwadi. Zvakawanda dzokororo zvakakanganisa kukakavadzana chokuita kodzero pfuma. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti muRussia kusimudzira zvokutengeserana uye mari ukama.

huripo makopi

Zvinozivikanwa kuti hwaponeswa chepakutanga makopi Russian Pravda. Domestic historiography rakawanikwa akazotevera makopi pavanova yakawanikwa uye akadzidza Vasily Tatishchev. The dzokutanga kopi pamazita anoonekwa kuti kuiswa First Novgorod Chronicle XI remakore. Yakava mashoko nokuti vanotsvakurudza.

Gare gare, makopi uye mazita zvakasikwa kusvikira XV remakore dzawanikwa. Zvimedu vavo dzaishandiswa siyana Kormchaia. Russian vechokwadi kuzoramba akakodzera kuti goho Sudebnik Ivan III pakupera yacho XV remakore.

tsotsi mutemo

munhu anokonzera mhosva zvizere airatidza mumapeji rine Russian Pravda. Article kugadzirisa kusiyana achida uye masanga mhosva. Anoudzawo simba uye rinorema kukuvara. Nokuti ichi chipimo kusarudza chii dhigirii kurangwa mutadzi zvichabviswa mujeri.

Panguva iyoyowo Slavs zvichiri kuita vendetta, zviri kutaura Russian Pravda. Nyaya anoti munhu ane kodzero arange muurayi baba vake, munin'ina, mwanakomana, uye zvichingodaro. D. Kana hama haana kuita izvi, hurumende akazivisa mubayiro 40 Hryvnia kuti mhosva musoro. Ndivo anoratidza utongi yekare, iyo iripo kwemazana emakore. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti Russia yave kubhabhatidzwa kare, asi pane zvichiripo vakasara wechihedheni veropa yaitonga.

marudzi Zvirango

mutemo Criminal chinosanganisirawo fines. The Slavs, vakanga vakadamwa viroy. The fines vakasvika Russia kubva Air kodzero. It Veera pakupedzisira atsiva zvachose vendetta chiyereso chirango kwemhosva. Zvinonzi akayera munzira dzakasiyana, zvichienderana nevaitonga murume uye kukomba kudarika. Russian analogue pamusoro Vira aiva mari ropa. Yaiva mari mutongo, nezvaro Ancient weGermany nomurayiro madzinza eGermany.

Under Yaroslav viroy inonzi pena chete nokuda umhondi murume aiva akasununguka murume (ndiko, kwete muranda). Nokuti murimi mudiki aiva yakanaka 40 Hryvnia. Kana munhu akuvara ari murume, uyo akanga ari basa muchinda, chirango kaviri.

Kana munhu akasununguka chikonzero zvikuru kukuvara kana mukadzi akaurayiwa, mutadzi aifanira kubhadhara poluvire. Kureva mutengo akadonha nehafu - 20 Hryvnia. mhosva zvishoma chakakomba, chakadai kuba, yokuti zvakanaka duku, zvakatemwa nomumwe nedare.

Golovnichestvo, nechisimba

Zvadaro muna Russian wemhosva mutemo rondedzero akazviratidza golovnichestva. Rakanga rudzikinuro kuti muurayi aifanira kugovera mhuri yemufi. The saizi yakanga pakutsvaga chinzvimbo rechipfuwo. Saka, chimwezve muranda mhuri yakanaka yakanga 5 chete Hryvnia.

Nechisimba - mumwe chimiro kurangwa, izvo akasuma chokwadi wokuRussia. Kodzero hurumende kuti chirango nemutadzi kudzingwa kuzadzikiswa akutadzira uye kutorerwa pfuma. Uyewo, unogona kutuma muranda. Muchiitiko chino, pfuma akanga dzichapambwa (richizonzi). kurangwa zvakasiyana zvichienderana nezera. Uye zvakapambwa raitongwa nemhosva pakumubira kana dzimba. Zvaidavirwa kuti yaiva mhosva zvakakura.

Social mamiriro

Society yakakamurwa muzvikamu akawanda. The pamutemo chavagari pasi Russian Chokwadi zvachose novimba ake munzanga. The soro stratum kwainzi kuziva. Yaiva Prince uye ake wechikuru retainers (boyars). Pakutanga, vakanga mauto unyanzvi vari kubereka simba. Ndiyo zita muchinda anobata dare. Uyewo pazviri vairangwa zvose mhosva. Varanda machinda uye boyars (Tiunov uye ognischane) Aivawo yeropafadzo nechinzvimbo munzanga.

In danho rinotevera wakasununguka varume. The Russian Pravda aiva rinokosha izwi nokuda chinzvimbo ichi. It hwaienzanirana shoko "murume". To vakasununguka vanhu vari vigilantes muduku, vateresi fines, uyewo vagari Novgorod nyika.

Nemataundi sectors munzanga

Kuipa ndiro pamutemo chavagari pasi Russian Chokwadi vakanga nemataundi vanhu. Vakakamurwa muzvikamu akawanda. Smerdy vaiva nemataundi kuvanhuwo zvavo (asi dzavo kwokurangana), kushanda Boyar. Ndiko varanda dzainzi varanda. Vakanga vasina midziyo.

Kana munhu akatora chikwereti uye havana nguva kubhadhara, aizviwana mu rinokosha muuranda. Rakanzi kuritenga. nedoro kwakadaro anova enzvimbo anokwereta chero bedzi akaripira zvikwereti zvayo.

Russian nzvimbo ari kutaura chokwadi, uye pamusoro chibvumirano akadai nhamba. Waiva musoro chibvumirano pasi izvo nemataundi vanhu nokuzvidira vakaenda kushumira tenzi. Vakadaidzwa ryadovichami.

All Mapoka aya vagari vari chaizvo pasi evanhu manera. Kwakadaro pamutemo chavagari pasi Chokwadi Russian anenge devalues upenyu, pakufambira chaiyo reshoko. Kurangwa yokuuraya vanhu ava vakanga usingashandi.

In mhedziso tinogona kutaura kuti nzanga Russia yakanga yakasiyana chaizvo kubva chaiwo feudal muenzaniso muWestern Europe. Munyika yeRoma XI remakore aitungamirira chinzvimbo kare inogarwa Varidzi makuru, avo vasingawanzotauri kunyange kuteerera nechepakati simba. In Russia yakanga yakasiyana. Muromo Slavs aiva kukupfura Prince, akanga kuwana chinokosha uye zvinokosha zvedu. Pamutemo chavagari pasi Russian Chokwadi zvinoita kwavari simba kupfuura vanhu vari mudunhu. Panguva iyoyowo, boka guru Varidzi vasati vawana nguva kuumba.

private mutemo

Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, Russian Pravda Yaroslava yaisanganisira nyaya mutemo private. Somuenzaniso, ivo akanyatsojekesa kodzero uye neropafadzo zvomutengesi mukirasi, yakanga injini wezvokutengeserana uye upfumi.

Mushambadzi aigona kuita mhindu, iri nokukweretesa. Mutongo pamusoro pavo akabhadharawo muchimiro ita mutengano, zvakadai sezvokudya uye zvigadzirwa. Mhindu vobatanidzwa vaJudha. Muzana XII remakore, izvi zvakaita kuti vakawanda panomuka pamusoro Anti-Semitism uye pogroms. Zvinozivikanwa kuti apo, muna 1113, Vladimir Monomakh akauya kutonga muKiev, akatanga akaedza kugadzirisa nyaya nokukwereta vaJudha.

chokwadi Russian, nhoroondo zvinosanganisira dzinoverengeka mushanduro, uyewo chinobata nyaya nhaka. Charter akabvumira vanhu vakasununguka pakugamuchira nokuda bepa kuda.

dare

Full characterization wokuRussia Chokwadi anogona kurasikirwa nyaya chokuita mutemo Maitiro. Criminal mhosva vaibata ari dzoumambo dare. Iye rinokonzera mumiririri yakasarudzwa nezviremera. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, akarwawo nokurwisana apo mativi maviri Tete-a-Tete wokuratidza ake mhosva. Uyewo rakachengetedzwa ushandiswe hurongwa mutongo kupora kubva nechikwereti.

Munhu aigona kuenda kudare kana anorasikirwa chinhu. Somuenzaniso, kazhinji kushandiswa vatengesi aitambura kuba. Kana mukati matatu mazuva kurasikirwa akakwanisa kuwana munhu akapa izvozvo, akava mukwirirwi mudare. Aifanira tuzvikonzero uye kupa uchapupu mhosva. Zvikasadaro, kubhadhara akanaka.

Kupupurira mudare

zvapupu chinogona kuvapo mudare. uchapupu hwavo yainzi acquis. Shoko iroro kuti kutsvaka nzira chisipo. Kana kwakaguma zvekufamba kunze kweguta kana munharaunda, mbavha akabvuma rokupedzisira fungira. Aiva nekodzero kuzviruramisa zita ravo. Nokuti ichi, iye pachake aite akatara uye kuwana munhu akaita kuti kuba. Kana haana kubudirira, zvinonzi seari pamusoro payo rakanaka.

Zvapupu vakanga vakakamurwa kuva marudzi maviri. Vidocq - vanhu ndaona nemaziso avo kuita mhosva (umhondi, kuba, etc ...). Posluhi - zvapupu uyo uchapupu hwake, yakashuma unverified makuhwa.

Kana musingadi vanokwanisa kuwana chero uchapupu mumuviri mhosva, ipapo akareva rokupedzisira nechiyero. Izvi zvakanga kupika kutsvodana muchinjikwa, kana munhu akapa uchapupu hwake mudare, kwete chete kune simba yomuchinda, asiwo kuna Mwari.

Akashandisawo bvunzo mvura. Raiva muchimiro kwaMwari apo uchapupu akaedzwa kuti chokwadi dostavaniem mhete kufashaira mvura. Kana mukwirirwi kuzviita, akanga ane mhosva. In Western Europe, tsika iyi anonzi mutsekwende. Vanhu vaifunga kuti Mwari aisazofarira vakakuvadza nehana murume.